Division of human skeleton system
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The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions - the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It contains a total of 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. It contains a total of 126 bones. Together these two divisions make up the 206 total bones in the adult human skeleton.
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skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, intr...
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, introduction to skeleton, axial skeleton, cranium, cranial bone mnemonic for cranial bone, bone of skeleton system, 206 bones by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, shahid alam, alam
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The document provides information about the anatomy of the skeletal system. It discusses the classification of bones based on shape, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the structure and function of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and their attachments sites, the shoulder and pelvic girdles. The document outlines the bones that make up these various parts of the skeletal system.
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Skeletal system
The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, ribs, vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (pelvis, extremities). The axial skeleton includes 28 bones in the head, 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, and 6 auditory bones in the middle ear. The spine contains 26 bones including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 1-5 sacral/coccygeal bones. The chest contains 26 bones including the sternum, ribs, and hyoid bone. Each arm contains 32 bones and each leg contains 30 bones, for a total of over 200 bones in the human skeletal system.
The skeleton system overview
The human skeleton consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. It is divided into the axial skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton consisting of the shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet. The four types of bones - long, short, irregular, and flat - have different shapes that enable their various functions in support, protection, and movement.
Skeletal system
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
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The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Key points include:
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- The thoracic cage is made up of ribs and sternum, forming a protective structure around vital chest organs.
Axial skeleton
The document summarizes key aspects of the axial skeleton, including:
1. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It forms the central axis of the body.
2. The skull is made up of multiple cranial and facial bones that protect the brain and house sensory organs. It includes prominent features like the foramen magnum, cranial fossae, and sutures.
3. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that fuse into 24 bones in adulthood. It includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions with characteristic features.
4. The thoracic cage is formed from ribs, sternum and
Skeletal system
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and other tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. It includes two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Joints connect bones and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which allow different types of movement. Skeletal muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism in response to neuronal signals at the neuromuscular junction.
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Skeletal Systems
The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body. There are two types of skeletons - exoskeletons found in arthropods, and endoskeletons found in vertebrates like humans. The human skeleton consists of 206 bones and is made up of bone tissue, cartilage, and ligaments. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals.
Axial skeleton
The document provides information about the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum. It lists the main bones of the skull, such as the frontal bone and mandible, and describes features like the coronal suture and foramen ovale. It also details the bones that compose the vertebral column, including the 33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Finally, it distinguishes between true, false, and floating ribs and identifies parts of the sternum like the manubrium and xiphoid process.
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This document provides an overview of the human skeleton for students of Gulf Medical University. It begins by stating the learning objectives, which are to name parts of the skeleton, identify bones and explain their purposes, list bones by body part, and classify bones by origin, shape and structure. The document then defines the skeleton and its functions. It proceeds to describe bones in more detail, covering their composition, functions, classification by shape, development, body region, and microscopic and macroscopic structure. Diagrams are included to illustrate bone structures like the diaphysis, epiphysis, growth plate, and bone tissues.
Total number of bones
The human skeleton contains 206 bones that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including the skull with its facial and cranial bones, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones organized into the shoulder and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs. It includes long bones such as the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, and ulna as well as other small bones in the hands, feet, and joints.
Skeletal System of Human Body
Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are several types of joints including fibrous joints made of collagen, cartilaginous joints made of cartilage, gliding joints which allow bones to glide against each other, hinge joints which allow bending in one direction, and ball and socket joints which allow a full range of motion. Bones also contain bone marrow which can be yellow and contain fat or red and produce blood cells. Some diseases that affect the skeletal system include bursitis which causes inflammation around joints, tendonitis which inflames tendons, carpal tunnel syndrome affecting the wrist, osteoporosis which weakens bones, and cancers like leukemia and myeloma which affect the bone marrow.
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Human Anatomy Lecture 2 General Anatomy.pptx
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones and includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It provides structure and protection to internal organs. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and forms the body's limbs, including the shoulders, pelvis, arms, and legs. Together the skeletal system provides shape, support, and mobility to the human body.
