Dialysis is a treatment for people whose kidneys are failing. When you have kidney failure, your kidneys don't filter blood the way they should. As a result, wastes and toxins build up in your bloodstream. Dialysis does the work of your kidneys, removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood
RENAL DIALYSIS.
RRT
Renal Replacement Therapy.
Dialysis is the artificial process of eliminating waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultra filtration) from the blood.
Dialysis is a procedure that cleans and filters the blood. It rids the body of harmful wastes and extra salt and fluids. It also controls blood pressure and helps our body keep the proper balance of chemicals such as potassium, sodium, and chloride.
Dialysis is a Greek word meaning "loosening from something else".
RENAL DIALYSIS.
RRT
Renal Replacement Therapy.
Dialysis is the artificial process of eliminating waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultra filtration) from the blood.
Dialysis is a procedure that cleans and filters the blood. It rids the body of harmful wastes and extra salt and fluids. It also controls blood pressure and helps our body keep the proper balance of chemicals such as potassium, sodium, and chloride.
Dialysis is a Greek word meaning "loosening from something else".
It is the process of removing waste from the blood. Ppt would help to learn especially for Nursing students.
Hemodialysis, Peritoneal dialysis, Renal transplantation
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
It is the process of removing waste from the blood. Ppt would help to learn especially for Nursing students.
Hemodialysis, Peritoneal dialysis, Renal transplantation
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
The Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) algorithm is a systematic, evidence-based approach designed to guide healthcare providers in the urgent treatment of: Cardiac arrest. Arrhythmias. Stroke. Other life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025.
Levels of Organization
1
An Introduction to the Human Body
2
The Chemical Level of Organization
3
The Cellular Level of Organization
4
The Tissue Level of Organization
Support and Movement
Regulation, Integration, and Control
Fluids and Transport
Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
Human Development and the Continuity of Life
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), are among the leading causes of death and disability in low-income countries and marginalized populations.
Nursing Mangement on occupational and industrial disorders [Autosaved].pptxDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
What are the 5 types of occupational disease?
Occupational diseases in this registry system including Occupational lung diseases, occupational skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, diseases caused by chemical agents (poisoning), diseases caused by biological agents, occupational cancers and other occupational diseases
Acyanotic heart disease is where the blood contains enough oxygen but it's pumped abnormally around the body. Babies born with acyanotic heart disease may not have any apparent symptoms but, over time, the condition can cause health problems.
Congenital heart disease, also called a defect, refers to one or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth. These abnormalities occur when the heart or blood vessels don't form correctly in utero. At least eight out of every 1000 infants born in the US each year have a heart defect.
Urinary disorders with congenital anomalies of Kidney, ureter. UTIs are common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra, and infect the urinary tract. The infections can affect several parts of the urinary tract, but the most common type is a bladder infection (cystitis).
Genitourinary disorders are conditions that affect the genitourinary system, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. Some are congenital, and others are acquired later in life.
Large numbers of patients suffer from a variety of diseases in the genitourinary system, which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genital organs. Genitourinary diseases include congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic injuries, and disorders such as cancer, trauma, infection, and inflammation.
The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Professional development is learning to earn or maintain professional credentials such as academic degrees to formal coursework, attending conferences, and informal learning opportunities situated in practice. It has been described as intensive and collaborative, ideally incorporating an evaluative stage.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
5. Dialysis therapy
Dialysis is a process that artificially removes metabolic wastes
from the blood in order to compensate for kidney (renal) failure.
Most common type is hemodialysis
6. DIALYSIS
It is used to remove fluid and uremic waste products from the body
when the kidneys are unable to do so.
Acute dialysis is indicated when there is a high and increasing level of
serum potassium, fluid overload, or impending pulmonary edema,
increasing acidosis, pericarditis and severe confusion. It may also be
used to certain medications or other toxins in the blood.
7. Dialysis
A procedure for cleaning and filtering the blood.
It remove the nitrogenous waste products and maintain adequate
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
During dialysis the client’s blood is filtered by diffusion and
osmosis.
Substances such as urea, creatinine, and dangerously high levels
of potassium, and water move FROM the blood through the
semipermeable membrane TO the dialysate, the solution used
during dialysis that has a composition similar to normal human
plasma.
10. Dialysis therapy
Allows abnormal substances to diffuse out of blood, cleaning it
The dialysis fluid creates a diffusion gradient
Patients blood is transported through a semipermeable tube into an
apparatus which contains dialysis fluid
Hemodialysis
12. Hemodialysis…
It is the process of cleansing the
blood.
A dialysis process which requires a
machine to transport the blood
and dialysing fluid on either side
of a semi-permeable membrane to
effect the removal of toxic
metabolites and excess water
13. HEMODIALYSIS
Dialysis process occurs outside the body in a machine
The dialysis membrane is an artificial one: Dialyser
The dialyser removes the excess fluid and wastes from the blood
and returns the filtered blood to the body
Haemodialysis needs to be performed three times a week
Each session lasts 3-6 hrs
17. Procedure
The patient's access is prepared and cannulated.
