Here are some key points that could be discussed:
- Hofstede's model provides a useful framework for analyzing and comparing cultural differences, but it also has limitations since cultures are complex and not fully defined by these dimensions.
- People's experiences and perspectives are shaped by their cultural background, so seeing issues through another cultural lens aided by models like Hofstede's can foster cross-cultural understanding.
- However, models also risk overgeneralizing or oversimplifying cultures. Individual experiences within a culture can vary widely.
- Overall, Hofstede's dimensions seem most helpful when used as a starting point for discussion rather than a definitive analysis, and with an understanding of both their benefits and limitations
A brief presentation done by Umesh, Raksha and Baoping. Presentation is about National and Organisational Culture based in works done by Hoftede and other scholars.
,geert hofstead ,dimensions of natural culture ,un certainity avoidance index ,long term and short term orientation ,indulgence vs restraint ,power distance index ,masculinity vs femininity
The Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory. The aim of the study was to determine the dimensions in which cultures vary.
Hofstede identified six categories that define culture: Power Distance Index. Collectivism vs. Individualism. Uncertainty Avoidance Index.
Organizational Culture
A common perception held by the organization’s members; a system of shared meaning.
Characteristics:
Innovation and risk taking
Attention to detail
Outcome orientation
People orientation
Team orientation
Aggressiveness
Stability
Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures?
What Is Organizational Culture? (cont’d)
What Do Cultures Do?
How Culture Begins?
Keeping Culture Alive
Stages in the Socialization Process
How Employees Learn Culture
Creating An Ethical Organizational Culture
Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture..
A brief presentation done by Umesh, Raksha and Baoping. Presentation is about National and Organisational Culture based in works done by Hoftede and other scholars.
,geert hofstead ,dimensions of natural culture ,un certainity avoidance index ,long term and short term orientation ,indulgence vs restraint ,power distance index ,masculinity vs femininity
The Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory. The aim of the study was to determine the dimensions in which cultures vary.
Hofstede identified six categories that define culture: Power Distance Index. Collectivism vs. Individualism. Uncertainty Avoidance Index.
Organizational Culture
A common perception held by the organization’s members; a system of shared meaning.
Characteristics:
Innovation and risk taking
Attention to detail
Outcome orientation
People orientation
Team orientation
Aggressiveness
Stability
Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures?
What Is Organizational Culture? (cont’d)
What Do Cultures Do?
How Culture Begins?
Keeping Culture Alive
Stages in the Socialization Process
How Employees Learn Culture
Creating An Ethical Organizational Culture
Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture..
OCTAPACE culture is extremely important for promoting the organizational effectiveness
and good Governance. In this context, the present paper is an endeavour to identify the major
factors responsible for non-promoting of organizational effectiveness among the managerial
and non-employees about the prevailing OCTAPACE culture and to know the preventive
measures for the same with special reference to Services Sector
Cultural ValuesRoad Maps for BehaviorChapter 6Com.docxdorishigh
Cultural Values:
Road Maps for Behavior
Chapter 6
Communication Between Cultures, 9th edition
by Samovar, Porter, McDaniel & Roy
“Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your actions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny.”
- Mahatma Gandhi
Perception’s InfluencePerception is the process of making sense of reality; the process of gathering & interpreting informationCulture influences one’s subjective realityThere is a direct link among culture, perception and behavior
Perception is bias and often inaccuratePerception is selective; perceptions are partialPerception is culturally determinedPerception is consistentPerceptions are learned
BeliefsBeliefs – a concept or idea that an individual or group holds to be true; what you accept as truth; the storage system for our past experiences.
Our belief system is learned and subject to cultural interpretationShared beliefs can represent cultural norms, or values, characterizing a large group of peopleWe often do not question beliefs or demand proof; we accept them as true They are an intrinsic part of cultureThey are reflected in your actions & communication behaviors Whatever you trust as a source of truth & knowledge depends on your cultural background & experiencesThey form the basis of your valuesCultures have different realities & belief systems; beliefs, therefore, can both unite and divide people
ValuesValues are learned rules for making choices; they are shared ideas about ethics; they are shared by the collective society (culture); values determine:
decent vs. indecent - ugly vs. beautiful
abnormal vs. normal - irrational vs. rational
moral vs. immoral - desirable vs. undesirable
dangerous vs. safe - evil vs. good
appropriate vs. inappropriate
What you consider desirable for yourself and for the society you live in is a product of your values, which can be held both consciously and subconsciously
Values are acquired through a variety of sources: family, history, proverbs, media, school, church, state, etc.; they tend to endure & be relatively stable; they are often not rational.
BehaviorsBehaviors are the outward manifestation of our internalized beliefs an valuesCulture influences your behavior
Not the Wind; Not the Flag
Two monks were arguing about a flag.
One said: “the flag is moving.”
The other said: “the wind is moving.”
The Sixth Patriarch happened to be passing by.
He told them: “Not the wind, not the flag. Mind is moving.”