The human Skeleton
The human skeleton consists of over 200 bones that support the body, protect internal organs, and allow for movement. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton has 128 bones that make up the limbs. Key differences between male and female skeletons include lighter and thinner bones in women, and a wider pelvis to facilitate childbirth. Careers that involve studying the human skeleton include forensic anthropology and traumatology, which examines bone injuries and fractures to understand impacts to structure and function.
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The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects vital organs like the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs and kidneys. Each forms a protective box structure. The skull has 29 bones including the cranium and face bones. The vertebral column has 26 bones and connects the skull to the pelvis. The thoracic cage includes ribs and sternum and provides flexibility for breathing.
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Skeletal System
The document provides an overview of the human skeletal system, including its main components and functions. It is divided into two main sections: the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. It forms the central framework and protects the brain, spinal cord, and internal organs. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
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The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the urinary system. It describes the key components, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Urine passes from nephrons to the renal pelvis and ureters for storage in the bladder and eventual elimination via the urethra. The urinary system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and removes wastes from the body.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, and enable movement. It includes the skull, backbone, rib cage, and limbs. The skull protects the brain and is made of 22 bones. The backbone consists of 33 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow upright posture. The rib cage is made of 24 rib bones that protect the heart and lungs. Joints are where bones connect, and there are four types: hinge, ball and socket, pivot, and gliding.
Appendicula skeleton
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that are attached to the axial skeleton by shoulder and pelvic girdles. The pectoral girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place while the pelvic girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place. The adult pelvis is composed of four bones - the sacrum, coccyx, and left and right ossa coxae which protect the viscera and support the lower body. Each os coxa is formed from the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones. The pelvic brim divides the pelvis into the true pelvis and false pelvis. The foot has three longitudinal
Axial Skeleton - Skull
The skull has two main parts - the cranium and facial bones. The cranium is made up of eight flat bones that protect the brain, while the facial bones form the eyes, nose, and lower jaw. There are also small bones in the skull like the sphenoid, ethmoid, and hyoid bone. The skull features various markings like foramina for blood vessels, sinuses filled with air, and processes for muscle attachments.
Axial Skeleton
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Key points include:
- The skull is made up of cranial and facial bones that form the cranium and face, protecting the brain and organs. Sutures connect the bones.
- The vertebral column consists of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae that provide support, protect the spinal cord, and allow movement.
- The thoracic cage is made up of ribs and sternum, forming a protective structure around vital chest organs.
Axial skeleton
The document summarizes key aspects of the axial skeleton, including:
1. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It forms the central axis of the body.
2. The skull is made up of multiple cranial and facial bones that protect the brain and house sensory organs. It includes prominent features like the foramen magnum, cranial fossae, and sutures.
3. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that fuse into 24 bones in adulthood. It includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions with characteristic features.
4. The thoracic cage is formed from ribs, sternum and
Skeletal system
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and other tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. It includes two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Joints connect bones and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which allow different types of movement. Skeletal muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism in response to neuronal signals at the neuromuscular junction.
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues that are continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts, which build bone, and osteoclasts, which break down bone.
The skeletal system (slide show)
The document discusses the anatomy and features of the human skeletal system. It describes the main components and functions of the skeletal system, including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage. It provides details on the types of bones in the human body, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the main parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton, focusing on the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
Skeletal Systems
The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body. There are two types of skeletons - exoskeletons found in arthropods, and endoskeletons found in vertebrates like humans. The human skeleton consists of 206 bones and is made up of bone tissue, cartilage, and ligaments. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals.
Axial skeleton
The document provides information about the bones that make up the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and sternum. It lists the main bones of the skull, such as the frontal bone and mandible, and describes features like the coronal suture and foramen ovale. It also details the bones that compose the vertebral column, including the 33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Finally, it distinguishes between true, false, and floating ribs and identifies parts of the sternum like the manubrium and xiphoid process.
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This document provides an overview of the human skeleton for students of Gulf Medical University. It begins by stating the learning objectives, which are to name parts of the skeleton, identify bones and explain their purposes, list bones by body part, and classify bones by origin, shape and structure. The document then defines the skeleton and its functions. It proceeds to describe bones in more detail, covering their composition, functions, classification by shape, development, body region, and microscopic and macroscopic structure. Diagrams are included to illustrate bone structures like the diaphysis, epiphysis, growth plate, and bone tissues.
