Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
Protected cultivation involves growing crops under protective structures to modify the environment for optimal plant growth. The three main methods are mulching, row covers, and greenhouses. Greenhouses provide the highest level of environmental control through transparent enclosures that regulate sunlight, temperature, humidity, and prevent pest and disease entry. Protected cultivation can improve crop yields and provide year-round production by mitigating environmental stresses like heavy rain, strong winds, and extreme temperatures.
protected cultivation of high value vegetablesabhishek rana
The document discusses protected cultivation of vegetables and fruits at the Centre of Excellence for Vegetables in Karnal, Haryana. It provides information on organic farming techniques like vermicomposting and NADEP composting. It also describes the benefits of polyhouses and highlights different types like polytunnels, walk-in tunnels, and insect-proof polyhouses. Furthermore, it discusses high-tech greenhouse cultivation of vegetables like tomatoes. Seedlings are grown using a soil-less medium and common diseases like damping off are controlled through various treatments.
This document describes the pit composting method. Pit composting involves digging a pit in the ground and filling it with layers of organic materials like plant waste, manure, and kitchen scraps. The layers are alternated with a liquid inoculant and kept moist. After several months, the organic material will have decomposed to produce compost. Benefits of pit composting include containing odors and being inexpensive and simple to implement, though it requires more labor than other composting methods and lacks aeration.
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
Protected cultivation involves growing crops under protective structures to modify the environment for optimal plant growth. The three main methods are mulching, row covers, and greenhouses. Greenhouses provide the highest level of environmental control through transparent enclosures that regulate sunlight, temperature, humidity, and prevent pest and disease entry. Protected cultivation can improve crop yields and provide year-round production by mitigating environmental stresses like heavy rain, strong winds, and extreme temperatures.
protected cultivation of high value vegetablesabhishek rana
The document discusses protected cultivation of vegetables and fruits at the Centre of Excellence for Vegetables in Karnal, Haryana. It provides information on organic farming techniques like vermicomposting and NADEP composting. It also describes the benefits of polyhouses and highlights different types like polytunnels, walk-in tunnels, and insect-proof polyhouses. Furthermore, it discusses high-tech greenhouse cultivation of vegetables like tomatoes. Seedlings are grown using a soil-less medium and common diseases like damping off are controlled through various treatments.
This document describes the pit composting method. Pit composting involves digging a pit in the ground and filling it with layers of organic materials like plant waste, manure, and kitchen scraps. The layers are alternated with a liquid inoculant and kept moist. After several months, the organic material will have decomposed to produce compost. Benefits of pit composting include containing odors and being inexpensive and simple to implement, though it requires more labor than other composting methods and lacks aeration.
Vermiculture: A Sustainable System for Solid Waste Treatmentx3G9
This document summarizes a paper on vermiculture as a sustainable method for solid waste treatment. It describes vermiculture as the process of using worms to decompose organic food waste into nutrient-rich material. The summary explains that vermiculture is a simple, effective, and environmentally friendly method that saves resources while producing a product that improves soil quality. Various types of worms and reactor/farming systems used in vermiculture are also outlined.
Greenhouse Vegetable Production Background[1]guest73bbac2
This document provides information on greenhouse bell pepper production in Leamington, Ontario presented by Drs. Ozair Chaudhry and Muhammed Saeed. It discusses the greenhouse structure, operation, bell pepper production process including planting, harvesting, and packing, as well as the economics of greenhouse bell pepper production. Specifically, it outlines the phases of study, typical gutter-connected greenhouse design, environmental control systems, seedling planting procedures, factors that influence growth and development, harvesting seasons and yields, packing and storage processes, and the costs and revenues associated with greenhouse bell pepper production.
Production technology of king chilli by dr. ps. mariam analPsMariamAnal
King chilli is a variety of chili pepper originally from Northeast India that is one of the hottest in the world. The document discusses the production and cultivation of King chilli, including its origin and uses. It provides details on soil type, climate needs, land preparation, sowing times, seed rates, transplanting procedures, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, yields, and processing of King chilli. King chilli is grown across several Northeast Indian states and can fetch high prices when dried or as seed.
Protected cultivation practices involve controlling the microclimate around plants for optimal growth. In Haryana State, India, polygreenhouses, net houses, and other protected structures are commonly used. Polyhouse cultivation has increased production of vegetables and extended the growing season. Greenhouses allow precise control of the environment to achieve high yields. They are classified based on technology level as low-cost, medium-tech, or high-tech depending on the automatic controls. Greenhouse design and components like irrigation systems also influence their effectiveness for crop production.