Understanding Cultural PatternsCultures often exhibit similar societal characteristics that are derived from their shared set of beliefs and valuesCultural patterns are value orientations used to describe cultural values that characterize the dominant group within a cultureCultural patterns are like taking a snap shot of a cultureObstacles in Studying Cultural PatternsWe are more than our cultureCultural patterns are .
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings - Purposive Communic...Nathaniel Aliguyon
Globalization impacts communication in various ways and degrees. Also, communication varries depending on the cultural setting. English, as a medium of communication, has been evolving into more nativized varieties of the language.
Partial notes on BBA 205 course for students of IP University (Delhi) and anyone who wants a beginner's level knowledge.
Citations are reflected in the slides.
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESCulture encompasses the va.docxsleeperharwell
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Culture encompasses the values and norms shared by members of a group and the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that shape and mold their activities. At a fundamental level, these cultural values frame and guide the interpretation of experience, the processing of information, and the ways people communicate. It is possible to describe culture as a shared set of basic assumptions and values, with resultant behavioral norms, attitudes, and beliefs that manifest themselves in systems and institutions as well as behavioral and nonbehavioral patterns. There are various levels to culture, ranging from the easily observable outer layers, such as behavioral convention, to the increasingly more difficult to grasp inner layers, such as assumptions and values. Culture is shared among members of a group or society and has an interpretative function for the members of that group. Culture is situated between human nature on the one hand and individual personality on the other. Culture is not inheritable or genetic, but rather is learned. Although all members of a group or society share their culture, expressions of culture-resultant behavior are modified by an individual’s personality.
People create their culture as a way to adapt to their physical environment. Customs, practices, beliefs, and traditions for development and survival are passed along from generation to generation. Your culture facilitates day-to-day living by making sense out of your surroundings. The following characteristics of cultures can influence the way an individual might negotiate:
· Self-identity: Cultures provide an individual with a sense of self, which can be manifested anywhere from extreme independence to extreme interdependence. In a negotiation, this cultural sense of self may dictate whether the parties see negotiations as a competition or an opportunity to collaborate.
· Relationships: Cultures also organize the relationships between individuals according to age, sex, status, or degree of kinship. Such relationships may influence a negotiation by dictating who the culture recognizes as its leaders, who makes the decisions, and who will be governed by those decisions.
· Communication: Verbal and nonverbal communication distinguishes one culture from another. A multitude of languages, dialects, and colloquialisms combine with body language and gestures to make communication unique within cultures and subcultures. Another aspect of communication relevant to negotiations is whether the culture exchanges information in a direct or indirect manner.
· Time and time consciousness: In some cultures time may be viewed as a cycle, constantly reoccurring so that it involves many simultaneous experiences and people. Or time can be viewed as a lineal, sequential event. In that case, time once lost is never regained. A culture that views time as lineal and finite will expect negotiations to begin on time and to finish as soon .
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
1. Jak narody porozumiewają się ze sobą w komunikacji
międzykulturowej i komunikowaniu medialnym
[Intercultural communication and media communication between nations]
Jerzy Mikułowski Pomorski
Kraków: Universitas, 2007
Selected chapters abridged and summarised by
Intercultural Communication Course students,
English Studies Jagiellonian University
2012/13
3. Outline of the presentation
1. Geert Hofstede
2. High vs Low context cultures
3. Power distance
4. Collectivism vs Individualism
5. Masculinity vs Femininity
6. Uncertainty avoidance
7. Long vs Short term orientation
8. Discussion
4. Geert Hofstede
Geert Hofstede, (born 2
October 1928 in Haarlem,
Netherlands) is an influential
Dutch researcher in the
fields of organisational
studies, organisational
culture, cultural economics
and management. He is a
well-known pioneer in his
research of cross-cultural
groups and organisations.
5. Hofstede’s1 cultural dimensions:
• High vs. Low context cultures
• Power distance
• Collectivism vs. Individualism
• Masculinity vs. Femininity
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Long vs. Short term orientation
1Hofstede, G. (1966) ‘An American in Paris: The influence of nationality on
organisation theories’. In: Organisation Studies 17/3.
6. High vs Low context cultures
• This division, which stems from E. T.
Hall’s1 research, applies to the reliance on
the immediate physical context in
communication.
1 Hall, E. T. (1984) Poza kulturą [Beyond Culture]. PWN: Warszawa.
7. High vs. Low context cultures
Features of high context cultures Features of low context cultures
Communicate through high context Communicate through low context
messages messages
Many things are left unsaid, allowing The communicator needs to be much
the culture to explain. more explicit.
People feel responsible for their family Independence and individualism is
and their subordinates at work emphasized.
The concept of ‘face’, i.e. strong No concept of ‘face’.
public image.
If a member’s face is threatened, the Everyone is responsible for
whole group’s honour is in danger themselves
8. Power distance
• This dimension applies to the perception
of power and authority by the less
influential members of a given community.
