RECENT ADVANCES IN RELATION TO USE OF VERMIWASH, COWURINE AND HUMIC ACID IN VEGETABLE CROPS

1. Speaker
Vani Firdos B.
M. Sc. (Horti.) Student.
Reg. No. 04-HORMA-01464-
2015
Dr. Kiran Kumari
Seminar Co-Ordinator and
Assistant Professor,
College of Horticulture,
S. D. A. U., JAGUDAN
Major Advisor
Dr. L. R. VARMA
Principal & Dean,
College of Horticulture,
S. D. Agricultural University,
JAGUDAN
Minor Advisor
Dr. PIYUSH VERMA
I/C Professor and Head,
Department of Horticulture,
C. P. College of Agriculture,
S. D. Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar.

2. RECENT ADVANCES IN RELATION TO
USE OF VERMIWASH, COWURINE AND
HUMIC ACID IN VEGETABLE CROPS

3. INTRODUCTION
Vegetables play an important role in human nutrition. Vegetables are
defined as those annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants of which
succulent parts are commonly used for culinary purposes and of which the
stem, root, flowers, fruits, petiole or leaves are eaten cooked or raw as a
main part of a meal, side dish, or appetizer. Vegetables are called
protective food as their consumption can prevent several diseases and are
cheaper source of minerals, vitamins and fiber with high calorific values.
As per ICMR, recommended per capita consumption of vegetable is 350g/
person/day (120g GLV’s, 100g roots, 75g other vegetables). But the
availability of vegetables in India is 210g/person/day & in Gujarat it is
170g/person/day which is comparatively less.
3

4. Organic cultivation is the form of agriculture that
relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green
manure, compost, biofertilizers and biological pest
control to maintain soil productivity. Organic
farming excludes or strictly limits the use of
chemical fertilizers, pesticides (herbicide,
insecticides and fungicides), plant growth
regulators, livestock feed additives, antibiotics and
genetically modified organisms..
India ranks 10th among the top ten countries in
terms of cultivable land under organic certification
(APEDA, 2015).
The total area under organic certification is 5.71
million hectare (APEDA: 2015-16). The certified
area includes 26% cultivable area with 1.49
million hectare and rest 74% (4.22 million hectare)
is forest and wild area for collection of minor forest
produces [APEDA].
4

5. Organic farming can make a difference to food
production facing the challenge of a rising
world population and can help farmers to
achieve:
Economic benefits
and environmental
protection
Higher productivityGreater sustainability
5

6. Area, production and productivity of vegetables
In India vegetables occupies an area of about 95.75lakh ha with the annual
production of 1666.08 lakh MT & productivity of 17.3 MT/ha. Where as in
Gujarat total vegetable production is about 126.82lakh MT which covers an
area of about 6.26 lakh/ha with about 19.9MT/ha productivity (Anonymous-
2016)
Gujarat State Vegetables Production in Thousand MT for year 2014
TOMATO(1259.01)
6

7. India is primarily agrarian country and this
sector provides livelihood to a major part of
the population. The indiscriminate use of agro
chemicals since green revolution resulted in
adverse effect on the soil fertility, crop
productivity, quality of produce and more
specifically on the environment system.
Thus, the importance of organic
sources of nutrients was recognized in current
scenario in order to get higher yield without
disturbing soil health. In this context
integrated use of organic sources of nutrients
like vermiwash, cow urine, humicacid in crop
production is becoming very crucial for
assurance of food security on sustainable
basis, which in turn not only improve the soil
fertility for sustained crop productivity but
also to reduce the cost of inorganic fertilizers.
77

8. VERMIWASH
Introduction:-
Recently, vermiwash production has drawn the
attention of commercial vermi-culturists.
Vermiwash is a watery extract of organic
compost, the wash of earthworms present in
the medium and is honey brown in color.
Principle:-
Worm worked in the soils have burrows
formed by the earthworms. Bacteria richly
inhabit these burrows also called as the
drilospheres. Water passing through these
passages washes the nutrients from these
burrows to the roots to be absorbed by the
plants. This principle is applied in the
preparation of vermiwash.
8

9. Vermiwash-what it is?
One of the byproducts of vermiculture & vermi-
composting industry is vermiwash, apart from
vermin meal or vermin protein.
Vermiwash is the organic fertilizer decoction
obtained from units of vermiculture/vermicompost
as drainage.
It is the liquid extract collected after the passage of
water through the different layers of worm culture
unit. This decoction contains excretory products of
earthworm secretions, the worm coelomic fluid
oozing through the dorsal pores, mucus, enzymes
secreted by the worm & microorganisms, plant
nutrients, vitamins & plant growth promoting
substances.
It is a collection of excretion called vermicasts,
which contains lot of nutrients particularly soluble
K, Ca & Mg which find their way into vermiwash.
9
9