RECENT ADVANCES IN RELATION TO USE OF VERMIWASH, COWURINE AND HUMIC ACID I...Collegeof horticulture
This document provides information about vermiwash, cow urine, and humic acid and their uses in vegetable crops. It begins with introductions to each topic, including descriptions of their composition and production methods. Key points covered include that vermiwash contains beneficial microbes and nutrients that promote plant growth, cow urine is a source of macro and micronutrients that can be used as a biofertilizer and biopesticide, and humic acid is a natural biostimulant derived from decaying organic matter that improves soil properties. The document emphasizes the importance of these organic inputs for sustainable agriculture by improving soil health and fertility while reducing costs and reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
This document provides an overview and update on the Rainbow of Hope for Children's Biointensive Garden project in Izalco, El Salvador. Over the past 6 years, Rainbow has supported the organic mini-farming demonstration site by providing equipment, infrastructure, salaries, and technical support. The project has trained local farmers and successfully implemented biointensive techniques to improve food security and nutrition for children at a nearby orphanage. Outcomes include steadily increasing vegetable production, employment and training of local farmers, and supplementing the diets of 90 orphanage children. Rainbow is seeking ongoing funding to maintain the self-sustaining garden and continue supporting the orphanage.
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
The wicking bed system captures carbon from the atmosphere in the soil through a wet and dry cycle during decomposition. This reduces carbon emissions. It also allows food production with minimal water loss through an underground water reservoir accessed by plants. Organic material decomposes anaerobically, embedding carbon in the soil long-term. The system improves soil quality and structure while efficiently using water resources through capillary action.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on March 23, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermieashJayvir Solanki
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermiwash and their significance in agriculture. The document discusses the microbial communities found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which are produced through the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms and microbes. It provides details on the various bacteria and fungi identified in vermicompost systems using different earthworm species and feedstocks. These microbes play important roles in the decomposition process and produce enzymes and metabolites that improve soil and plant health. Tables show the physicochemical properties and microbial diversity found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which contribute significantly to agriculture by enhancing soil fertility and plant growth.
Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana)...Innspub Net
The main production constraint of banana is the availability of disease-free and healthy planting materials. Tissue culture is a technique that could provide these materials, but it requires high cost and technical expertise. Macropropagation offers simpler and more affordable processes that could enhance seedling production. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation levels and growth enhancers on macropropagation of saba banana under glasshouse conditions using factorial in completely randomized design. Factor A consisted of irrigation levels: A1=50%RR, A2=100% RR and A3=150%RR. Different growth enhancers were used for Factor B: B0=Control, B1=Coconut water, B2=Seaweed extract and B3=Benzyl Amino Purine. Results clearly suggests the advantage of using plant growth enhancers and appropriate irrigation level for macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level of 50% of recommended rate or 4liters/day plus the application of BAP (2mg/l) or the plant growth enhancers may be recommended for obtaining maximum growth, more plantlets produced and irrigation water efficiency of banana. It could not only save water for plants but also accelerate the growth and production of banana.
Barbelo, the beneficial tillage implement & technologyViktoria Ferencz
In our view the well-balanced water management & the natural fertilizers are the most important key elements having a healthy soil and a sustainable agriculture. Our implement & technology, Barbelo, prepares homogeneous seedbed-quality soil by cutting and mixing a straw-covered topsoil in a single operation not only just 6-12 cm on the top but in the whole working depth (20-50 cm) meanwhile eliminates compacted layers & pans without causing additional soil compaction . Our technology is environmentally friendly - needs small energy, minimizes dust and carbon loss. The prototype of Barbelo was tested in a corn harvest during 2012 with extraordinary results.
Soil moisture, nutrients, and weeds in no tilluiolgawalsh
This document discusses the benefits of no-till farming for soil moisture, nutrients, and weed control. It begins with an overview of the history of tillage and the dust bowl era that drove adoption of conservation tillage. No-till farming maintains soil moisture by leaving crop residue to reduce evaporation and erosion. It also builds soil organic matter and nutrients over time by keeping roots and residues in the soil. While no-till increases dependence on herbicides for weed control, precision weeders can reduce herbicide usage. Overall, no-till can help ensure more sustainable agricultural systems.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on coffee production. Researchers found that suitable land for coffee production could decline by up to 50% by 2050 due to rising temperatures and changing rain patterns associated with climate change. Arabica coffee was found to be most at risk, as its growing regions would shrink significantly according to the study's climate models. The study concludes that climate change poses a serious threat to the coffee industry worldwide if steps are not taken to mitigate future warming and help farmers adapt to the new conditions.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Found that MOLM is high in nutrients like protein and can partially or fully replace soybean meal without negatively impacting rabbit growth, health, or meat quality.
The study
Vermiculture: A Sustainable System for Solid Waste Treatmentx3G9
This document summarizes a paper on vermiculture as a sustainable method for solid waste treatment. It describes vermiculture as the process of using worms to decompose organic food waste into nutrient-rich material. The summary explains that vermiculture is a simple, effective, and environmentally friendly method that saves resources while producing a product that improves soil quality. Various types of worms and reactor/farming systems used in vermiculture are also outlined.
