Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana) as affected by irrigation levels and plant growth enhancers under glasshouse condition | JBES 2020
The main production constraint of banana is the availability of disease-free and healthy planting materials. Tissue culture is a technique that could provide these materials, but it requires high cost and technical expertise. Macropropagation offers simpler and more affordable processes that could enhance seedling production. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation levels and growth enhancers on macropropagation of saba banana under glasshouse conditions using factorial in completely randomized design. Factor A consisted of irrigation levels: A1=50%RR, A2=100% RR and A3=150%RR. Different growth enhancers were used for Factor B: B0=Control, B1=Coconut water, B2=Seaweed extract and B3=Benzyl Amino Purine. Results clearly suggests the advantage of using plant growth enhancers and appropriate irrigation level for macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level of 50% of recommended rate or 4liters/day plus the application of BAP (2mg/l) or the plant growth enhancers may be recommended for obtaining maximum growth, more plantlets produced and irrigation water efficiency of banana. It could not only save water for plants but also accelerate the growth and production of banana.
A systematic review of biochar as a soil amendment and bioremediation tool in...Innspub Net
In arid and semi-arid regions limited water inputs, lower soil organic matter and carbon decreases the soil moisture retention which make soils of these regions difficult to sustain healthy crop. Moreover, intensive agricultural practices are depleting the soil of its organic matter and nutrients which is reducing the soil fertility even further. Pakistan has high rainfall variability during different seasons. The regions which remain dry in all seasons due to low precipitation are greatly vulnerable to drought. Organic farming provides a solution to mitigate this problem to some extent but in this case the yield is less as compared to the conventional agriculture system. Biochar serves as a novel method for increasing soil carbon content due to its enhanced carbon stability. Biochar being highly porous material has large surface area and it causes significant changes in soil physical properties such as water holding capacity, porosity, drainage and bulk density. Adding the biochar in soil have many advantages from reduction of pollutants and heavy metals concentration in soil, increasing soil carbon sequestration as a strategy to mitigate climate change and increased soil microbial diversity due to substrate enhancement. The incorporation of biochar in soil has a great impact on the soil texture, density, particle size distribution, and soil density and can be used as fertilizer to increase the crop yield due to its ability to slow release of the nutrients in soil.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
A systematic review of biochar as a soil amendment and bioremediation tool in...Innspub Net
In arid and semi-arid regions limited water inputs, lower soil organic matter and carbon decreases the soil moisture retention which make soils of these regions difficult to sustain healthy crop. Moreover, intensive agricultural practices are depleting the soil of its organic matter and nutrients which is reducing the soil fertility even further. Pakistan has high rainfall variability during different seasons. The regions which remain dry in all seasons due to low precipitation are greatly vulnerable to drought. Organic farming provides a solution to mitigate this problem to some extent but in this case the yield is less as compared to the conventional agriculture system. Biochar serves as a novel method for increasing soil carbon content due to its enhanced carbon stability. Biochar being highly porous material has large surface area and it causes significant changes in soil physical properties such as water holding capacity, porosity, drainage and bulk density. Adding the biochar in soil have many advantages from reduction of pollutants and heavy metals concentration in soil, increasing soil carbon sequestration as a strategy to mitigate climate change and increased soil microbial diversity due to substrate enhancement. The incorporation of biochar in soil has a great impact on the soil texture, density, particle size distribution, and soil density and can be used as fertilizer to increase the crop yield due to its ability to slow release of the nutrients in soil.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Micronutrients: role and management in fruit crops (2nd doctoral seminar:Panc...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
Micronutrient deficiency is a key isssue to be addressed for sustainable fruit crop production. Here individual micronutrients are discussed in details regarding their role and mangement in fruit crops.