10. Chemical composition
pH 7±0.03
EC 0.25±0.03
Orangic carbon 0.008±0.001
Nitrogen 0.01-0.001%
Phosphorous 1.70%
Potassium 26ppm
Sodium 8ppm
Calcium 3ppm
Copper 0.01ppm
Iron 0.06ppm
Magnesium 160ppm
Manganese 0.60ppm
Zinc 0.02ppm
Total heterotrophs (actinomycetes) CFU/ml 1.79×103
Nitrosomonas CFU/ml 1.01×103
Nitrobacter CFU/ml 1.12×103
Total fungiCFU/ml 1.46×103
(Source: http//w.w.w.erfindia.org/vermiwash.asp)10
10

11. Vermiwash contains beneficial microbes which helps in plant
growth & prevent infections.
It contains sugars, phenols. amino acids, hormones and plant
growth substances like IAA,GA3,Cytokinin & humic acids etc.
11
11

12. Uses
Vermiwash is an ecofriendly natural fertilizer
prepared from biodegradable organic wastes and
is free from chemical inputs.
Vermiwash helps to develop resistance against
various disease & pests in plants.
It helps in initiating good flowering and produce
good yield in some vegetable crops.
Vermiwash is a liquid fertilizer & reported that
at 20-30% dilution inhibits the mycelial growth
of pathogenic fungi.
Acts as a biopesticide when diluted with
10%cowurine or neem extract or garlic extract.
It does not have any adverse effect on soil, plant
and environment.
12

13. 13
It improves soil aeration, texture and tilth thereby reducing soil
compaction.
It improves water retention capacity of soil because of its high
organic matter content.
It promotes better root growth and nutrient absorption.
It improves nutrient status of soil-both macro-nutrients and micro-
nutrients.
It can also be added to compost pits to hasten the degradation
process.
Vermiwash is the coelomic fluid extraction, which have enzymes,
which stimulate the growth and yield of crops.

14. Methods of vermiwash production
ECO-SCIENCE research foundation method.
Ismail's method
Karunas method
Economic technique
KAU’s method
Using plastic drum (1000lit)method
House holds device
Kales method
Earth worms body fluid method.
Most commonly and commercially followed method s are eco-science research
foundation method and Ismail’s method.
They are used for preparing vermiwash in large scale, which is simple, easy and
economical for the farmers.
Economic technique, simple method are followed to prepare vermiwash in small
quantity from vegetable waste and is used for kitchen garden for nutritional need.
14

15. Procedure
Vermiwash units can be set up either in barrels or in
buckets or even in small earthen pots. It is the principle that
is important.
The procedure explained here is for setting up of a 250 litre
barrel.
An empty barrel with one side open is taken. On the other
side, a hole is made to accommodate the vertical limb of a
'T' jointed tube in a way that about half to one inch of the
tube projects into the barrel.
To one end of the horizontal limb is attached a tap. The
other end is kept closed. This serves as an emergency
opening to clean the 'T' jointed tube if it gets clogged. The
entire unit is set up on a short pedestal made of few bricks
to facilitate easy collection of vermiwash.
Keeping the tap open, a 25 cm layer of broken bricks or
pebbles is placed. A 25 cm layer of coarse sand then
follows the layer of bricks. Water is then made to flow
through these layers to enable the setting up of the basic
filter unit. On top of this layer is placed a 30 to 45 cm layer
of loamy soil. It is moistened and into this area introduced
about 50 numbers each of the surface (epigeic) and sub-
surface (anecic) earthworms.
15

16. Cattle dung pats and hay is placed on top of the
soil layer and gently moistened. The tap is kept
open for the next 15 days. Water is added every
day to keep the unit moist.
On the 16th day, the tap is closed and on top of
the unit a metal container or mud pot perforated at
the base as a sprinkler is suspended. 5 litres of
water (the volume of water taken in this container
is one fifth of the size of the main container) is
poured into this container and allowed to
gradually sprinkle on the barrel overnight. This
water percolates through the compost, the
burrows of the earthworms and gets collected at
the base.
The tap of the unit is opened the next day
morning and the vermiwash is collected. The tap
is then closed and the suspended pot is refilled
with 5 litres of water that evening to be collected
again the following morning.
Dung pats and hay may be replaced periodically
based on need. The entire set up may be emptied
and reset between 10 and 12 months of use.
16

17. Integrated Vermiwash Unit
Vermi wash can also be prepared from vermicompost by allowing
water to pass through vermicompost container and collecting it.
Vermiwash unit may be established with vermi-composting beds
for large scale production.
Precautions:-
i.The tap should be always kept open to collect the washings.
ii. The unit starts yielding good quality vermiwash after 10 days.
iii. The Vermiwash should be stored in cool dry place.
iv.Water should be poured slowly.
v.Do not mix un-decomposed material while, watering.
vi.Do not add any green material.
vii. Do not allow to compact the contents.
17