Greenhouse Vegetable Production Background[1]guest73bbac2
This document provides information on greenhouse bell pepper production in Leamington, Ontario presented by Drs. Ozair Chaudhry and Muhammed Saeed. It discusses the greenhouse structure, operation, bell pepper production process including planting, harvesting, and packing, as well as the economics of greenhouse bell pepper production. Specifically, it outlines the phases of study, typical gutter-connected greenhouse design, environmental control systems, seedling planting procedures, factors that influence growth and development, harvesting seasons and yields, packing and storage processes, and the costs and revenues associated with greenhouse bell pepper production.
Production technology of king chilli by dr. ps. mariam analPsMariamAnal
King chilli is a variety of chili pepper originally from Northeast India that is one of the hottest in the world. The document discusses the production and cultivation of King chilli, including its origin and uses. It provides details on soil type, climate needs, land preparation, sowing times, seed rates, transplanting procedures, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, yields, and processing of King chilli. King chilli is grown across several Northeast Indian states and can fetch high prices when dried or as seed.
Protected cultivation practices involve controlling the microclimate around plants for optimal growth. In Haryana State, India, polygreenhouses, net houses, and other protected structures are commonly used. Polyhouse cultivation has increased production of vegetables and extended the growing season. Greenhouses allow precise control of the environment to achieve high yields. They are classified based on technology level as low-cost, medium-tech, or high-tech depending on the automatic controls. Greenhouse design and components like irrigation systems also influence their effectiveness for crop production.
RECENT ADVANCES IN RELATION TO USE OF VERMIWASH, COWURINE AND HUMIC ACID I...Collegeof horticulture
This document provides information about vermiwash, cow urine, and humic acid and their uses in vegetable crops. It begins with introductions to each topic, including descriptions of their composition and production methods. Key points covered include that vermiwash contains beneficial microbes and nutrients that promote plant growth, cow urine is a source of macro and micronutrients that can be used as a biofertilizer and biopesticide, and humic acid is a natural biostimulant derived from decaying organic matter that improves soil properties. The document emphasizes the importance of these organic inputs for sustainable agriculture by improving soil health and fertility while reducing costs and reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
This document provides an overview and update on the Rainbow of Hope for Children's Biointensive Garden project in Izalco, El Salvador. Over the past 6 years, Rainbow has supported the organic mini-farming demonstration site by providing equipment, infrastructure, salaries, and technical support. The project has trained local farmers and successfully implemented biointensive techniques to improve food security and nutrition for children at a nearby orphanage. Outcomes include steadily increasing vegetable production, employment and training of local farmers, and supplementing the diets of 90 orphanage children. Rainbow is seeking ongoing funding to maintain the self-sustaining garden and continue supporting the orphanage.
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
The wicking bed system captures carbon from the atmosphere in the soil through a wet and dry cycle during decomposition. This reduces carbon emissions. It also allows food production with minimal water loss through an underground water reservoir accessed by plants. Organic material decomposes anaerobically, embedding carbon in the soil long-term. The system improves soil quality and structure while efficiently using water resources through capillary action.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on March 23, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermieashJayvir Solanki
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermiwash and their significance in agriculture. The document discusses the microbial communities found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which are produced through the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms and microbes. It provides details on the various bacteria and fungi identified in vermicompost systems using different earthworm species and feedstocks. These microbes play important roles in the decomposition process and produce enzymes and metabolites that improve soil and plant health. Tables show the physicochemical properties and microbial diversity found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which contribute significantly to agriculture by enhancing soil fertility and plant growth.
Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana)...Innspub Net
The main production constraint of banana is the availability of disease-free and healthy planting materials. Tissue culture is a technique that could provide these materials, but it requires high cost and technical expertise. Macropropagation offers simpler and more affordable processes that could enhance seedling production. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation levels and growth enhancers on macropropagation of saba banana under glasshouse conditions using factorial in completely randomized design. Factor A consisted of irrigation levels: A1=50%RR, A2=100% RR and A3=150%RR. Different growth enhancers were used for Factor B: B0=Control, B1=Coconut water, B2=Seaweed extract and B3=Benzyl Amino Purine. Results clearly suggests the advantage of using plant growth enhancers and appropriate irrigation level for macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level of 50% of recommended rate or 4liters/day plus the application of BAP (2mg/l) or the plant growth enhancers may be recommended for obtaining maximum growth, more plantlets produced and irrigation water efficiency of banana. It could not only save water for plants but also accelerate the growth and production of banana.