3. Integrated nutrient management (organic matter status of pakistan soil)Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation To Trainee in Field By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Department Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Provincial Project Director Crop Maximization Project II ( CMP II) Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar , Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
Organic rice-production-improving-system-sustainabilityMap de Castro
The project proposed the benchmarking of existing organic rice production techniques and the identification of opportunities to increase the sustainability of Australian organic rice production
systems.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
The effect of vermicompost stimulator Trichoderma sp. and local liquid microo...Open Access Research Paper
The importance of this research is to increase public awareness about local resources that can be utilized for healthier and more sustainable agriculture. This research can be a recommendation to reduce soil damage due to synthetic chemical fertilizers as well as an alternative when farmers have trouble about rare fertilizers in Indonesia. This research used an experimental method with experiments in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of 45 Mataram. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial experiment. The first factor is vermicompost with 5 levels, and second factor is Local Liquid Microorganisms (M) which consists of 5 levels. The results showed that the treatment with the addition vermicompost could significantly increase the growth and yield of lettuce. The best wet weight yield was 14.53 grams per plant, obtained with the addition 7kgs of vermicompost, while the yield of 5.67 grams per plant was obtained without the addition vermicompost so that the increase in yield was 156.26%. Liquid water hyacinth local microorganisms have not been able to give a significant effect on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). The yield of wet weight of 14.17 grams per plant was obtained with the addition of liquid water hyacinth local microorganisms 8 cc/liter of water while the yield of 11.50 grams per plant was obtained without the addition local liquid microorganisms of water hyacinth. The interaction between vermicompost and local liquid microorganism’s water hyacinth has not had a significant effect.
3. Integrated nutrient management (organic matter status of pakistan soil)Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation To Trainee in Field By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Department Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Provincial Project Director Crop Maximization Project II ( CMP II) Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar , Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
Organic rice-production-improving-system-sustainabilityMap de Castro
The project proposed the benchmarking of existing organic rice production techniques and the identification of opportunities to increase the sustainability of Australian organic rice production
systems.
Similar to Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana) as affected by irrigation levels and plant growth enhancers under glasshouse condition | JBES 2020
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
The effect of vermicompost stimulator Trichoderma sp. and local liquid microo...Open Access Research Paper
The importance of this research is to increase public awareness about local resources that can be utilized for healthier and more sustainable agriculture. This research can be a recommendation to reduce soil damage due to synthetic chemical fertilizers as well as an alternative when farmers have trouble about rare fertilizers in Indonesia. This research used an experimental method with experiments in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of 45 Mataram. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial experiment. The first factor is vermicompost with 5 levels, and second factor is Local Liquid Microorganisms (M) which consists of 5 levels. The results showed that the treatment with the addition vermicompost could significantly increase the growth and yield of lettuce. The best wet weight yield was 14.53 grams per plant, obtained with the addition 7kgs of vermicompost, while the yield of 5.67 grams per plant was obtained without the addition vermicompost so that the increase in yield was 156.26%. Liquid water hyacinth local microorganisms have not been able to give a significant effect on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). The yield of wet weight of 14.17 grams per plant was obtained with the addition of liquid water hyacinth local microorganisms 8 cc/liter of water while the yield of 11.50 grams per plant was obtained without the addition local liquid microorganisms of water hyacinth. The interaction between vermicompost and local liquid microorganism’s water hyacinth has not had a significant effect.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
The role of arbuscular mycorriza fungi (AMF) on water stress on soybean yield...Innspub Net
The study was to analyze the role of Arbuscular Mycorriza Fungi (AMF) on water stress on soybean yield (Glycine max L. Merril). The study was conducted in screen house Experimental farm and Biology Soil laboratory in Agriculture Faculty Syiah Kuala University, from June 21 until October 10, 2016. Randomized design was arranged with 3 replications and 2 factorial. Factor AMF is M0=without AMF and M1=40 g-1AMF. Factor water stress is I1 = watering every 1 day; I2= watering every 3 days; I3 = watering every 5 days; I4 = watering every 7 days; I5 =watering every 9 days; I6 = watering every 11 days; I7 = watering every 13 days; I8= watering every 15 days; I9 = watering every 17 days; I10= watering every 19 days. Parameter generative of soybean are, the total pods account, a number of pods packed; heavy of pods; dry weight of root; dry weight top plant; dry weight of beans and a number of beans. The result showed that the doces of AMF 40 g plant-1significantly influence generative soybean contrast to control (without AMF). Soybean can be adapted in watering every 5 days.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: ECHO Conference on Asian Agriculture Chiangmai, Thailand
Presented on: September 21, 2009
The effect of leguminous cover crops on growth and yield of tomatoAI Publications
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is one of the vegetable fruit crops commonly cultivated around the globe and used mostly as a flavour in cuisines. Cover cropping is a form of sustainable agriculture which helps to maintain soil fertility and reduces the need and the amount of inorganic fertilizer and thus helps the farmer to increase profitability. The objective of this study was to find the effect of the cover crops on growth and yield of tomato. In this experiment legume cover crops were grown in five treatment plots and these were Bare soil, inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15), Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea), Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna) and Canavalia ensiformis (Canavalia) in 3 blocks. The results showed that tomato plants grown on Canavalia ensiformis plots showed earlier flowering and fruiting than the other treatments. It also showed significantly higher yield than the other treatments (P= 0.006). The study shows that cover crops especially Canavalia ensiformis could be considered as part any farming system that wants to use sustainable farming to improve soil nutrients and reduce cost of farming.
Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
Similar to Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana) as affected by irrigation levels and plant growth enhancers under glasshouse condition | JBES 2020 (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
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This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
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Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
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Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana) as affected by irrigation levels and plant growth enhancers under glasshouse condition | JBES 2020
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
42 | Ramirez
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana
(Musa balbisiana) as affected by irrigation levels and plant
growth enhancers under glasshouse condition
Jimson S Ramirez*
University Research Associate, Isabela State University, Echague, Isabela, Philippines
Article published on July 24, 2020
Key words: Banana, Growth enhancer, Irrigation levels, Macropropagation, Proliferation rate
Abstract
The main production constraint of banana is the availability of disease-free and healthy planting materials.
Tissue culture is a technique that could provide these materials, but it requires high cost and technical
expertise. Macropropagation offers simpler and more affordable processes that could enhance seedling
production. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation levels and growth enhancers on macropropagation
of saba banana under glasshouse conditions using factorial in completely randomized design. Factor A
consisted of irrigation levels: A1=50%RR, A2=100% RR and A3=150%RR. Different growth enhancers were
used for Factor B: B0=Control, B1=Coconut water, B2=Seaweed extract and B3=Benzyl Amino Purine.
Results clearly suggests the advantage of using plant growth enhancers and appropriate irrigation level for
macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level of 50% of recommended rate or 4liters/day plus the
application of BAP (2mg/l) or the plant growth enhancers may be recommended for obtaining maximum
growth, more plantlets produced and irrigation water efficiency of banana. It could not only save water for
plants but also accelerates the growth and production of banana.
*Corresponding Author: Jimson S Ramirez j622_ramirez@yahoo.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 42-47, 2020
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
43 | Ramirez
Introduction
Banana stands out as the most important fruit crop in
the Philippines, constituting a significant portion in the
country’s export revenue. It is one of the important
sources of food in the rural areas where Saba banana, in
particular, is often used to extend, supplement or
substitute staple food such as rice and corn.
The main production constraint of banana is the
availability of disease-free and affordable banana
seedlings. To establish new farms, farmers have relied
on conventional suckers that are harvested from their
existing farms. The traditional production of suckers
in the field is inadequate to meet the demand,
especially of large scale plantations. To increase
banana production in small-scale systems, there is a
need for affordable and streamlined process for
seedling production.
Macropropagation is a simple and low-cost technique
that can boost banana production. The technology
involves stimulation of lateral growth of multiple latent
buds in a corm within a chamber where different levels
of irrigation and plant growth enhancers were applied to
enhance the capability of the corms to produce and
developed disease-free banana plantlets/seedlings. This
study was conducted to assess the generation and
proliferation rate of saba banana through the use of
different plant growth enhancers and levels of irrigation
under glasshouse condition.
Materials and methods
Location of the Study
The study was conducted at the Research
Experimental area at the Research Department, ISU,
Echague, Isabela.
Experimental Area and Soil Media Preparation
To ensure high humidity and temperature glasshouse
was used in this study. The propagation
compartments inside the glasshouse measuring 1.0m
width, 6.0m long and 1.0m high were filled with
sterilized mixtures of sandy loam soil and
decomposed rice hull as the propagation soil media.
Source of Planting Materials
Healthy maiden and sword suckers that were about to
flower and from visibly suitable mother plants were
selected for macropropagation. Corms of recently
harvested banana plants that have good yielding
characteristics were also selected.
Macropropagation Process
Macropropagation was done in two cycles or
generations. Corms of healthy sword suckers of saba
cultivar was used in this study. The corms were
washed in running water. The roots of the corms were
removed and washed in soapy water. The corms were
disinfected with 40% hypochlorite solution in 15
minutes. The outer sheaths were removed to exposed
axillary buds using sterilized sharp knife.
The exposed apical meristem and axillary buds of the
mother corm was cut transversely 2cm above the
rhizome collar region. The apical meristem was removed
leaving a cavity of 2cm diameter and 4cm depth to
suppress the apical dominance and induce sprouting,
respectively (Singh et al., 2011; Macias, 2001).
The corms were soaked in plant growth enhancers
solution for 12 hours. Thereafter, the corms were
removed from the solution and planted into the
prepared propagators.