Heparin is administered (unless contraindicated).
Heparinized blood flows through a semipermeable dialyzer in
one direction, and dialysis solution surrounds the membranes and
flows in the opposite direction.
Dialysis solution consists of highly purified water to which
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and dextrose
have been added. Bicarbonate or acetate is also added to achieve
the proper pH balance.
Through the process of diffusion, solute in the form of
electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and acid base components
can be removed or added to the blood.
Excess water is removed from the blood (ultrafiltration).
The blood is then returned to the body through the patient's
access
18.
19. Performing HD
HD may be carried out:
In a HD Unit
At a Minimal Care / Self-Care Centre
At Home
20. Requirements for Hemodialysis
Access to the patient's circulation
Dialysis machine and dialyzer with
semipermeable membrane
Appropriate dialysate bath
Time—approximately 4 hours, three times
weekly
Place—dialysis center or home (if
feasible)
21. Hemodialysis : Functions
Cleanses the blood of accumulated waste
products
Removes the by-products of protein
metabolism (urea, creatinine & uric acid)
Removes excessive fluids
Maintains or restores the buffer system of the
body
Maintains or restores electrolyte levels
23. SUBCLAVIAN & FEMORAL
CATHETER: INTERVENTIONS
Assess insertion site for hematoma, bleeding, dislodging, and
infection.
Do not use these catheters for any reason other than dialysis.
Maintain an occlusive dressing.
24. Subclavian (vein) Catheter…
may be inserted for short
term or temporary use in
acute renal failure
usually filled w/ heparin &
capped to maintain
patency between dialysis
treatments
may be left in place for up
to 6 wks if complications
do not occur
25. Femoral (vein) Catheter…
may be inserted for
short term or temporary
use in acute renal
failure
client should not sit up
more than 45° or lean
forward, or the catheter
may kink & occlude.
an IV infusion pump w/
microdrip tubing should
be used if a heparin
infusion through the
catheter is prescribed
26. AV Fistula
for chronic dialysis clients
created surgically by
anastomosis of a large
artery & a large vein in the
arm
Maturity: veins become
engorged due to the flow of
arterial blood into the
venous system; takes 1-2
wks.
Maturity is required before
the fistula can be used
27.
28. ARTERIO VENOUS
GRAFT
for chronic dialysis clients who
do not have adequate blood
vessels for the creation of a
fistula
Gore-Tex or a bovine (cow)
carotid artery as artificial vein
for blood flow
Procedure involves the
anastomosis of the graft to the
artery, a tunneling under the
skin, and anastomosis to a
vein.
can be used 2 wks after
insertion
Complications: clotting,
aneurysms and infection
32. HEMODIALYSIS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Blood can be heparinized unless it is contraindicated to prevent blood
clot.
2. Dialysis solution has some electrolytes and acetate and HCO3 added
to achieve proper pH balance.
3. Methods of circulatory access: AV fistula; AV graft or U-tube
4. Assess the access site for bruit, signs of infections and ischemia of
the hand.
5. Absence of thrill may indicate occlusion
6. No BP taking on the access site.
7. Cover the access site with adhesive bandage
8. Dietary adjustments Na and fluid intake.
9. Check blood chemistry
10. Constant monitoring of hemodynamic status, electrolytes and acid-
base balance.
33.
34. Peritoneal Dialysis…
A dialysis process which requires the
introduction of peritoneal dialysis
solution (dialysate) into the peritoneal
cavity via gravity or a cycler.
A soft, elastic tube (catheter) inside the
abdomen is inserted through a minor
surgical operation.
35. PERITONEAL
DIALYSIS
Indwelling catheter is implanted into the peritoneum.
A connecting tube is attached to the external end of peritoneal
catheter T –tube.
Plastic bag of dialysate solution is inserted to the end of T-tube; the
other end is recap.
Dialysate bag is raised to shoulder level and infused by gravity in the
peritoneal cavity
Infusion time = 10 minutes/2 liters; dwelling time is 4-6 hours
depending on doctor’s order.
At the end of dwelling time, dialysis fluid is drained from the
peritoneal cavity by gravity
Draining time is 10-20 minutes/2 liters
Then repeat the procedure when necessary
37. Procedure
A permanent indwelling catheter is implanted into the peritoneum; the
internal cuff of the catheter becomes embedded by fibrous ingrowth,
which stabilizes it and minimizes leakage.
A connecting tube is attached to the external end of the peritoneal
catheter, and the distal end of the tube is inserted into a sterile plastic
bag of dialysate solution.
The dialysate bag is raised to shoulder level and infused by gravity into
the peritoneal cavity (approximately 10 minutes for a 2-L volume).
The typical dwell time is 4 to 6 hours.
At the end of the dwell time, the dialysate fluid is drained from the
peritoneal cavity by gravity. Drainage of 2 L plus ultrafiltration takes
about 10 to 20 minutes if the catheter is functioning optimally.