Barbelo, the beneficial tillage implement & technologyViktoria Ferencz
In our view the well-balanced water management & the natural fertilizers are the most important key elements having a healthy soil and a sustainable agriculture. Our implement & technology, Barbelo, prepares homogeneous seedbed-quality soil by cutting and mixing a straw-covered topsoil in a single operation not only just 6-12 cm on the top but in the whole working depth (20-50 cm) meanwhile eliminates compacted layers & pans without causing additional soil compaction . Our technology is environmentally friendly - needs small energy, minimizes dust and carbon loss. The prototype of Barbelo was tested in a corn harvest during 2012 with extraordinary results.
Soil moisture, nutrients, and weeds in no tilluiolgawalsh
This document discusses the benefits of no-till farming for soil moisture, nutrients, and weed control. It begins with an overview of the history of tillage and the dust bowl era that drove adoption of conservation tillage. No-till farming maintains soil moisture by leaving crop residue to reduce evaporation and erosion. It also builds soil organic matter and nutrients over time by keeping roots and residues in the soil. While no-till increases dependence on herbicides for weed control, precision weeders can reduce herbicide usage. Overall, no-till can help ensure more sustainable agricultural systems.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on coffee production. Researchers found that suitable land for coffee production could decline by up to 50% by 2050 due to rising temperatures and changing rain patterns associated with climate change. Arabica coffee was found to be most at risk, as its growing regions would shrink significantly according to the study's climate models. The study concludes that climate change poses a serious threat to the coffee industry worldwide if steps are not taken to mitigate future warming and help farmers adapt to the new conditions.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Found that MOLM is high in nutrients like protein and can partially or fully replace soybean meal without negatively impacting rabbit growth, health, or meat quality.
The study
This doctoral thesis by Azra Yasmeen explores the potential of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) leaf extract as a natural plant growth enhancer. The thesis involved a series of experiments on various crops including wheat, tomato, and pea. The results showed that Moringa leaf extract improved germination, seedling growth and yield under normal, saline and drought conditions. When applied as a seed priming agent or foliar spray, Moringa extract enhanced growth attributes such as plant height, chlorophyll content, protein levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. It also mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress and water deficit. The research demonstrated that Moringa leaf extract has promising properties as a natural growth
This document provides information on several pests that affect Moringa oleifera plants. It describes the botanical classification of Moringa and then outlines 5 major insect pests: the bud worm Noorda moringae, the leaf caterpillar Noorda blitealis, the pod fly Gitona distigma, and two hairy caterpillars - Eupterote mollifera and Metanastria hyrtaca. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management approaches. It also briefly mentions 4 other pests that can occasionally affect Moringa: aphids, scale insects, bud midge, and leaf eating weevils.
Moringa oleifera, also known as the drumstick tree or horseradish tree, is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree native to the Himalayas. It is widely cultivated for its nutritional and medicinal properties. The tree produces edible leaves, pods, and seeds that are high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Moringa can be grown in many climates and soil types and has a high tolerance for drought conditions, making it suitable for cultivation in dry, tropical areas. It is commonly grown as a food source and has uses that include water purification, herbal medicine, and as a living fence or windbreak in agroforestry systems.
This document discusses the many uses and health benefits of Moringa oleifera, also known as malunggay. It provides details on Moringa's nutritional value and various parts of the plant that can be used, including leaves, pods, seeds, roots, and bark. The document also describes new food products that have been developed from Moringa, including tea, powder, polvoron cookies, and surprise candy. Purification of water using Moringa seeds is also summarized. The document promotes Moringa as a versatile plant that can provide food and nutrition as well as have applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
This document describes the intensive cultivation of Moringa oleifera trees in northern Senegal to produce leaf powder. A 3-hectare plantation was established with 1 million trees per hectare planted in rows 10cm apart. The trees are irrigated, fertilized, and harvested every 2 months to produce around 100kg of dried leaf powder per week for use in malnutrition prevention programs. Production costs are high at $4.30 per kilogram due to labor and fertilizer expenses. The goal is to sustainably produce 20 tons of leaf powder annually to address nutrition issues in West Africa.
Situation of land holding in India….
Problems….
Solution….
-Multi layer farming….
Project introduction
Selected crop information
Project description
Basic principle of multi-layer farming
Benefits of multi layer farming
Conclusion
This document discusses the importance of cover crops in conservation agriculture systems. It notes that a permanent year-round soil cover is central to conservation agriculture. It then discusses the benefits of soil cover, including protecting the soil, improving soil moisture and structure, and providing habitat for other organisms. The document outlines different types of soil cover, including living cover crops and mulch. It provides examples of cover crops and their characteristics. It discusses managing cover crops, including seed sources, planting methods, and challenges to adoption. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of soil cover for sustainable agriculture.