Cultural Practices and Management
Corms under propagation were irrigated well to keep
the propagation compartment moist and monitored
for sucker development.
Fertilizer application was also done using
recommended fertilizer (46-0-0). A rate of 1.5 grams
of 46-0-0 per plant was applied once in a month to
enhance the growth of plantlets. Spraying of
insecticides was also done as often as necessary.
Mechanical weeding was also done to maintain the
sanitation of the experimental area (Calvo, 2007).
Experimental Treatments
The experimental treatments consisted of two factors.
Factor A comprised of irrigation levels at 50%
recommended rate (4 liters per day), 100%
recommended rate (8 liters per day) and 150%
recommended rate (12 liters per day).
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
44 | Ramirez
Factor B consisted of different types of plant growth
enhancers: Control (no PGE applied), CW (Coconut
Water at 5ml/liter), SE (Seaweed Extract at
10ml/liter) and BAP or Benzyl Amino Purine at
2mg/liter).
Experimental Layout and Analysis
The experiment was laid out following the factorial in
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three
replicates. All data were recorded, tabulated and
analyzed using the software Statistical tool for
agricultural research (STAR). The treatments with
significant results were compared using the Least
Significant Difference (LSD).
Result and discussions
Climatic Condition
This study was conducted from July 2017 to March
2018 at the glasshouse of the research experimental
area, ISU, Echague, Isabela. The average
precipitation, average temperature and average
humidity in the duration of the study were 6.8 mm,
31.26 oC and 79.3% respectively. Monthly climatic
data collected during the course of this study are
shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Weather variable observed during the
duration of the study.
Generation and Proliferation Rate of Saba Banana
during the First Cycle
Results indicate that different levels of irrigation had
a very high significant (P ≤ 0.01) influence on the
number of days of emergence and number of shoots
emerged in the first cycle (Table 1).
Banana corm applied with 50%RR produced the first
shoot earlier at 19.05 days and produced the largest
number of shoots at 17.62.
Table 1. Effect of irrigation levels and plant
growth enhancers on the growth attributes of
banana (First cycle).
Treatments
Plant
height
No. of
days of
emergence
No. of
shoots
emerged
Shoot
collar
diameter
Leaf area
Irrigation levels
50% RR 33.48 19.05a 17.62b 3.08 1,447.41
100% RR 33.08 23.08b 16.57a 3.01 1,399.38
150% RR 32.61 23.00b 16.12a 3.00 1,379.19
Significance ns ** ** ns ns
Plant Growth Enhancer
Control 32.25 27.02c 10.45a 2.22a 572.73a
CW 33.14 23.26b 17.35b 2.74b 794.40a
SE
32.70 21.11b 18.48c 3.23c
1,316.85
b
BAP
34.13 15.44a 20.81d 3.91d
2,950.66
c
Significance ns ** ** ** **
Irrigation levels x Plant Growth Regulator
50% RR x
Control
32.31 22.60c 11.74 2.18 509.55
50% RR x
CW
33.70 20.33b 17.79 2.72 811.36
50% RR x SE 33.37 19.20b 18.80 3.29 1,391.83
50% RR x
BAP
32.92 14.46a 22.16 3.84 2,804.02
100% RR x
Control
34.36 28.73e 10.94 2.27 615.91
100% RR x
CW
33.90 23.53c 17.00 2.74 762.92
100% RR x
SE
32.52 22.26c 18.05 3.11 1,253.70
100% RR x
BAP
33.12 17.80b 20.30 3.89 2,964.97
150% RR x
Control
30.08 29.73e 8.67 2.23 592.721
150% RR x
CW
31.83 21.86c 17.26 2.77 808.93
150% RR x
SE
32.20 25.93d 18.59 3.30 1,305.02
150% RR x
BAP
36.34 14.67a 19.98 4.01 3,082.98
Significance ns * ns ns ns
In a column, having common letter(s) do not differ
significantly but dissimilar letter differ significantly. ns, *,
**, mean non-significant, significant at 5%, significant at 1%,
respectively.
Moreover, application of plant growth enhancers had
a very high significant effect on the number of days of
emergence (P ≤ 0.01), number of shoots emerged (P ≤
0.01, shoot collar diameter (P ≤ 0.01) and leaf area (P
≤ 0.01) during the first cycle.
