The document provides definitions and descriptions of key anatomical terms and structures of the human body. It discusses: 1. The differences between anatomy and physiology, which are the study of structure and function respectively. 2. Important directional terms used to describe locations in the body like superior, inferior, anterior, posterior. 3. The three main anatomical planes used to divide the body - sagittal, transverse, and frontal. 4. The two main body cavities - dorsal and ventral. The ventral cavity contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities which house major organs.

1. UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION HUMAN BODY
PREPARED BY:-
MR. ABHISHEK PRAJAPATI
M.SC NURSING (MHN)

2. INTRODUCTION
• The systematic study of the human body is
performed under to disciplines…
1. Anatomy (Structure)
2. Physiology (Function)
• Anatomy is the study of different structures of
the human body and their relationship with
each others.
• physiology is the study of the function of
these structures.

3. DEFINITION
1. ANATOMY
• Anatomy is made up of two
Greek words, Ana means “UP
(Apart)”, and Temos means “TO
CUT”.
• Anatomy is the study of
structure of human body, organs
and relationship between the
body system.
• It is the branch of science that
studies the physical structures of
human body.

5. DEFINITION
1. PHYSIOLOGY
• Physiology is made up of two
Greek words, Physi means
“NATURE (Functional Activity)”, and
Logy means “STUDY”.
• Physiology is the study of function
of the human body parts or organs.
• It is the branch of biology that
deals with the internal working of
living things, including function
such as metabolism, respiration,
and reproduction.

6. DEFINITION OF ANATOMICAL TERMS
• The anatomical terminology of the body can be
studied under three groups….
1. Directional terms
2. Sectional planes/planes of the body
3. Body Cavities.

7. 1. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
1. Superior (Upper, Cranial, Above End)- The end
of the head lies in the upper most position, therefore
it is known as the superior end of the
extremities.(closer to head).
2. Inferiors (Lower, Below, Caudal End)- This parts
starts from the extremities of the main body or trunk
along the legs in the downward direction or ground.
(closer to the feet).
3. Anterior or Ventral end- This include the body
parts present on the front side, like chest, nipples,
abdomen, and external genitals.

8. 4. Posterior or Dorsal End- This includes the body
parts present on the back side, like vertebral column,
shoulder blades and buttocks.
5. Supine Position- In this position, the face is towards
the upper side (roof) while the back faces
downwards.
6. Prone Position- In this position, the face focuses
downwards or towards the ground.
7. Medial Position- It is the imaginary line passing
through the longitudinal Axis of the body, dividing it
into two equal halves from the middle, starting from
front to the back.

9. 8. Lateral Position- It is divide in to two fragments
through the midline and the body structure remain
away.
9. Proximal- It is describe a body parts that is closer to
a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the
body than another part. For Eg. The elbow is
proximal to the wrist.
10. Distal- This position is the opposites of proximal. It
means that particular body parts is farther from the
point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the
body than another part.
11. Superficial- This position means situated near the
surface.

10. 12. Peripheral- This position means outward or near
the surface.
13. Deep- it refers to something further away from the
surface of the organism.
14. Palmer- This is anterior surface of hand or palm.
15. Planter- This is inferior surface of foot (Sole).

12. 2. ANATOMICAL PLANES/SECTION OF
THE BODY
1. SAGITTAL OR LONGITUDINAL
PLANE
• In this plane, an imaginary line
slicing the body (from head to
toe).
• A vertical plane or section that
divides the human body or
organ in to the right and left
side.

13. 2. HORIZONTAL OR TRANSVERSE OR
CROSS-SECTIONAL PLANE
• This plane is parallel to the
ground and passes through the
body at the 90 degree angle to
both coronal and medial plane.
• A plane and section that divides
the human body and organ in to
the superior and inferior sides.

14. 3. FRONTAL OR CORONAL
PLANE
• A plane and section
that divides the human
body and organ in to
the Anterior (front)
and posterior (Back)
part.

15. 3. BODY CAVITIES
• Cavities is the space or
compartment in the body that
houses organs and structures.
• Cavities are the space of the
body, containing viscera and
internal organs.
• The two main cavity of the
body are Dorsal and Ventral
Cavity.

17. 1. Dorsal Cavity
 This cavity is the smallest amongst the other two main
cavities.
 The organs of this cavity are situated Posteriorly within
the body.
 Further, the dorsal cavity sub divided in to two parts.
A.Cranial Cavity
The first part included
cranial cavity.
(upper portion which
houses the “BRAIN”)
B. Spinal Cavity
The second part
included Spinal
cavity.
(lower portion which
houses the “SPINAL
CORD”)

18. 2. Ventral Cavity
 The organs of this cavity are situated Anteriorly (Front
Side) within the body.
 The abdominopelvic and thoracic cavity is separated by
the dome shaped respiratory muscle called
“Diaphragm”.
 Further, the dorsal cavity sub divided in to three parts.
A. Thoracic Cavity
B. Abdominal Cavity
C. Pelvic Cavity

19. A. THORACIC CAVITY
• This cavity is present ventrally on the supper side
of the body. Its also known as chest cavity.
• This cavity is further divided into two cavities
1. Pleural cavity
2. Pericardial cavity
• The pleural cavity
surrounds the LUNGS.
• The pericardial cavity
surrounds the HEART.
• This contain trachea, lungs,
Heart, oesophagus, and large
Blood vessels.

20. B. ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• Abdominal cavity, largest hollow space of the body.
Its upper boundary is the diaphragm, a sheet of
muscle and connective tissue that separates it from the
chest cavity; its lower boundary is the upper plane of
the pelvic cavity. Vertically it is enclosed by the
vertebral column and the abdominal and other
muscles.
• The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in
humans body.
• The abdomen contains many vital organs: the stomach,
the small intestine, the large intestine, the liver, the
spleen, the gallbladder, the pancreas, the kidneys
(adrenal gland), and many blood vessels (arteries and
veins) etc…..

22. C. PELVIC CAVITY
• The pelvic cavity is a body
cavity that is bounded by the
bones of the pelvis.
• The pelvic cavity primarily
contains the reproductive
organs, urinary bladder,
distal ureters, proximal urethra,
terminal sigmoid colon, rectum,
and anal canal. In the female,
the uterus, Fallopian
tubes, ovaries and
upper vagina occupy the area
between the other viscera.

23. Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
Other Body Cavities

24. TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS

25. Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four
quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants

26. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions.

28. THANK
YOU