Total number of bones
The human skeleton contains 206 bones that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including the skull with its facial and cranial bones, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones organized into the shoulder and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs. It includes long bones such as the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, and ulna as well as other small bones in the hands, feet, and joints.
Skeletal System of Human Body
Joints connect bones and allow movement. There are several types of joints including fibrous joints made of collagen, cartilaginous joints made of cartilage, gliding joints which allow bones to glide against each other, hinge joints which allow bending in one direction, and ball and socket joints which allow a full range of motion. Bones also contain bone marrow which can be yellow and contain fat or red and produce blood cells. Some diseases that affect the skeletal system include bursitis which causes inflammation around joints, tendonitis which inflames tendons, carpal tunnel syndrome affecting the wrist, osteoporosis which weakens bones, and cancers like leukemia and myeloma which affect the bone marrow.
Anatomy of skeleton system full/Human all Bones
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Full Skeleton system
Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Rib cage
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Facial bones
Ear bones
Humerus bone
Femur bone
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Similar to Division of human skeleton system
Human Anatomy Lecture 2 General Anatomy.pptx
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones and includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It provides structure and protection to internal organs. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and forms the body's limbs, including the shoulders, pelvis, arms, and legs. Together the skeletal system provides shape, support, and mobility to the human body.
The human Skeleton
The human skeleton consists of over 200 bones that support the body, protect internal organs, and allow for movement. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton has 128 bones that make up the limbs. Key differences between male and female skeletons include lighter and thinner bones in women, and a wider pelvis to facilitate childbirth. Careers that involve studying the human skeleton include forensic anthropology and traumatology, which examines bone injuries and fractures to understand impacts to structure and function.
The human Skeleton
The human skeleton consists of over 200 bones that support the body, protect internal organs, and allow for movement. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton has 128 bones that make up the limbs. Key differences between male and female skeletons include lighter and thinner bones in women, and a wider pelvis to facilitate childbirth. Careers that involve studying the human skeleton include forensic anthropology and traumatology, which examines bone injuries and fractures to understand impacts to structure and function.
Skull and vertebrae
The skull is made up of 22 bones that form two sections - the neurocranium which encloses the brain, and the viscerocranium which forms the face. There are 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The skull provides protection, support, and attachment sites for muscles. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae including 9 fused bones in the sacrum and coccyx. It houses and protects the spinal cord while allowing for movement and curvature of the spine. Common spinal conditions addressed include spondylolisthesis, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
skeletal system complete details with joints and its types
The document summarizes the human skeleton system. It describes that the skeleton system has 206 bones divided into the axial skeleton with 80 bones and appendicular skeleton with 126 bones. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs. It describes the bones in each part of the skeleton and different types of joints like ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, and gliding joints. The document also briefly mentions common skeletal disorders like osteoporosis and different types of arthritis.
part 1 skeletal system slides important for NEET
HUMAN SKELETON
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
1.Skull (29 bones)
2. Ribs (24 bones)
3. Sternum/ chest (1 bone) 4.Vertebral column (26 bones)
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
1. Girdles (6 bones)
2. Limbs (120 bones)
skeleton details
Skeletal System.pptx
THIS IS FOUNDATION CLASS OF PARAMEDICAL COURSE . IT DESCRIBE ALL BONES OF OUR BODY . STUDETS CAN LEARN MORE ABOUT BONES AND OUR SKELETAL STRUCTURE .
Topic 1
locomotion and support based on curriculum.
excluded mechanism and the rest topic after mechanism of locomotion
Label the major bones of the skeleton(a) anterior view b) posterior .pdf
Karla Tanner opens a web consulting business called Linkworks and completes the following
transactions in its first month of operations.
Prepare journal entries for each transaction and identify the financial statement impact of each
entry.
The financial statements are automatically generated based on the journal entries recorded.