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
45 | Ramirez
It was observed that banana corms treated with BAP
at 2mg/l produced the first shoots earlier at 15.44
days, produced the largest number of shoots at 20.81,
produced the largest shoot diameter at 3.91cm and
largest leaf area of 2,950.66cm2. Furthermore, the
combination of the different irrigation levels and
growth enhancers used in this study produced a
significant effect on the number of days of emergence
(P ≤ 0.05) while no significant effect on the other
growth parameters tested on banana was observed
during the first cycle.Results implies that early in days
of emergence, largest number of shoots produced, large
collar diameter and large leaf area might be due to the
timely supply of low amounts of water and growth
enhancers in synchrony with the crop demand which
resulted in the early physiological maturity of crop.
Generation and Proliferation Rate of Saba Banana
during the Second Cycle
Results indicate that different levels of irrigation had
a very high significant influence on the number of
shoots emerged (P ≤ 0.01) and total leaf area (P≤
0.05) in the second cycle as shown in table 2. Banana
corm applied with 50%RR produced the largest
number of shoots and leaf area of 24.07 and
1,372.17cm2 respectively.
Moreover, application of plant growth enhancers had
a very high significant effect on the plant height (P ≤
0.01), number of days of emergence (P ≤ 0.01),
number of shoots emerged (P ≤ 0.01), shoot collar
diameter (P ≤ 0.05) and total leaf area (P ≤ 0.01)
during the second cycle. It was observed that banana
corms treated with BAP at 2mg/l produced the tallest
shoots at 40.59cm, first shoots earlier at 14.82 days,
produced the largest number of shoots at 381.33,
produced the largest shoot diameter at 2.96cm and
largest leaf area of 2,050.50cm2.
Furthermore, the combination of the different
irrigation levels and growth enhancers used in this
study has no significant effect on all the parameters
tested on banana during the second cycle.
Result shows that application of different levels of
irrigation and growth enhancers increased the
number of shoots emerged on the second cycle as
compared to the first cycle.
This might be attributed to less time taken by the
plant crop for establishment after planting and it
clearly benefitted well from the established soil
environment.
Table 2. Effect of irrigation levels and plant
growth enhancers on the growth attributes of
banana (Second cycle).
Treatments
Plant
height
No. of
days of
emergence
N0. of
shoots
emerged
Shoot
collar
diameter
Leaf area
Irrigation levels
50% RR 33.37 18.51 240.07c 2.47 1,372.17b
100% RR 33.27 18.28 220.12b 2.42 1,104.98a
150% RR 33.08 19.48 191.55a 2.33 1,349.04b
Significance ns ns ** ns *
Plant Growth Enhancers
Control 27.38a 22.33d 107.79a 1.79a 745.06a
CW 30.44b 20.11c 215.70b 2.22b 930.44a
SE 34.54c 17.57b 252.12c 2.67c 1,375.57b
BAP 40.59d 14.82a 293.49d 2.96d 2,050.50c
Significance ** ** ** ** **
Irrigation levels x Plant Growth Enhancers
50% RR x
Control 28.47 23.80 129.70 2.10 777.28
50% RR x CW
29.14 19.66 237.56 2.28 1,018.32
50% RR x SE
33.54 17.26 275.46 2.56 1,431.09
50% RR x BAP 42.32 13.33 317.55 2.95 2,261.98
100% RR x
Control
28.26 23.13 113.30 1.70 736.09
100% RR x CW
32.25 20.13 219.94 2.29 887.69
100% RR x SE
34.61 16.20 257.80 2.72 1,162.46
100% RR x
BAP
37.96 13.66 289.80 2.98 1,633.67
150% RR x
Control 25.42 20.06 80.36 1.58 721.81
150% RR x CW
29.92 21.13 189.60 2.08 885.31
150% RR x SE
35.48 19.26 223.12 2.74 1,533.17
150% RR x
BAP 41.50 17.46 273.12 2.94 2,255.85
Significance ns ns ns ns ns
In a column, having common letter(s) do not differ
significantly but dissimilar letter differ significantly. ns, *,
**, mean non-significant, significant at 5%, significant at 1%,
respectively.
Conclusion
The study clearly shows the advantage of using plant
growth enhancers and level of irrigation for
macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level at 50%
of RR (4liters/day) plus the application of plant growth
enhancers (BAP at 2mg/li) may be recommended for
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
46 | Ramirez
obtaining maximum growth and more plantlets
produced of banana. Therefore, using this combination
through macropropagation technique could not only
save water for plants but also accelerates the generation
and proliferation rate of saba banana to produce quality
and healthy planting materials for banana production.
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