This document summarizes key cultural values dimensions from Hofstede's and GLOBE studies, including individualism vs collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, gender egalitarianism, and long-term vs short-term orientation. It provides examples of differences in these dimensions among various cultures like the US, Japan, and European countries. It also discusses how these values influence communication, work attitudes, ethics, and the role of religion in different societies.

1. Chapter 3 Contrasting Cultural Values Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed., Chaney & Martin

3. What are Values? Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed., Chaney & Martin Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system.

4. Hofstede’s “Onion” Diagram Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed., Chaney & Martin Rituals Values Practices Symbols Heroes Rituals

6. Cultural Contrasts in Values Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed., Chaney & Martin Americans Japanese Arabs 1. Freedom Belonging Family security 2. Independence Group harmony Family harmony 3. Self-reliance Collectivism Parental guidance 4. Equality Age/Seniority Age 5. Individualism Group consensus Authority

7. Semantic Differences Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed., Chaney & Martin Semantics - the study of the meaning of words; involves the way behavior is influenced by words and nonverbal means of communication. Example: A U.S. American, while traveling in Bolivia, observed that drivers rarely stopped at the red octagonal sign with the word “alto,” the Spanish word for “stop.” A local Bolivian explained that in that country, the stop sign is more a recommendation than a traffic law.

8. Attribution and Perception Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed., Chaney & Martin Attribution - the ability to look at social behavior from another culture’s view Attribution training - involves making people aware of their own cultural context and how it differs from that of the host country Perception - the learned meaning of sensory images Uncertainty-reduction theory - “involves the creation of proactive predictions and retroactive explanations about our own and others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes” (Gudykunst & Ting-Toomy, 1988, p. 22).

18. 2002 Weekly Hours Worked Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed., Chaney & Martin Country Weekly Working Hours China 47.9 India 47.3 South Korea 46.2 Singapore 46.0 New Zealand 44.9 Mexico 43.3 United States 42.6 Japan 42.2 England 39.6 Germany 38.7 Canada 31.9