The financial statements report the cumulative impact of all transactions recorded as of the
financial statement date. Input the cumulative amount of a) Net Income (Loss), b) Total Assets,
c) Total Liabilities, and d) Total Equity that would be reported on the financial statements
immediately after each transaction is recorded. (Hint: You can check your work by selecting the
date on the trial balance tab.) The first two transactions are completed for you!Apr.1Tanner
invested $80,000 cash along with office equipment valued at $26,000 in the company in
exchange for common stock.Apr.2The company prepaid $9,000 cash for 12 months\' rent for
office space. The company\'s policy is record prepaid expenses in balance sheet
accounts.Apr.3The company made credit purchases for $8,000 in office equipment and $3,600
in office supplies. Payment is due within 10 days.Apr.6The company completed services for a
client and immediately received $4,000 cash.Apr.9The company completed a $6,000 project for
a client, who must pay within 30 days.Apr.13The company paid $11,600 cash to settle the
account payable created on April 3.Apr.19The company paid $2,400 cash for the premium on a
12-month insurance policy. The company\'s policy is record prepaid expenses in balance sheet
accounts.Apr.22The company received $4,400 cash as partial payment for the work completed
on April 9.Apr.25The company completed work for another client for $2,890 on
credit.Apr.28The company paid $5,500 cash in dividends.Apr.29The company purchased $600
of additional office supplies on credit.Apr.30The company paid $435 cash for this month’s
utility bill.
Solution
Transaction: Net Income Total Assets Total Liabilities Total Equity Where can you go to
find each of your answers? Income statement Balance sheet Balance sheet Balance sheet Apr. 1
Tanner invested $80,000 cash along with office equipment valued at $26,000 in the company in
exchange for common stock. $0 $106,000 $0 $106,000 Apr. 2 The company prepaid $9,000
cash for 12 months’ rent for office space. The company\'s policy is record prepaid expenses in
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Skeletol system basics
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body.
THE_SKELETAL_SYSTEM_2017.ppt
The document describes the bones that make up the human skeletal system. It discusses the axial skeleton, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It details the bones that comprise the skull, such as the cranium which contains 8 bones including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. It describes features of the skull like the sinuses and fontanelles. It also outlines the structure and function of typical vertebrae and the vertebral column.
VisibleBody - Types of Bones eBook - 2018.pdf
The document discusses the different types of bones that make up the human skeletal system. It describes the two divisions of the skeletal system as the axial skeleton, which includes the bones of the head, trunk, and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities. It then explains the five types of bones - long bones, short bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones, and irregular bones - providing examples of each type.
Anatomy Skeletal and Muscular (1).pdf
The document provides information about the integumentary and skeletal systems. It discusses the divisions of the human skeleton into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes bones such as the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs. It also describes the different types of muscles like skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles and provides details about muscular system like muscle naming conventions based on size, direction, and location in the body.
Skeletal system
The document discusses the human skeletal system. It is composed of 206 bones in adults and consists of two main parts: the axial skeleton with 80 bones including the skull, ribs, and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton with 126 bones including the pectoral girdle, forelimbs, pelvic girdle and hindlimbs. The skeletal system works with muscles to provide structure and movement to the body.
05.Skeletal system_full(1).ppt
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and cartilage that provide structure and protection. It has two main parts - the axial skeleton which includes the skull and spine, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Bones are made of hard tissue and provide support, protection, movement and storage of minerals. Cartilage is softer tissue found in joints and other areas. Tendons attach muscle to bone and ligaments attach bone to bone. The skeletal system allows the body to move and protects organs.
Skeleton System.pptx
The document describes the human skeletal system which is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes 80 bones such as the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones that make up the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and the upper and lower extremities. Each section is further broken down by bone type and number.
Skeletal system
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including:
1. Bones are made of tissues like osseous tissue, cartilage, and connective tissue. The skeletal system framework includes bones and cartilages.
2. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
3. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 28 bones including cranial and facial bones.
F5 2.1 support & locomotion in humans & animals
This document discusses the support and locomotion systems in humans and animals. It describes the three types of skeletons - hydrostatic, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton. The human skeletal system is then examined in more detail, separating it into the axial skeleton consisting of the skull, chest, and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton consisting of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and extremities. Key bones in each region are identified along with their important functions in support, movement, and protection of internal organs.