The document provides instructions for various agri-fishery arts activities including:
1. Preparing land for planting by removing grass, plowing, and digging holes.
2. Planting trees by digging holes, adding compost, and staking trees for support.
3. Watering plants through natural rainfall, manual watering with tools, or artificial sources like wells and dams.
4. Fertilizing soil using organic fertilizers produced through composting or liquid fertilizers made from fruits and vegetables.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Learning biointensive agriculture in small farmsMicroAid
This document summarizes bio-intensive agricultural training provided to 5 small farmer families in Kenya. The training focused on techniques like double digging, organic fertilizing, intensive planting, companion planting, carbon farming, and calorie farming. These techniques were intended to maximize production from minimal land and improve soil quality over time. The expected results included providing nutritious food and income while promoting biodiversity, small-scale efficiency, and sustainability.
This study evaluated the effects of mulch type, ground cover percentage, and sucker management on the growth and yield of pineapple in Ethiopia from 2006-2010. Coffee husk mulch and a ground cover of 100% (82.4 t/ha) produced the highest fruit yields. Retaining two suckers per plant also maximized yield. The optimal management practices were determined to be using coffee husk mulch at 100% ground cover while retaining two suckers per plant.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
Ley farming involves rotating grass or legumes with grain crops to improve soil fertility. It is a dynamic system where various annual and perennial crops are grown in both long and short term rotations. This improves soil nitrogen content, organic matter, controls weeds, prevents erosion, and improves livestock efficiency. While it requires time and investment, ley farming systems are more profitable than continuous cropping due to reduced costs and improved soil quality over time.
Mulching and Tied Ridges as A Moisture Conservation Strategy to Improve the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of soil moisture conservation techniques on improving sorghum yield in a semi-arid rural area of Swaziland. The four treatments were; planting sorghum on flat soil (F), planting on tied ridges (T), planting on mulched soil (M) and planting on a combination of tied ridges and mulch (TM). Sorghum planted on flat soil was used as control in the experiment. The sorghum variety 8625 was planted. The experiment was complete randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters measured were; grain yield, total biomass yield, soil moisture suction and grain moisture content at harvest. The grain yields from all the other treatments (mulching, tied ridges, tied ridges with mulching) were higher than those of the control (flat planting). The grain yield from TM was the highest at an average of 10.002 tons/ha. It was significantly different from that of T and F (p<0.05).>0.05). The results showed that a combination of tied ridges and mulching provided superior results in terms of grain yield, dry matter yield and soil moisture suction. Mulching and tied ridges also yielded results that were better than the control (F).
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This study evaluated the effects of water hyacinth compost prepared with different starter cultures on the growth and yield of maize. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in Kenya from 2011-2012. In the greenhouse experiments, water hyacinth compost was applied to maize plants and various growth parameters were measured over time. Application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate fertilizer significantly increased plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root collar diameter compared to the control. In the field experiments, application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate increased shoot dry weight at tasseling stage compared to the control. However, yield parameters like 100 seed weight and
Speaker: Khidhir Abbas Hameed,
Al Mishkhab Rice Research Station
Title: System of Rice Intensification SRI
Date: December 9, 2020
Organizer: Central and West Asian Rice Center (CWA Rice)
Venue: online
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
Crop farming is currently the second most important economic activity in Somaliland, after livestock, with up to 20-25% of the population depending on it for their livelihoods. It is currently underdeveloped but offers considerable potential, both in cereal and horticultural production. The production system is predominantly subsistence in nature. The principal cereal crops are sorghum and maize grown for household level consumption, and fruit and vegetable farming, mainly for sale. Dominant horticultural crops include tomatoes, lettuce, onions, peppers, cabbages, oranges, lemons, and papaya.
On 13th February 2019, we visited Burao farming area with an aim of observing current farming techniques and advanced technology in dryland farming ranging from greenhouses, water harvesting techniques to a variety of crops and fruit trees. Cultivated crops of those areas include; Tomato, cucumber, carrot, Onion and hot pepper. On the other hand, fruit trees identified were; Pawpaw, oranges, lemon, dates, and guava. Of these crops, Tomato, pawpaw and sweet melon were the crops that had more demand. We were able to connect what we learned in class with the actual activities conducted at the farms.
This document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an innovative rice farming method that can increase yields while reducing water usage, costs, and environmental impacts. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing, intermittent wetting and drying of soils, and mechanical weeding. Trials in India found SRI increased yields by 30-100% with 25-50% less water. The document discusses SRI principles and results from various studies demonstrating its benefits over conventional rice farming.
This study aims to determine the effect of different organic mulching materials on the growth and yield of tomatoes. Tomato is an important crop in the Philippines. The study will evaluate rice straw, grass cuttings, shredded leaves, and newspaper as mulch and compare the effects on tomato plant height, leaves, fruit number, marketable fruit weight, and total fruit weight. The experiment will use a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, conducted from February to May 2023 in Sultan Kudatar, Maguindanao, Philippines. Data on plant growth, flowering time, maturity, fruit number, and weight will be collected.
