This document discusses anatomical terminology used to describe the location and orientation of structures in the human body. It defines terms like anatomical position, relative directional terms including superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep. It also describes the major body cavities including the ventral cavity containing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and the dorsal cavity containing the cephalic and vertebral canals. Body planes like sagittal, frontal, and transverse are also defined as well as regions used to describe body parts.
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
Introduction in human anatomy
2. Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity
3. Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY).pptxABHISHEK PRAJAPATI
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY - [ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY)
1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
2. Anatomical Terms
3. Planes/Section of human body
4. Body Cavities
5. Body Movement
6. Abdominal Quadrants
7. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Introduction in human anatomy
2. Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity
3. Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY).pptxABHISHEK PRAJAPATI
INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY - [ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY)
1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
2. Anatomical Terms
3. Planes/Section of human body
4. Body Cavities
5. Body Movement
6. Abdominal Quadrants
7. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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2. • Anatomical Position.
• In anatomical position the subject is standing erect and facing the
observer, the feet are together, and the arms are hanging at the sides
with the palms facing forward.
3. • Relative Directional terms
• Standardized terms of reference are used when anatomists describe the
location of the body part.
• Relative means the location of one part of the body is always
described in relation to another part of the body.
4.
5. Terms Definition and example
Superior (cranial) Toward the head. The leg is supper to the foot.
Inferior (caudal) Toward the feet. The foot is inferior to the leg.
Anterior (ventral) Toward the front part of the body. The nose is anterior
to the ears.
Posterior (dorsal) Towards the back of the body. The ears are posterior to
the nose.
Medial Towards the midline of the body. The nose is medial to
the eyes.
6. Lateral Away from the midline of the body. The eyes are
lateral to the nose.
Proximal Toward (nearer) the trunk of the body or the attached
end of a limb. The shoulder is proximal to the wrist.
Distal Away (farther) from the trunk of the body or the
attached end of a limb. The wrist is distal to the
forearm.
Superficial Nearer the surface of the body. The ribs are superficial
to the heart.
Deep Farther from the surface of the body. The heart is
deeper to the ribs.
Peripheral Away from the central axis of the body. Peripheral
nerves radiate away from the brain and spinal cord.
7. • Body parts Regions
• Axial body part: - It is the part of the body near the axis of the body.
This includes head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
• Appendicular body part: - It is the part of the body out of the axis line.
This includes the upper and lower extremities.
8. • It is customary to subdivide the abdominal area into nine regions or
more easily in to four quadrants.
9.
10. Body planes and sections
• Body planes are imaginary surfaces or planes lines that divide the
body in to sections. This helps for further identification of specific
areas.
11. • Sagittal plane: - divides the body into right and left half.
-Mid sagittal plane: - divides body into equal left and right halves.
-Para sagittal plane: - divides body into unequal left and right
12. • Frontal plane: - divides the body into asymmetrical antereior and
posterior sections.
• Transverse plane: - divides the body into upper and lower body
section.
• Oblique plane: - divides the body obliquely into upper and lower
section.
13.
14. Body Cavities
• The cavities of the body house the internal organs, which commonly
referred to as the viscera. The two main body cavities are the larger
ventral (anterior) and the smaller, dorsal (posterior) body cavity.
15. • The ventral body cavity constitutes the thoracic cavity and the
abdomino-pelvic body cavity.
• The Thoracic cavity houses lung and heart.
• It is protected by the rib cage & associated musculature and the
sternum anteriorly.
• It consists of the right and left pleural cavities and mediastinum (the
portion of tissues and organs that separates the left and right lung).
16. • Abdomino-pelvic Cavity extends from the diaphragm inferior to the
floor of the pelvis.
• It is divided into superior abdominal and inferior pelvic cavity by
imaginary line passing at upper pelvis.
• Abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen and
gallbladder.
• The pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, rectum, and portions of the
reproductive organs.
17. • The dorsal body cavity: it constitutes the cephalic cavity containing
brain and the vertebral canal containing the spinal cord.