18. Dosage for use
Root dip/Stem dip:-
The seedlings before transplanting are
dipped in vermiwash solution which is
diluted 5 times with water for 15-20 minutes
and then transplanted.
Foliar spray :-
Vermiwash is diluted in water 5 times and
sprayed on the foliage of crops.
It provides the plant with vital nutrients
which also helps to control plant disease.
Soil drench :-
Vermiwash is diluted 10 times with water
and the soil is drenched with the solution to
prevent some of the soil borne pathogens.
18
18

19. Benefits of establishing a vermiwash unit
Vermicompost-vermi wash units- “ A livelihood micro enterprise for rural
women”.
To farmers :-
Less reliance on purchased inputs of nutrients leading to low cost of
production.
Increased soil productivity through improved soil quality.
Better quantity and quality of crops.
For landless people provides additional source of income generation.
To industries:-
Cost effective pollution abatement technology.
To environment:-
Waste create no pollution, as they become valuable raw material for enhancing
soil fertility.
To national income:-
Boost to rural economy.
Saving in purchased inputs
Less wasteland formation.
19

20. 20

21. Cow urine
From time immemorial, India has been an agrarian country and the cow has been the
backbone of our agriculture. Cow (Bos indicus) represents the Vedic values of
selfness service, strength, dignity &non-violence. Cow occupies the highest place of
honor in Indian civilization.
The five products of cow (urine; dung; ghee; milk &curd) are used in different
organic systems. In a cow based economy, dung and urine are the major resources of
the cow economy, next only to bullock energy.
Cow urine also referred as Gomutra which was elaborately explained in ayurveda &
described in Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha and other ayurveda texts as an
effective medicinal substance/secretion of animal origin with innumerable
therapeutic properties or light yellowish fluid/liquid obtained as a waste matter or
liquid waste is referred as cow urine.
21
21

22. Composition of cow urine
Water-95%
Urea-2.5% (N-content:-0.7-0.8% ;K-content:-0.5%)
Minerals, Hormones , salts & Enzymes-2.5%
Uric acid-40.75mg/100mL, Amino acid content:- 75-111.5mg/100mL,
phenols:-19 to 24mg/100mL.(Ramani, H.R. et al.,2012)
Cow urine is one of the ingredients of Panchagavya which has several
medicinal properties and helps in treating many fungal and bacterial diseases.
22

23. The use of cow urine is known for a long time
in India.
Cow urine exhibits the property of Rasayana
tattwa responsible for modulating various bodily
functions including immunity. Capable of curing
several incurable diseases in human beings &
plants.
It is considered that cow urine is very useful in
agricultural operation as a bio-fertilizers, bio-
enhancer & bio-pesticides.
It is a rich source of macro, micronutrients &
has disinfectant, Prophylactic properties thus
purify the atmosphere & improve soil fertility.
Therefore it is an effective tool to address multi-
nutrient deficiencies in most of soils in the
country & helps to provides nutrients to plants at
low cost and hence it is considered as an
alternative source for plant nutrition, metabolic
activation & pest-disease control.
23

24. IMPORTANCE
It helps in soil enrichment, soil fertility and soil productivity and
changes soil texture.
Cow urine posses high amount of oxygen & nitrogen content which
is used for production of superior quality compost to increase
agricultural yield & save human beings from the residual effects of
harmful pesticides & fertilizers.
Cow urine acts as an antimicrobial agent.
It balances micronutrients deficiencies
The foliage appears dark green hence helps in performing
photosynthesis efficiently.
Residual effect of cow urine is more pronounced in next cropping.
Provides good environment in soil for beneficial living
microorganisms and useful earthworms.
24

25. It acts as a natural insecticides and growth promoters in
plants.
It reduces the cost of cultivation & increases the cost of
production.
It has amazing germicidal power to kill varieties of
germs. It is used for killing insects & pests in
agricultural practices as a very cheap alternative source
of pest control.
Cow urine helps in seed treatment for good
germination.
Used as liquid manure and in various Bio-
formulations for insect, pest and disease management.
25

26. HUMIC ACID
Humic acid is a natural bio-stimulant that is derived from leonardite and is
among the most concentrated organic material available today.
Humic acid is an organic chemical produced by decaying plants and animals
residues by a process called “Humification”.
Humic acid is one of the major components of humic substances which is
dark brown in colour and the major constituents of soil organic matter humus
that contributes to soil chemical and physical properties and are also
precursors of some fossil fuels.
Humic acid can also be found in peat, coal, many upland streams and ocean
water.
Elemental analysis of humic acid has shown that consists largely of carbon
and oxygen (about 50% and 40% respectively) which also contains hydrogen
(about 5%), nitrogen (about 3%), phosphorous and sulfur (both less than
1%).
26