ISSN 2321 – 9602
It appears that you are providing information about the publication process of IAJAVS International Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Science. it seems to prioritize a fast publication schedule while maintaining rigorous peer review of the journals in research.
Soilless farming is a method of growing plants without soil by instead providing nutrients directly to the plants through a liquid solution. There are two main methods - hydroponics, which grows plants in a water/nutrient solution, and using an inert substrate like gravel or coconut peat. Soilless farming allows for more precise control of the growing environment and higher yields than traditional soil cultivation. It has been widely adopted in many European countries and is growing in popularity globally.
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1. INTENSIVE MORINGA OLEIFERA CULTIVATION IN THE NORTH OF SENEGAL
Document prepared by Caroline Olivier, Ing.F. M.Sc.
SUMMARY.
1. Choice of plantation site.
2. Plant density.
3. Plot development.
4. Drying room construction.
5. Fertilization, irrigation and pest control.
6. Cleaning and drying of harvested leaves, crushing and bagging dry leaves.
7. Yields and costs.
8. Production, personnel and use of leaf powder.
9. Technical document.
1. Choice of plantation site
Following the success of a pilot project which demonstrated the positive effects of Moringa leaf powder in preventing malnutrition among children and among women during pregnancy and lactation in the Casamance region of Senegal (Fuglie, 2001), the NGO Church World Service (CWS) worked with governmental agencies in The Gambia to design a more elaborate Moringa-based malnutrition prevention program. To meet the needs of this program, a large quantity of Moringa leaf powder must be available. In Senegal, the production of leaf powder in the Casamance region was deemed insufficient in quantity and not consistent in quality – the trees are too dispersed and there was no control in the methods of leaf harvest, of leaf powder preparation and of leaf powder storage. It was therefore deemed necessary to development an intensive production capacity.
At the present time and since September 2001, a Moringa farm is under cultivation at a site located 300 kilometers north of Dakar near the village of Ndimb, region of Keur Momar Sarr, department of Louga. This site was selected because CWS has been involved in development programs in this region for twenty years and has very good relations with the local population and the Keur Momar Sarr-based organization ASREAD (Senegalese Association for Research and Aid for Development). A piece of land situated 200 meters from an irrigation canal – drawing water from the Guiers Lake – was given to us by the people of Ndimb (a village located 4 km from the 4 km-long canal). A soil analysis showed that the land was free of salt and had a satisfactory pH balance (between 7 and 8).
2. 2. Plant density
In order to determine the optimal spacing of the Moringa trees, so as to obtain the highest possible quantity of green matter, we analyzed a study comparing different Moringa plots conducted in Nicaragua in 1999 by Nikolas Foidl, an Austrian researcher whom visited by Lowell Fuglie in mid-2000. Foidl experimented production rates of plant densities ranging from spacing of one-by-one meters, or 10,000 plants per hectare, spacing of 2.5 x 2.5cm, or 16 million plants per hectare. Taking into account various factors influencing the overall efficiency such as the cost of seed, the loss of some plants after the first harvest (caused by insufficient light), and the cost of soil preparation, he concluded that for the production of green matter, the optimal planting density in soil that is sandy, fertile and well-drained is 10 x 10 cm or one million plants per hectare.
Selection of planting density depends on the production objectives. For example, if the objective is production of green fodder with a maximum of protein and a minimum of lignin content, then harvesting should be done every 33 to 40 days. It the objective is to produce a maximum of lignocellulose fibers for paper pulp, then harvesting would ideally be done after six to eight months of growth. This amount of time would enable the trunk of the plant to reach the desired diameter and reduce the production of small branches, leaves and bark, thereby maximizing the production of lignified wood.
Table 1. Production parameters of Moringa at first cutting (Foidl, 2001)
Planting density (plants/ha)
Fresh matter (metric tons/ha)
Dry matter
(metric tons/ha)
95 000
19.6
3.33
350 000
29.7
5.05
900 000
52.6
8.94
1 000 000
78.0
13.26
3. Plot development
The steps for the development of the plantation plot were as follows:
Fencing of 3 hectares of pastoral land – wire fence with straw attached
Removal of existing trees
Plowing of land to a depth of 50cm
Manure application (60 T/ha)
Installation of drip irrigation system (drip system equipment imported from Israel. Drip holes distanced at 20cm)
Purchase of gasoline-powered motor pump
Purchase of motorized grinding mill for leaf powder production
Purchase of tools for plot maintenance
Seeding of beds with seeds spaced at intervals of 10 centimeters
Construction of leaf-drying room
3. The only mechanized work used for the plot preparation was the deep plowing by a rented tractor. Everything else was done by hand: digging of ditches for water pipe installation, plot land clearing, manure collection and application, irrigation system installation, seeding, weeding, etc.
