INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
Intravenous
Cannulation
A intravenous cannula is a flexible tube which when inserted
into the body is used either to withdraw fluid or insert
medication.
• IV Cannula normally comes with a trocar ( a sharp pointed
needle ) attached which allows puncture of the body to get
into the intended space.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
ĐÁNH GIÁ HIỆU QUẢ CỦA BIỆN PHÁP LỌC MÁU TĨNH MẠCH-TĨNH MẠCH LIÊN TỤC TRONG PHỐI HỢP ĐIỀU TRỊ VIÊM TỤY CẤP NẶNG
Phí tải 20.000đ Liên hệ quangthuboss@gmail.com
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
Intravenous
Cannulation
A intravenous cannula is a flexible tube which when inserted
into the body is used either to withdraw fluid or insert
medication.
• IV Cannula normally comes with a trocar ( a sharp pointed
needle ) attached which allows puncture of the body to get
into the intended space.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
ĐÁNH GIÁ HIỆU QUẢ CỦA BIỆN PHÁP LỌC MÁU TĨNH MẠCH-TĨNH MẠCH LIÊN TỤC TRONG PHỐI HỢP ĐIỀU TRỊ VIÊM TỤY CẤP NẶNG
Phí tải 20.000đ Liên hệ quangthuboss@gmail.com
It has some information about the role of secondary metabolites in the plant development. It also share the economic importance of such secondary metabolites.
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
The system to deliver the drug to the body to produced desired therapeutic action and activity against diseases and disorders is known as Drug delivery system
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; In hemodialysis, the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine and then sent back into the body.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.
Hemodialysis is one way to treat advanced kidney failure and can help you carry on an active life despite failing kidneys.
Mechanism of Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a procedure by which waste products and excess water are removed from a patient’s blood. This is done by directly removing blood from the patient’s circulation, passing it through the dialysis filter, and then returning it directly back into the circulation.
Apparatus needed:
Dialyzer or dialysis filter
Dialysate (dialysis solution)
Tubing for transport of blood and dialysate
Machine that powers and monitors the filtration
Hemodialysis has 5 main steps which are as follows:
1.Two sets of tubing are connected to the patient’s dialysis access:
Connected directly to central venous catheter
Two needles inserted into AVF/AVG and taped down
2. Azotemic blood pumped from patient into dialysis filter
3. Dialysis filter removes toxins primarily through diffusion:
Dialysis filter is a plastic cylinder filled with thousands of tiny individual tubes composed of the filtering material.
Blood flows through the inside of the tiny tubes in one direction.
Dialysis fluid (dialysate) flows on the outside of the tiny tubes (but still within the single plastic cylinder that contains them) in the opposite direction.
The opposing directions of blood and dialysate result in maximal concentration gradients that drive the diffusion of toxins:
Known as “countercurrent” mechanism
Also results in correction of electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities via diffusion.
4. Dialysis filter removes excess water from the blood through ultrafiltration.
Suction force is applied by the dialysis machine across the dialysis filter.
Water is pulled from the blood side into the dialysate side.
5. Clean blood and waste-filled dialysate exit the dialysis filter.
Clean blood is pumped back into the patient’s Circulation.
Waste-filled dialysate is disposed of (including the excess water from the patient’s body that was removed during ultrafiltration).
Chronic dialysis
3–4 hours each session
3 times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday)
Acute dialysis:
Treatment duration and daily schedule are
Variable.
Priscriptions: The nephrologist may control many variables within the dialysis procedure:
Duration of treatment
Ultrafiltration goal
Anticoagulation
Electrolyte composition of the dialysate
Speed of blood flow and dialysate flow
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
Dialysis is a treatment for people whose kidneys are failing. When you have kidney failure, your kidneys don't filter blood the way they should. As a result, wastes and toxins build up in your bloodstream. Dialysis does the work of your kidneys, removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood
RENAL DIALYSIS.
RRT
Renal Replacement Therapy.
Dialysis is the artificial process of eliminating waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultra filtration) from the blood.
Dialysis is a procedure that cleans and filters the blood. It rids the body of harmful wastes and extra salt and fluids. It also controls blood pressure and helps our body keep the proper balance of chemicals such as potassium, sodium, and chloride.
Dialysis is a Greek word meaning "loosening from something else".
In medicine, dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally. This is referred to as renal replacement therapy.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. What Is Intravenous
Medication Administration?
Sometimes patients must receive medication very
rapidly. Other times, medications must be given slowly
but constantly. In both of these circumstances,
intravenous medication administration may be required.
Taking pills or liquids by mouth may not be fast enough
to get certain medications into the body. In an
emergency setting, medicine must be absorbed quickly.
