The document discusses differences in culture and how it relates to business. It defines culture as shared values and norms among a group that constitute a design for living. Culture includes both visible and invisible components, with values and norms being deeper components. Different types of norms like folkways and mores are described. Culture is determined by factors like social structure, religion, language, and education. Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions is presented as a framework to analyze differences in individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity across cultures. Culture influences business decisions and must be considered to avoid costly mistakes when conducting international business.

1. Differences in Culture CHAPTER 3

13. World Religions Map 3.1 p 99

25. Adult Literacy Rates Hill, Charles. International Business, 5th edition

29. Individual Behaviors Across Cultures Source: Adapted from R. W. Griffin,/M. Pustay, International Business, (figure 14.1, page 479) © 1996 Addison Wesley Longman. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Longman. Figure 5.4 HIGH LOW HIGH LOW Social Orientation Relative importance of the interests of the individual vs. the interests of the group The interests of the individual take precedence Individualism The interests of the group take precedence Collectivism Power Orientation The appropriateness of power/authority within organi- zations Authority is inherent in one’s position within a hierarchy Power Respect Individuals assess authority in view of its perceived right- ness or their own personal interests Power Tolerance

31. Individual Behaviors Across Cultures (cont’d) Source: Adapted from R. W. Griffin,/M. Pustay, International Business, (figure 14.1, page 479) © 1996 Addison Wesley Longman. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Longman. Figure 5.4 HIGH LOW HIGH LOW Goal Orientation What motivates people to achieve different goals Value material possessions, money, and assertiveness Masculine: Aggressive Goal Value social relevance, quality of life, and the welfare of others Feminine: Passive Goal Uncertainty Orientation An emotional response to uncertainty and change Positive response to change and new opportunities Uncertainty Acceptance Prefer structure and a consistent routine Uncertainty Avoidance

32. Work related values for twenty countries P 113

35. Changing values Fig: 3.2 SHIFT TOWARDS SECULAR/RATIONAL VALUES AND MOVE FROM SURVIVAL VALUES TO WELL-BEING VALUES. P 115