4. Drying room construction
To support the farm operations there was construction of a leaf-drying room of 216 square meters adjoined by a 140 m2 shelter for working and rooms for storage of tools and other small materials. The drying room has a concrete floor to facilitate cleaning and is for the most part closed. Four windows permit air to circulate in the room, but are kept open just half way so as to block the entrance of sunlight which can destroy vitamin A.
The shelves for drying the leaves are designed simple enough so that workers can easily assemble them with a hammer, nails and tacks. The shelf trays made of mosquito netting (to facilitate movement of air) tacked to a 1m x 1m wooden frame. These trays are supported in levels held up by wooden posts hailed together to create a free-standing shelving unit 2 meters high, 1 meter wide and 4 meters long with a total of eight levels. The light weight of the trays and simple drying method permit easy manipulation of the leaves.
5. Fertilization, irrigation and pest control
Finding the quantity and type of fertilizer needed to maintain a good growth of the Moringa plants was surely the most difficult step since no literature on this specific topic could be found. Soil analysis showed us that we were dealing with ground composed of more than 95% sand. After several trials, we found the best performing results with water soluble fertilizer 21/7/20 (NPK), enriched with minerals and trace elements, which was purchased in Dakar. This fertilizer was applied through the feeding tank attached to the drip irrigation system. This application method permits the fertilizer to be evenly applied throughout the plantation. The amount of fertilizer applied to the hectare was between 32 and 48 kg per week, depending on the visible condition of the plants. During the past two weeks, we reduced application rates by half (to 16 kg per week) and the plantation condition seems correct. In addition to NPK fertilizer, we are applying urea at the rate of 8 kg to the hectare every two weeks.
Quantity of water used according to season:
Rainy season (mid-July to October): 72,000 liters/ha/day, at the rate of one hour watering with one bar of pressure;
Dry season (Nobember to mid-July): 108,000 liters/ha/day, at the rate of an hour and a half watering with the same pressure.
However, even watering the plantation in a regular and systematic manner throughout the year, the yields of green matter vary significantly between the dry season and the rainy season. In the north of Senegal, after nearly two years of production, the yields are much
4. lower than those cited by Mr. Foidl in Nicaragua. We are able to produce on average 100 kg of dried leaf powder per week, or five tons per year. It requires 8 kg of fresh leaves (with stems removed) to produce one kg of dried leaves.
During the rainy season of 2002, several attacks by leaf-eating caterpillars (unidentified) completely devastated the plantation. We applied the insecticide DECIS and completely cut down all the plants. Fortunately, the trees very vigorously recovered because the growth and resistance of this tree are exceptional. During the 2003 rainy season, we had to apply insecticides on a regular basis since attacks were very frequent. This year there was no significant plant loss.
The farm hectare was divided into 8 plots so as to facilitate transport and schedules for irrigation, harvest and maintenance. Fruit trees (citrus and mango) have been planted between the plots. The farm workers also cultivate onions, peppers and manioc between the plots (but not tomato, since this requires too much labor). The onion harvest has been excellent.
Harvesting the 8 plots is done one after the other, according to the schedule, with each plot harvested every two months during the year (although in Nicaragua 9 harvests per year are possible). study . We wait until the plants reach a height of 1m 20. The laborers use a small hand scythe to cut the plants down to a height of about 20 cm above ground. At the beginning, we waited until the plants reached a height of up to 2 meters before harvesting them, but we found that this approach led to too much loss: the lower trunk of the trees lost many leaves and their large diameter made cutting difficult. After the cutting, 5 days later, the re-growth of branches is already visible. With our approach, six harvests per year are obtainable.
6. Cleaning and drying of harvested leaves, crushing and bagging dry leaves
Once the trees are cut, the harvested branches are washed in treated water to remove sand and dust from the leaves. We do not use untreated water from the Gueirs Lake which is invested by microbes such as bilharzias. The daily water needs are about 400 liters. We also enforce exemplary cleanliness among farm workers. During the harvesting and leaf cleaning time, workers must frequently wash their hands with soap and remove shoes or boot before entering the drying room. A laboratory analysis of the leaf powder showed that it was a clean product free of fecal coliforms.
After the rinsing, the leaves are manually stripped from the branches and put into a basket for transport to the drying room. The moist leaves are spread onto the screened trays in thin layers to permit easy air circulation. At the present time, the farm’s drying room has 250 such trays. Leaf-drying time depends on the level of humidity in the atmosphere. During the rainy season, 4 days are needed; during the dry season, 2 days are sufficient.