Also, enzymes in the stomach may break down certain
delicate medications. As a result, these have to be
given directly into the blood stream.
3. What Is Intravenous
Medication Administration?
Intravenous is a term that means “into the vein”.
Intravenous medication administration occurs when a
needle is inserted into a vein and medication is
administered through that needle.
The needle is usually placed in a vein near the elbow,
the wrist, or on the back of the hand. Different sites
can be used if necessary.
4. Hypodermic needle
The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a
hollow needle through the skin directly into the vein.
This needle can be connected directly to a syringe (used
either to withdraw blood or deliver its contents into the
bloodstream) or may be connected to a length of tubing
and thence whichever collection or infusion system is
desired.
5. Peripheral cannula
A peripheral cannula is the most common intravenous
access method utilized in both hospitals and pre-
hospital services.
A peripheral IV line (PVC or PIV) consists of a short
catheter (a few centimeters long) inserted through the
skin into a peripheral vein (any vein not situated in the
chest or abdomen).
6. Central lines
Central IV lines flow through a catheter with its tip
within a large vein, usually the superior vena cava or
inferior vena cava, or within the right atrium of the
heart. This has several advantages over a peripheral IV:
It can deliver fluids and medications that would be overly
irritating to peripheral veins because of their
concentration or chemical composition. These include
some chemotherapy drugs and total parenteral nutrition.
Medications reach the heart immediately, and are quickly
distributed to the rest of the body.
7. Central lines
Cont.
There is room for multiple parallel compartments (lumen)
within the catheter, so that multiple medications can be
delivered at once even if they would not be chemically
compatible within a single tube.
Caregivers can measure central venous pressure and other
physiological variables through the line.
8. Peripherally inserted central
catheter
PICC lines are used when intravenous access is required
over a prolonged period of time or when the material to
be infused would cause quick damage and early failure
of a peripheral IV and when a conventional central line
may be too dangerous to attempt.
Typical uses for a PICC include: long chemotherapy
regimens, extended antibiotic therapy, or total
parenteral nutrition.
9. Central venous lines
There are several types of catheters that take a more
direct route into central veins. These are collectively
called central venous lines.
In the simplest type of central venous access, a
catheter is inserted into a subclavian, internal jugular,
or (less commonly) a femoral vein and advanced toward
the heart until it reaches the superior vena cava or right
atrium.
10. Tunneled lines
Another type of central line, called a Hickman line or
Broviac catheter, is inserted into the target vein and
then "tunneled" under the skin to emerge a short
distance away.
This reduces the risk of infection, since bacteria from
the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the
vein; these catheters are also made of materials that
resist infection and clotting.
12. Blood Banks: Introduction
Blood Bank is a cache or a bank of blood or blood
components, gathered as a result of blood donation,
stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion.
The term “Blood Bank” typically refers to a division of a
hospital laboratory where the storage of blood product
occurs and proper testing of blood is performed to
reduce the risk of transfusion related events.
Now a days stand alone blood banks also occur and can
be a Govt. holding body or a private body.
13. Blood Banks: History
In 1950, Richard Lewison of Mount Sinai Hospital, New
York City initiated the use of Sodium Citrate as an
anticoagulant.
This discovery transformed the blood transfusion
procedure from direct (vein to vein) to indirect.
The introduction of a Citrate Glucose solution later
permitted the storage of blood in containers for several
days, thus opening the way for the first “Blood Depot”
in Britain during World War I.
Oswald Hope Robertson, a medical researcher and US
army officer who established the depot, is now
recognized as the creator of first Blood Bank.
14. Storage of Blood
“Whole Blood” (WB) is the proper name given for the
unseparated venous blood with an approved
preservative added.
Most of the blood for transfusion is collected as Whole
Blood.
Autologous donations are sometimes transfused without
further modification
15. Storage of Blood
The whole blood is typically separated by centrifugation
into its components, with RBC’s in solution being a
commonly used product.
Units of WB and RBCs are both kept refrigerated at 1-6
degree celsius with maximum permitted storage period
(shelf lives) of 35 and 40 days respectively - SHORT
TERM STORAGE OF BLOOD
Frozen red cells are given expiration dates of up to 10
years and are stored at -65 degree celsius - LONG TERM
STORAGE OF BLOOD
16. Treatment of Blood Plasma
The less dense blood plasma is made in a variety of
frozen components.
If the plasma is frozen promptly and is intended for
transfusion, it is typically labelled as Fresh frozen
plasma.
If it is intended to be made into other products, it is
typically labelled as Recovered Plasma or Plasma for
fractionation.
