The document provides an overview of the biological basis of behavior, including:
- The gross anatomy of the brain including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
- Key figures in the field such as Phineas Gage and Paul Broca who contributed to understanding brain localization of function
- The basic structure and function of neurons, including their parts like dendrites and axons, how they communicate via electrical and chemical signals, and the role of glial cells and myelin
- Imaging techniques used to study the living brain like PET, fMRI, EEG, and techniques to manipulate the brain like tDCS.
Sensory Neurons – picks up the stimuli (nerve impulse) and carries it to the spinal cord and brain.Interneurons- Found within the brain and spinal cord. Relays the message between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons. Motor Neurons – transfers impulses away from the brain to the spinal cord
Sensory Neurons – picks up the stimuli (nerve impulse) and carries it to the spinal cord and brain.Interneurons- Found within the brain and spinal cord. Relays the message between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons. Motor Neurons – transfers impulses away from the brain to the spinal cord
The somatosensory system is the part of the sensory system concerned with the conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration, which arise from the muscles, joints, skin, and fascia.
The somatosensory system is a 3-neuron system that relays sensations detected in the periphery and conveys them via pathways through the spinal cord, brainstem, and thalamic relay nuclei to the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe
Impulses are carried from receptors via sensory afferents to the dorsal root ganglia, where the cell bodies of the first-order neurons are located.
Here the fibers split into 2 functional groups: a lateral group (or anterolateral system) and a medial group (or dorsal column-medial lemniscal system).
The lateral group carries mainly unmyelinated fibers that subserve pain and temperature sensations, whereas the medial group carries mainly myelinated fibers that convey proprioceptive impulses
Their axons then travel through the spinal cord either in an ipsilateral or a contralateral fashion. Note that second-order neuron cell bodies are located in different anatomical areas depending on the sensation they carry.
Broadly, the spinal cord contains the second-order neurons for the fibers carrying pain, touch, and temperature sensations.
The lateral group of fibers enters the spinal cord, then ascend to terminate on the substantia gelatinosa and the nucleus proprius, where the second-order neurons are housed
Fibers then ascend via the brainstem to the thalamus in the spinothalamic tracts (or STT).
The medulla contains the second-order neurons for fibers carrying touch, position, and vibratory sensations. The fibers are then either conveyed to the thalamus (where the third-order neurons are located)
The medial group also sends its fibers into the posterior spinal cord; however, upon reaching it, most fibers ascend to the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla and synapse there
These tracts synapse on a second-order neuron in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus, which are located in the medulla.
Their axons then decussate form a bundle known as the medial lemniscus.
Fibers of the posterior columns and medial lemniscus are concerned primarily with position sense and fine discriminative touch
These fibers travel to the midbrain on their way to the thalamus. Once in the thalamus, they synapse on third-order neurons in the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus.
The third-order neurons then project to the primary somatosensory cortex, which is located in the postcentral gyrus (also known as Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3) of the parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex subserves general and proprioceptive sensations and serves to integrate sensory information
Somesthetic cortex is organized in a sensory homunculus
Body areas particularly important to the sensory system (for example the face, lips, and hand) are given larger representation than other areas
Sensory receptorsperipheral nerve dorsal
Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.and A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, any main body part or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828)
• Phrenology
• Discredited when a
scientist, Pierre Flourens,
lesioned, or ablated,
animal brains
• Popularized the idea of
cerebral localization of
function
17. Electrical signals are transported down
an axon
• Dendrites: receive information
• inputs
• Axon: transmits electrical
signals
– Myelin: insulates the nerve cell
– Speeds up transmission
– Terminal buttons: release
transmitters
• Synapse: site of chemical
communication
19. Grey (or Gray) & White
Matter
Gray is the spelling more commonly seen in American use.
Grey is the spelling more commonly seen in British use (e.g. Earl Grey)
22. Action potentials
• Neurons specialize in
the transfer of
information within
the nervous system.
– Operated electrically
• Action potential
– Communicate
chemically
• Neurotransmitter
23. • Ions – electrically charged molecules
– Anions = negative
– Cations = positive
• A resting cell is more negative than its surrounding fluid
(extracellular fluid).
• The resting membrane potential is ~-70mV
– This is a negative polarity
27. Serotonin: Example neurotransmitter
• Serotonin (5-HT) is involved in mood
• Anti-depressants allow for more 5-HT (e.g. SSRI:
serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor)
28. Structural Imaging
• CAT (or CT): computerized axial
tomography
– Beam of X-rays (radiation)
at multiple angles
• MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
– Uses radio waves and measures cellular response in
a strong magnetic field
29. Functional Imaging
Active brain regions require more energy
provided by blood glucose.
• PET: positron emission tomography
– Radioactive substance to visualize blood flow
– OR to measure metabolic change (energy usage)
• fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging
– BOLD signal – Blood Oxygen Level Dependent
– Measures metabolic activity
