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- 1. Understanding Intercultural Communication Second Edition Chapter 12 How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators? Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS PowerPoint Slides Designed by Alex Flecky and Noorie Baig
- 2. TODAY‟S MENU I. InterculturalCommunication Ethics: Contemporary Issues II. Multiple Ethical Positions: Assessing Pros and Cons III. Becoming Ethical and Flexible Intercultural Communicators
- 3. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Ethics: set of principles of conduct that governs behavior of individuals and groups; a set of standards that uphold the community‟s expectations concerning “right” and “wrong” conduct.
- 4. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Discussion Questions: • From where did you learn your ethical position? • Does it differ from that of the larger culture to which you belong? How?
- 5. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Global Standard Procedure and Local Justice Issues: Five-phase ethical decision-making model: 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Construction of alternatives 4. Decision making choice 5. Implementation
- 6. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues Media Activity: Click here to view the Kenyan tradition of „beading‟ Discussion Questions: • Can you apply the five-phase ethical decision-making model to this ethical dilemma? • Can you brainstorm some creative alternative solutions for this dilemma? • How would you go about approaching traditional Kenyans to explain your views
- 7. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues B. Corporate Responsibility and Local Customary Practice Ethical algorithm formula for local cultural hiring practices. • Two conflict types: moral reasoning (a) related to and (b) not related to economic development in country. • Two questions: o (1) Is it possible to conduct business successfully without undertaking the practice? and o (2) Is practice a violation of fundamental international human rights?
- 8. I. Intercultural Communication Ethics: Contemporary Issues C. Cultural Value Clash & Communication Preference • “Universalistic” or “impartial” value orientation: believe a set of consistent rules should apply to all individuals, regardless of relationship types or circumstances. • “Particularistic” value orientation: nature of relationship or situation guides
- 9. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Three ethical positions used to assess ethical violations in diverse cultures: A. Ethical Absolutism Position B. Ethical Relativism Position C. Ethical Universalism Position
- 10. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons A. Ethical Absolutism Position • Emphasizes principles of right and wrong (good and bad behavior) in accordance with a set of assumed universally fixed standards regardless of cultural differences. • Universality: one set of consistent standards guides behavior on a global level, and cultural context is minimized. The standards, however, are often reflective of dominant or power-holder
- 11. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons B. Ethical Relativism Position • Emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural context and its underlying traditions, beliefs, and value patterns in judging conduct. • Relativists emphasize that ethical/unethical practices should be understood from cultural insiders‟ viewpoint.
- 12. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons C. Ethical Universalism Position • Emphasizes importance of deriving inclusive universal ethical standards and then placing ethical judgments against these derived, all-encompassing standards. • Judgments require knowledge about underlying similarities across cultures and about the unique features of a culture and involve collaborative dialog, open attitudes, and hard work from all
- 13. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros
- 14. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed standards for all practices
- 15. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of standards for culture all practices seriously
- 16. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes
- 17. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons
- 18. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons Culturally imposed perspective by dominant culture, and nondominant cultures are marginalized.
- 19. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons Culturally Encourages imposed too much perspective cultural by dominant flexibility, culture, and may nondominant perpetuate cultures are intolerable marginalized cultural practices by being too
- 20. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons Ethical Ethical Ethical Absolutism Relativism Universalism Pros Fixed Takes role of Involves standards for culture collaborative all practices seriously dialog, open attitudes Cons Culturally Encourages Requires hard imposed too much work from all; perspective cultural most using by dominant flexibility, this position culture, and may are “imposed nondominant perpetuate ethics,” cultures are intolerable relying heavily marginalized. cultural on practices by Eurocentric being too moral
- 21. II. Multiple EthicalPositions: Assessing Pros and Cons D. Meta-Ethics Contextualism Position: An Alternative 4th Position: Meta-ethics: ethical way of thinking that transcends particular ideologies; the application of ethics is understood only through systematic analysis of the multiple layers of the ethical dilemma • Strength: emphasizes fact-finding and layered interpretations, takes into serious consideration importance of culture, context, persons, etc. • Problem: time-consuming approach
- 22. III. Becoming Ethicaland Flexible Intercultural Communicators A meta-ethical decision is a discovery process—into our own values, inconsistencies—and prompts us to gather multiple-level information. • Can you think of creative solutions other than the ones investigated? • Is there a way to prevent similar ethical dilemmas or pressures from arising in the future in this culture?
- 23. III. Becoming Ethicaland Flexible Intercultural Communicators B. Becoming Flexible: Final Passport Do-Ables • Practice parallel thinking. • Responsibility for peace lies with each of us—starts with inner peace. • Dynamic flexibility: integrating knowledge, open-minded attitude, culture-sensitive skills, and communicating ethically with culturally dissimilar others.
- 24. Final Parting Thoughts… Anintercultural life is a creative life that demands both playfulness and mindfulness in transforming one’s intercultural journey into a discovery process. ~ Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva Chung