17. Treatment of Blood Plasma
The layer between the RBCs and the plasma is referred
to as the buffy coat, removed to make platelets for
transfusion.
Platelets have a shelf life of 5 days kept at a room
temperature of 20 – 24 degree celsius with frequent
agitation.
18. Blood Dispatch
Although blood is donated absolutely free of cost by the
volunteers but when required by anyone, certain
amount of money is charged from him/her.
This is done because the lab spends a good amount of
money on conducting certain important blood tests and
on the staff and equipment in the blood banks.
20. Dialysis: Principle
Dialysis works on the principles of the diffusion of
solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid across a semi-
permeable membrane.
Diffusion is a property of substances in water;
substances in water tend to move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
Blood flows by one side of a semi-permeable
membrane, and a dialysate, or special dialysis fluid,
flows by the opposite side.
21. Dialysis: Principle
A semipermeable membrane is a thin layer of material
that contains holes of various sizes, or pores.
Smaller solutes and fluid pass through the membrane,
but the membrane blocks the passage of larger
substances (for example, red blood cells, large
proteins).
This replicates the filtering process that takes place in
the kidneys, when the blood enters the kidneys and the
larger substances are separated from the smaller ones
in the glomerulus.
22. Dialysis: Types
There are three primary and two secondary types of
dialysis:
Primary:
1. Hemodialysis
2. Peritoneal dialysis
3. Hemofiltration
Secondary:
1. Hemodiafiltration
2. Intestinal dialysis
23. Hemodialysis
In hemodialysis, the patient's blood is pumped through
the blood compartment of a dialyzer, exposing it to a
partially permeable membrane.
The dialyzer is composed of thousands of tiny hollow
synthetic fibers. The fiber wall acts as the
semipermeable membrane.
Blood flows through the fibers, dialysis solution flows
around the outside of the fibers, and water and wastes
move between these two solutions.
24. Hemodialysis
The cleansed blood is then returned via the circuit back
to the body. Ultrafiltration occurs by increasing the
hydrostatic pressure across the dialyzer membrane.
This usually is done by applying a negative pressure to
the dialysate compartment of the dialyzer.
This pressure gradient causes water and dissolved
solutes to move from blood to dialysate, and allows the
removal of several liters of excess fluid during a typical
4-hour treatment.
26. Peritoneal dialysis
In peritoneal dialysis, a sterile solution containing glucose
(called dialysate) is run through a tube into the peritoneal
cavity, the abdominal body cavity around the intestine,
where the peritoneal membrane acts as a partially
permeable membrane.
The peritoneal membrane or peritoneum is a layer of tissue
containing blood vessels that lines and surrounds the
peritoneal, or abdominal, cavity and the internal
abdominal organs (stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines).
Diffusion and osmosis drive waste products and excess fluid
through the peritoneum into the dialysate until the
dialysate approaches equilibrium with the body's fluids.
Then the dialysate is drained, discarded, and replaced with
fresh dialysate.
27. Peritoneal dialysis
This exchange is repeated 4-5
times per day; automatic
systems can run more frequent
exchange cycles overnight.
Peritoneal dialysis is less
efficient than hemodialysis, but
because it is carried out for a
longer period of time the net
effect in terms of removal of
waste products and of salt and
water are similar to
hemodialysis. Schematic diagram of peritoneal dialysis
28. Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis is carried out at home by the patient,
often without help. This frees patients from the routine
of having to go to a dialysis clinic on a fixed schedule
multiple times per week.
Peritoneal dialysis can be performed with little to no
specialized equipment (other than bags of fresh
dialysate).
29. Hemofiltration
Hemofiltration is a similar treatment to hemodialysis,
but it makes use of a different principle.
The blood is pumped through a dialyzer or "hemofilter"
as in dialysis, but no dialysate is used.
A pressure gradient is applied; as a result, water moves
across the very permeable membrane rapidly, "dragging"
along with it many dissolved substances, including ones
with large molecular weights, which are not cleared as
well by hemodialysis.
30. Hemofiltration
Salts and water lost from the blood during this process
are replaced with a "substitution fluid" that is infused
into the extracorporeal circuit during the treatment.
Hemodiafiltration
Hemodiafiltration is a combination of hemodialysis and
hemofiltration.
31. Intestinal dialysis
In intestinal dialysis, the diet is supplemented with
soluble fibers such as acacia fiber, which is digested by
bacteria in the colon.
This bacterial growth increases the amount of nitrogen
that is eliminated in fecal waste.
An alternative approach utilizes the ingestion of 1 to 1.5
liters of non-absorbable solutions of polyethylene glycol
or mannitol every fourth hour.