This document discusses various theories of motivation and emotion. It covers drive-reduction theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. For emotion, it examines theories such as James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, two-factor theory, and dimensions of appraisal. It also discusses the role of physiology and cognition in emotion, the amygdala in fear learning, arousal and performance, polygraph measures, universal expressions, and identification of emotions.

1. Motivation &
Emotion

2. Motivation
 Instinct
 Drive-Reduction Theory
 the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused
tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
satisfy the need
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)

3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

4. Motivation-Hunger

5. Motivation-Hunger

6. Eating Disorders
(Zellner, Harner, & Adler, 1989)

7. Women’s Body Images

8. Sexual Motivation

9. Sexual Motivation
 Same drives, different attitudes

10. Growth Needs, Social Motives
& the Stimulus Drive
Stimulus Drive:
Reflect needs for
information, exploration,
manipulation, and
sensory input

11. STIMULUS DRIVE

12. Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from
within, not from external rewards; based on
personal enjoyment of a task
• Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious
external rewards, obligations, or similar
factors

13. Motivation to Learn
• Human participants in a study are intrinsically
motivated to please the experimenter:
– Prove their proficiency at the task
– Maintain attention and ‘interest’
• Motivation effects
– amount of time devoted to the material
– degree of attention devoted to the material

14. Emotion

15. Theories of Emotion
 Does your heart pound because
you are afraid…or are you afraid
because you feel your heart
pounding?

16. Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
• The Facial EMG
– Electromyograph (EMG)
– Electrodes placed on the
face record activity in
various muscles

17. Schachter’s Two-Factor
Theory of Emotion
 To experience
emotion one
must:
 be physically
aroused
 cognitively
label the
arousal
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)

18. The Cognitive Component
Dimensions of Appraisal
• Cognitive dimensions closely linked to
emotion:
– Pleasantness: Is event enjoyable?
– Attention: Is one focused on event?
– Agency: Does one believe he/she is in control?
– Certainty: How clear is situation and is outcome
predictable?

19. James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
 Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing
stimuli
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

20. Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
 Emotion-arousing
stimuli simultaneously
trigger:
 physiological responses
 subjective experience
of emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)

21. Two Routes to Emotion

22. Cognition and Emotion

23. Experienced Emotion
 The Amygdala--a
neural key to
fear learning

24. Two Dimensions of Emotion
Positive
valence
Negative
valence
High
arousal
Low
arousal
pleasant
relaxation joy
sadness
fear
anger

26. Arousal and Performance
 Performance
peaks at lower
levels of
arousal for
difficult tasks,
and at higher
levels for easy
or well-learned
tasks

27. Patterns of Arousal: the
Polygraph
measures several of the
physiological responses
accompanying emotion
 perspiration
 cardiovascular
 breathing changes
Relevant > Control  Lie

28. Polygraph
(Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

29. Which emotions are universal?

30. Expressed Emotion
 Culturally universal expressions

31. Experienced Emotion

32. How well do people identify
emotions?

33. Expressed Emotion
 People more speedily detect an angry face than a
happy one (Ohman, 2001a)