Skeletal system anatomy 2 salah nazar
The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum and supports the head, neck, and trunk. It protects organs and permits limited movement. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs and anchors the limbs to the axial skeleton. The vertebral column extends from the skull to the coccyx and is made up of 33 vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. It transmits weight, protects the spinal cord, and permits movement. The skull is made up of cranial bones joined by sutures and contains foramina for nerves and vessels.
Physed skeletal system
The skeletal system is made up of bones and cartilage and has several important functions including support, movement, protection of organs, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It consists of 206 bones divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. Compact bone is dense and strong while spongy bone is lightweight. Cartilage provides flexibility and connection between bones. The skeletal system works with other body systems by providing protection and attachment sites while receiving nutrients, hormones, and waste removal in return.
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skeletal system complete details with joints and its types
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Label the major bones of the skeleton(a) anterior view b) posterior .pdf
Label the major bones of the skeleton(a) anterior view b) posterior .pdf
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Integumentary system(Skin & its assessory organs)
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is made up of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium and provides protection. Below this lies the dermis, made of dense connective tissue containing collagen, elastin, and blood vessels. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, made of adipose tissue. Skin functions include protection, sensation, synthesis, and temperature regulation. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Erythrocytes / RBCs
RBCs are biconcave disks that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. They are composed of 65% water and 35% solids including hemoglobin. RBCs are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow in response to low blood oxygen levels. The average lifespan of an RBC is 120 days. RBCs help maintain respiration, acid-base balance, and blood viscosity while transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and the lungs.
Joints and its classification
This document discusses the structure and classification of joints in the human body. It begins by defining arthrology as the study of joints, which connect two or more bones. Joints are classified as either synarthroses (immovable joints) or diarthroses (freely movable joints). Diarthroses, also called synovial joints, are further classified based on their plane of movement, number of articulating bones, and shape of the articulating surfaces. Key features of synovial joints include the articular capsule, articular cartilage, synovial fluid, ligaments, and associated structures like menisci and bursae. The document provides detailed descriptions of these structures and their functions.
Cell
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It describes the main components of cells including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus. The cell membrane forms the outer covering and regulates what passes in and out of the cell. The cytoplasm and organelles work together within the cell, with structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes involved in protein synthesis, the Golgi apparatus in packaging and secretion, mitochondria generating energy, and the nucleus controlling cell activities and division.
Body movements
Movement is defined as a change in position of the body or body parts. All living beings exhibit some form of movement like blinking, breathing, or eating. As humans grow, their movements become more refined starting from crawling to walking. These movements are enabled by muscles attaching to bones at joints like the elbow and knee. Muscles contract to cause flexion which decreases the joint angle, or extend to increase the joint angle. Common types of movement include flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction, and circumduction which combine multiple movements.
Classification of muscle
Muscles classification according to fibers arrangement of muscle and on the basis of muscle function in body
Introduction to anatomy
This document defines anatomy and its divisions. It discusses gross anatomy which looks at visible structures and microscopic anatomy which requires a microscope. It defines anatomical position as standing upright with palms facing forward. It describes directional terms like superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. It discusses the three principal planes used to section the body - sagittal, coronal, and transverse. It notes the two main body cavities and divides the abdominal cavity into quadrants and regions to locate structures.
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Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Division of human skeleton system
- 1. SHAZIA REHMAN DIVISION OF SKELETON SYSTEM
- 2. Divisions of the Skeleton The adult human skeleton usually consists of 206 named bones. These bones can be grouped in two divisions: Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton. The named bones of the body are listed below by category.
- 3. Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the human body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The Appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.
- 4. Axial Skeleton (80 bones) Skull Cranial Bones Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Frontal (1) Occipital (1) Ethmoid (1) Sphenoid (1)
- 5. Facial Bones Maxilla (2) Zygomatic (2) Mandible (1) Nasal (2) Platine (2) Inferior nasal concha (2) Lacrimal (2) Vomer (1)
- 7. Hyoid
- 8. Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1)
- 9. Thoracic Cage Sternum (1) Ribs (24)
- 10. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) Pectoral girdles (Shoulder girdle) Clavicle (2) Scapula (2)
- 11. Upper Extremity Humerus (2) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28)
- 12. Pelvic Girdle Coxal, or hip bones (2)
- 13. Lower Extremity Femur (2) Tibia (2) Fibula (2) Patella (2) Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28)