The document provides several definitions of culture from anthropologists and scholars. Culture is defined as the cumulative knowledge, beliefs, values and material objects acquired by a group over generations. It also refers to learned behaviors and elements that are shared and transmitted between members of a society. Additionally, culture is described as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes one group of people from another.

1. Some Definitions of Culture “Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generation through individual and group striving.” (Samovar and Porter, 1994) “A culture is a configuration of learned behaviours and results of behaviour whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society.” (Linton, 1945)

2. Some Definitions of Culture (cont’d) “Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.” (Hofstede, 1984) “Culture is everything. Culture is the way we dress, the way we carry our heads, the way we walk, the way we tie our ties – it is not only the fact of writing books or building houses.” (AiméCésaire, speaking to the World Congress of Black Writers and artists in Paris)

3. Roman Jakobson’sCommunication Model

5. Accent

6. Dress code

7. Greeting

8. Rituals

9. Time-keeping

10. Authority

11. Relationship between individual and society

12. Ideas of Masculinity and Femininity

14. Iceberg Theory of Culture

15. “… each intrusion of a citation in the text is a culmination of a process in which a sign travels from one text (source) to another (destination). The area being traversed from text to text is what we shall call the intertextual space.” (Hatim and Mason, Discourse and the Translator, 1990:129)

17. 2nd quatrain: development of the issue in 1st quatrain

18. 3rd quatrain: provides some sort of resolution

19. Couplet: provides the main theme

22. There is loss of impact?

23. Omit the phrase (loss)

24. Compensate for loss at first possibility

25. Create meaning through new metaphor, idiom etc…NB: paraphrasing is NOT compensation