It is the extent to which the less powerful
members of organisations and institutions
accept and expect that power is distributed
unequally.
9. High vs. Low power distance
Features of high power distance cultures Features of low power distance cultures
Members accept power distance as part of Power is exerted only where it is necessary.
social order, it determines what is right and
wrong.
More powerful members of society perceive People are equal, they consider social
their subordinates as unequal. inequalities obsolete.
Subordinates fear the more powerful Cooperation should be based on the
members. principle of solidarity.
There is not much trust among co-workers Subordinates are considered as older, more
experienced colleagues.
Majority of people are dependent on others. Co-workers are prone to trust one another.
Subordinates are blamed for mistakes. The system is blamed for mistakes.
There is a strong conflict between the strong Everyone should have equal rights
and the weak members
Social inequalities are accepted; every Strong and weak members coexist in
person has a high or low place in the social harmony
order and is protected by law
10. Individualism vs Collectivism
• It is the degree to which individuals are
integrated into groups. In individualistic
societies, the stress is put on personal
achievements and individual rights. In
collectivist societies, individuals act
predominantly as members of a lifelong
and cohesive group.
11. Individualism vs Collectivism
Features of individualistic cultures Features of collectivistic cultures
Everyone has the right to have their own opinions. Opinions are shaped by the group.
A person’s commitments include: their own interest, Commitments towards the family: harmony, respect,
self-education, their own debts. family honoor and loyalty.
Education is a lifelong process, one learns how to Education is for young people, one learns how to
learn and acquire useful information and skills. behave.
People are expected to care for themselves and Everyone is a part of a larger group and is expected
their immediate family. to be loyal and care for its well-being.
People have high self-awareness and are Group awareness precedes, mutual relationships
independent. and ties are emphasized.
Friendship is a basic human need. Friendships are determined by group membership.
Decisions are made individually and are influenced The group makes all decisions.
by people’s beliefs and opinions
12. Masculinity vs Femininity
• Masculine cultures value success, money and material
possessions, whereas feminine cultures place more
value on relationships and quality of life. In masculine
cultures, the differences between gender roles are more
rigid and less fluid than in feminine cultures.
• Interestingly, masculine cultures are those that used to
be at war often, while feminine cultures are those in
which men and women had to support each other in
order to persevere in harsh life conditions.
13. Masculinity vs Femininity
Typical opinions of people from a Typical opinions of people from a feminine
masculine culture culture
Men’s role is to rule, women’s role is to raise Men are also involved in children’s
up children. upbringing.
Gender roles are explicit and concrete. Gender roles are interchangeable.
Men should dominate in a society. Genders should be treated equally.
Independence is the highest ideal. Mutual dependence is the highest ideal.
People who achieve success are worthy of People who handle adversity deserve
admiration. appreciation.
Ambitions lead to action. Service is the greatest motivator to action.
The great and the fast are beautiful. The little and the slow are beautiful.
You live to work. You work to live.
14. Uncertainty Avoidance
• High uncertainty avoidance stems from
striving for truth and the belief that it is in
fact cognizable. This conviction is
important in the Western rationalistic
tradition. It can be juxtaposed with the
Eastern pursuit of virtues stemming from
Confucius‘ philosophy.
15. Uncertainty Avoidance
Typical opinions of people in a high Typical opinions of people in a low uncertainty
uncertainty avoidance culture avoidance culture
Uncertainty is an inevitable; therefore it is a Life’s uncertainty is inevitable; therefore,
constant threat of life. accepting it should be easier.
I feel anxious and stressed. I feel peaceful. I do not experience stress.
I feel an inner imperative to work. Hard work is not a value in itself.
I find people’s deviant tendencies and ideas I do not treat deviance as a threat - tolerance.
threatening – lack of tolerance.
I do not trust young people. I am friendly to young people.
I am unwilling to take risks. I am ready to take risks.
I need strict rules and regulations. The fewer rules, the better.
Experts’ knowledge is the source of my My convictions are shaped by my own common
convicitons. sense.
16. Long vs Short Term Orientation
• This distinction was added as the last one
to Hofstede's typology. It describes
societies’ time perspective. Long term
oriented societies attach more importance
to the future. In short term oriented
societies, the past and the present are
more valued.
17. Long vs Short Term Orientation
Typical opinions of people from Typical opinions of people from
long term orientation culture short term orientation culture
Tradition needs to be adjusted to the Respect for tradition
present conditions.
Frugality, even meanness A need to behave as others do
regardless of consequences
Expecting delayed gratification Expecting immediate gratification
Importance of preserving one’s own Do anything to achieve a goal
face
Saving for future investments No money saved for investments
Fulfilling social obligations within Fulfilling social obligations no matter
reason the cost
18. Discussion
1. How would you characterise your native
culture using Hofstede’s dimensions?
What makes you perceive it this way?
2. Do you find Hofstede's typology helpful in
terms of increasing international
understanding? Justify.