This document provides an introduction to physiology and outlines the basic structure and functions of the major organ systems in the human body. It begins by stating the objectives are to describe cell structure and summarize organ system functions. Each organ system is then defined, such as the integumentary system which protects the body and regulates temperature. Functions of key organ systems are summarized, including the digestive system which breaks down food and the respiratory system which supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The document emphasizes that organ systems work cooperatively to perform life functions and meet the needs of cells.

1. 1
Introduction
To physiology
(2)
Dr. Ramadan Saad
PHSL222Principles of Physiology

2. Objectives
● Describe briefly the basic structure of the cell and state
the function of the different cellular organelles.
● Summarize the overall functions of different body
systems.

3. Cell Structure and Function

4. Cell Structure and Function

5. Cell Structure and
Function
Powerhouseof cell

6. Organ System
Integumentary System
DEFINITION The integument (skin) and
structures derived from it (hair, nails, and
oil sweat glands).
FUNCTIONS
Protects the body,
regulates body temperature,
eliminates wastes, and
receives certain stimuli (tactile,
temperature, and pain).

7. Organ System
DEFINITION Bones, cartilage, and
ligaments (which steady the bones at
the joints).
FUNCTIONS
Provides body support and protection,
permits movement and leverage,
produces blood cells (hematopoiesis),
and stores minerals.

8. Organ System
DEFINITION Skeletal muscles of the
body and their tendinous attachments.
FUNCTIONS
Effects body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat.

9. Organ System
DEFINITION Consists of the
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and
other lymphatic organs.
FUNCTIONS
Removes foreign substances from the
blood and lymph, combats disease,
maintains tissue fluid balance, and
absorbs dietary fats from the
digestive tract.
Returns tissue fluids to the heart

10. Organ System
DEFINITION The body organs
concerned with movement of respiratory
gases (O2 and CO2) to and
from the pulmonary blood (the blood
within the lungs).
FUNCTIONS
Supplies oxygen to the blood and
eliminates carbon dioxide;
also helps to regulate acid–base balance.
Pharynx is part of digestive and
respiratory system

11. Organ System
DEFINITION The body organs that
render ingested foods absorbable.
FUNCTIONS
Mechanically and chemically breaks
down foods for cellular use and
eliminates undigested wastes.

12. Organ System
DEFINITION Brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory organs such as the
eye and the ear.
FUNCTIONS
Detects and responds to changes in
internal and external environments,
enables reasoning and memory, and
regulates body activities.

13. Organ System
DEFINITION The hormone-
producing glands.
•Hypothalamus
•Pineal gland
•Pituitary gland
•Thyroid
•Parathyroid
•Thymus
•Adrenal gland
•Pancreas
•Ovaries
•Testes
FUNCTIONS
Controls and integrates body
functions via hormones secreted
into the bloodstream.

14. Organ System
DEFINITION The heart and the
vessels that carry blood or blood
constituents (lymph) through the
body.
FUNCTIONS
Transports respiratory gases,
nutrients, wastes, and hormones;
protects against disease and fluid
loss;
helps regulate body temperature
and acid–base balance.

15. Organ System
DEFINITION The organs that operate
to remove wastes from the blood and to
eliminate urine from the body.
FUNCTIONS
Removes various wastes from the blood;
regulates the chemical composition,
volume, and electrolyte balance of the
blood;
helps maintain the acid–base balance of
the body.

16. Organ
System
DEFINITION The body organs that produce, store, and transport reproductive
cells (gametes, or sperm and ova).
FUNCTIONS Reproduce the organism, produce sex hormones.

17. Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Food
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
O2 CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients
Urinary
system
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excessions
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the externalenvironment
Blood
Heart
Feces Urine
CO2
O2
•All cells depend on
organ systems to meet
their survival needs.
Organ systems work
cooperatively to
perform necessary life
functions
Organ Systems Interrelationships

18. Carry Home Message
1. Physiology is a science dealing with the way a
normal organism and their body parts function.
2. There are four types of body tissues.
3. There are four branches for studying human
physiology.

19. Thank You