After the dialysate is drained, a fresh bag of dialysate solution is
infused using aseptic technique, and the procedure is repeated.
The patient performs four to five exchanges daily, 7 days per week,
with an overnight dwell time allowing uninterrupted sleep; most patients
become unaware of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
38. Pre and post operative care for
Tenckhoff catheter insertion
Pre operative care
Fasting for 8 hours
Allow essential medications
Bowel preparation not necessary
Removal of body hair limited to that necessary
to facilitate performance of procedure
Empty bladder
Single dose of prophylactic antibiotic
Operating room or well equipped procedure
room
39. Pre and post operative care for
Tenckhoff catheter insertion
Post operative care
Catheter irrigation with 1 L of heparinized saline performed as an in-
and-out flush within 72 hours following surgery and weekly thereafter
until PD initiated
Delay PD for a min of 2 weeks to allow wound healing
Change dressings weekly for 2 weeks
Then patient should begin a routine of daily exit-site cleansing with
antibacterial soap
Showering only permitted after 1 month if wound healing
uncomplicated
Avoid catheter movement at the exit site
Use sterile gauze dressing over exit site
No tub bathing and swimming
40. How Peritoneal Dialysis works…
Peritoneum – semi-permeable; rich blood
supply
When a dialysate is put into the peritoneal
cavity, the dialysate gently pulls the small
pieces of waste products & water from the
blood into the dialysate via the semi-
permeable membrane. (diffusion &
osmosis)
41. Diffusion & Osmosis…
Electrolytes & minerals: tiny chemical
substances normally found in the blood
Diffusion – the movement of electrolytes &
minerals through the peritoneum from greater
to lesser concentration; stops when 2 sides of
the membrane are equally crowded
Osmosis – the movement of water into the
dialysate using sugar/glucose (glucose attracts
water)
45. Inflow (fill) – 10 minutes
Dwell ( equilibration) – 20 minutes to 8 or more
hours
Drain - 15 to 30 minutes
Phases of peritoneal
dialysis
46. CAPD Cycle…
1. The dialysate is instilled into
the peritoneal cavity through an
implant catheter attached to a
transferline, which is attached to
a bag of dialysate.
2. Once the fluid has been
instilled completely into the
peritoneal cavity, the empty
bag and transferline are
folded up and worn in a cloth
pouch beneath the clothing.
Thus, the patient is free to
ambulate and resume his
normal daily activities.
47. CAPD Cycle…
3. When it is time to drain off the , the bag is unfolded, placed on the floor and
drainage is achieved by gravity. A new bag of dialysate is then attached to the
transferline and the process is repeated. Usually the solution exchange
procedure takes about 15 minutes.
48. CAPD
Dialysis takes place 24hrs a day, 7 days a week
Patient is not attached to a machine for treatment
Exchanges are usually carried out by patient after
training by a CAPD nurse
Most patients need 3-5 exchanges a day i.e.
4-6 hour intervals (Dwell time) 30 mins per exchange
May use 2-3 litres of fluid in abdomen
No needles are used
Less dietary and fluid restriction
50. Automated Peritoneal
Dialysis
Similar to CAPD
Requires a peritoneal
cycling machine
called a cycler
Can be done as
intermittent peritoneal
dialysis, continuous
cycling peritoneal
dialysis, or nightly
peritoneal dialysis
51.
52. APD
Uses a home based machine to perform
exchanges
Overnight treatment whilst patient sleeps
The APD machine controls the timing of
exchanges, drains the used solution and fills
the peritoneal cavity with new solution
Simple procedure for the patient to perform
Requires about 8-10 hrs
Machines are portable, with in-built safety
features and requires electricity to operate
53. Peritoneal Dialysis: Complications
Peritonitis
Signs: cloudy bag, stomach pain, fever
If suspected, obtain a culture of the outflow to
determine the infective organism
Abdominal Pain
Pain during inflow is common during the 1st few
exchanges & usually disappears 1 to 2 wks of dialysis
treatments
Place heating pad
Insufficient Outflow
Check for placement; refer to physician
Encourage high-fiber diet
Leakage around the catheter site
May take up to 2 wks for client to tolerate a full 2L
exchange w/o leaking around the catheter site
Bladder or Bowel Perforation
54. Nursing Interventions
Monitor vital signs.
Monitor for signs of infection.
Monitor for respiratory distress, pain, or discomfort.
Monitor signs of pulmonary edema.
Monitor for hypotension & hypertension.
Monitor for malaise, nausea, vomiting.
Assess the catheter sit dressing for wetness or bleeding.
Monitor dwell time as prescribed by the physician & initiate flow.
Do not allow dwell time to extend beyond the physician’s order because this increases
the risk for hyperglycemia.
Turn the client from side to side if the outflow is slow to start.
Monitor outflow, which should be a continuous stream after the clamp is opened.
Monitor outflow for color & clarity.
Monitor intake & output accurately.