Once dried, the leaves are crushed using a diesel-powered hammer mill – a mill like the one used in villages to crush millet seed into flour, but with a finer screen. The millet is
5. stationed in the shaded area next to the drying room. The leaf powder transported to the village of Keur Momar Sarr, 21 km away, where electricity is available (there is no electricity at the farm or in the village of Ndimb). At Keur Momar Sarr the leaf powder is placed in plastic bags of 200 gr, 1 kg or 4 kg which are sealed shut using a plastic welder.
Only the leaves are used in producing the powder. The stems left behind are fed to sheep which appear to fatten more rapidly than sheep fed the traditional diet.
7. Yields and costs.
At this time, the root mass of the Moringa plants represents a considerable proportion of the total mass of the plants, but do date this has not caused any problems. What knowledge we have suggests that productivity will start to decline three years from now if the plantation is maintained that long. Large inputs of fertilizers are necessary to maintain the current level of productivity within a density of 1 million plants per hectare. These fertilizers are very expensive. But it is labor which remains the highest expenditure among ongoing costs after the investments made through fixed costs such as drying room construction and purchase of hammer mill and motor pump.
Without taking into account fixed costs and unexpected repair costs, the plantation operates with about 1,200,000 CFA francs per month (about US$2,400 with an exchange rate of 500 CFA per dollar). This amount includes:
Vehicle use (fuel cost)
Permanent staff salaries (1 driver, 4 laborers, 1 guard, 1 sack filler, 1 fieldworker)
Temporary staff salaries (women employed for large harvests and weeding)
Supervisor’s salary (horticulture specialist attached to ASREAD in Keur Momar Sarr)
Per diems for agro-forester/manager
Fuel for motor pump and hammer mill
Fertilizers
Insecticides
Maintenance of horse and cart
Purchase of treated water for leaf rinsing
Miscellaneous tools and materials
All these calculations do not include costs incurred by problems with the motor pump, maintenance of the water canal, vehicle maintenance and general repairs, all or any of which can present considerable expenses.
If we calculate the total production costs on the basis of combined fixed and operating expenses, one kilogram of dried Moringa leaf powder cost about $4.30. This estimate is based on the production of 200kg powder per week, or 10 tons per year. We have not yet progressed to this level of production but are currently producing 5 tons per year.
6. 8. Production, personnel and use of leaf powder
As mentioned above, we are currently producing slightly more than 100 kg of leaf powder per week. The labor for producing this amount is composed of 4 men working full-time. From time to time, when product demand increases, we hire three women part- time to assist in the work. If we hired additional full-time workers we could produce between 300 and 400 kg of powder per week – representing an annual production of 20 tons/ha – but with the costs of production already high, we have decided to not increase to this level.
All the production is earmarked for development projects in the West Africa region: projects aimed at the problems of malnutrition among children, among women at child- bearing age, and for livestock feed (experimental).
9. Technical document
Irrigation method: Drip tubes (produced by Netafim in Israel)
Water source: Ndimb canal of 4km length with water from Guiers Lake
Soil: 95% sand
No. plants/ha: 1,000,000. After 2 years, about 600,000 surviving
Planting distance: 10cm
Distance between drip holes: 20cm
Harvesting method: Manual (hand scythe)
Drying method: 250 drying shelves protected from sunlight in drying room
Irrigation: Rainy season: 72,000 liters/ha/jay
Dry season: 108,000 liters/ha/day
Fertilization: 16-48 kg/ha/week of NPK (21-7-20) and 8 kg uear/2 weeks
Insecticide: DECIS 25, application according to caterpillar attack
Leaf powder production: +/- 100 kg/week
Hammer mill and motor: Diesel motor, 1 cylinder mark Hatch, millet mill
Motor pump: Diesel motor, 1 cylinder mark Hatch, attached to pump
Transport: 4x4 pickup, plus 1 cart and horse
Personnel: 1 agro-forester, 4 laborers, 1 sack sealer, 1 driver, 1 guard,
1 maintenance worker.
REFERENCES:
FUGLIE, Lowell J., 2001. Combattre la malnutrition avec le Moringa in L’arbre de la vie, Les multiples usages du Moringa. CTA et CWS, Dakar, pp.119 à 139.
FOIDL, N., HARINDER, P. S. et K. BECKER, 2001. Potentiel du Moringa oleifera pour les besoins agricoles et industriels in L’arbre de la vie, Les multiples usages du Moringa. CTA et CWS, Dakar, pp.45 à 78.
7. http://www.syfia.com/fr/article.asp?article_num=2854 (error : replace CRS - Catholic Relief Service - by CWS - Church World Service).
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I will gladly respond to questions. Address them to:
Caroline Olivier, Ing.F. M.Sc.
CWS, Bureau régional d'Afrique de l'Ouest
B.P. 5338, Dakar, Sénégal
Tél. bureau: 221.864.12.04
Fax.: 221.864.14.11
e.mail: olivcaro@sentoo.sn
Web site: www.moringatrees.org
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Miracle Trees