27. Humic acid is a complex of closely related macromolecules. These
molecules range in size from less than 1000 to more than 1,00,000
daltons, with the lower mass representing the younger material.
Humic substances of the soil provide a good source of energy to
living organisms of the soil, as they do not have access to energy
produced through photosynthesis like terrestrial plants.
Soil organisms such as algae, yeast fungi, bacteria, nematodes,
mycorrhizae, etc. perform important functions such as improving
the soil fertility and structure and promoting plant growth and
resistance against various diseases.
27

28. IMPORTANCE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES
Humus is the only path to continue agricultural sustainability, otherwise the Carbon (Food
for soil organisms) diminishes to zero and renders the addition of man-made synthetic
nutrients pointless
Humic products are extremely effective in combating salinity issues that arise from heavy
use of synthetic fertilizers and well water degradation. Feeding soil bacteria with massive
amounts of Carbon(their primary food source) along with the oxygen and energy necessary
to respirate the food and stimulates massive root growth. Larger root system means more
water and nutrients available for food production which increases yield.
Adding significant amounts of clean activated carbon back into our soils is readily
available through humic products.
They add tremendous amounts of "natural" food for soil organisms in a cost-effective and
sustainable manner, which also increases the Cation Exchange Capacity of the soil.
Water and Nutrient holding capacity is greatly enhanced with the addition of humic
products. Soil is better "conditioned" with the addition of carbon through humic products.
28
28

29. Humic acid’s role in improving soil quality
Detoxify the soils affected by heavy
soils.
It has the ability to chelate positively
charged multivalent ions.
Acts as a soil conditioner. Improve soil
structure. Increase cation exchange
capacity of soil.
Stimulates biological activity in soil.
Enhance nutrients uptake and
increases the content of humus in soil.
Reduce the poisoning of pesticide
residue as well as protects against soil
from contamination of heavy metal
ions as well as other hazardous issues.
Improves the physical and chemical
qualities of soils.
29

30. Humic acid’s role in improving Plants growth
Humic acid stimulates microbial activity by providing the
indigenous microbes with a carbon source for food, thus
encouraging plant’s growth and activity.
Plant growth stimulant, promote root development and
stimulates seed germination.
Enhance nutrient uptake by combining nutrients and humic
acids and keep a well-balanced nutrition.
Fertilizer effectiveness promoter. Greatly boost the usage
rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Keeps 60 % of nitrogen easily
available and also 40 % as slow-release.
Boost the durability of crops. such as chilling, dry spell, pest,
disease as well as toppling resistance.
Promotes healthier, stronger plants and enhance appearance.
Improves Potassium content which is an important element
of chlorophyll, accelerate the photosynthesis.
30

31. The Benefits of Humic Acid
Chemical Benefits
Humic acid serves as a buffer to neutralize both excessive soil
acidity and alkalinity ensuring that nutrient ions which are not
soluble and unavailable to the plant.
Induces high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ensuring
retention of nutrients for later assimilation by root structure.
Improves both the uptake and retention of vital nutrients.
Accelerates decomposition of soil minerals.
Physical Benefits
Make soils more friable or crumbly – breaks up hardpan
(dense layer of soil)
Increases water holding capacity (up to 4 times)
Breaks down crop residues
Increases aeration of soil
Reduces soil erosion.
The darker color imparted leads to greater absorption of solar
energy providing warmer sub soil temperatures.
31

32. Biological benefits
Increases germination of seed.
Stimulates root development
Various growth regulators, vitamins, amino acids, auxins and
gibberellins, are formed as organic matter decays and enhances
growth.
Enhances natural resistance against diseases
Feeds microorganisms that recycle nutrients and produce antibiotics.
32

33. 33

34. 34

35. RESEARCH WORK
(CASE STUDIES)
35

36. TABLE 1:- Effect of vermiwash and vermicompost on plant growth parameters
and biochemical analysis of okra at harvest (after 6 week period) (Mean±SD)
Treatments Plant
height(cm)
No of
leaves/plant
Stem
circumference
(cm)
Marketable
yield
Fats(%) Protein
(%)
T1 (control ) No additions 31.67±03.49 9±2.53 2.23±0.84 24.69±17.27 0.52±0.10 3.41±0.25
T2 (Cattle Dung) 36.00±03.46 10±2.89 2.50±0.02 31.636±8.81 1.78±1.02 6.37±0.38
T3 (Urea) 44.33±10.02 14±3.05 3.77±1.42 75.43±22.10 2.68±0.81 5.73±0.88
T4 (vermiwash) 42.33±02.52 11±0.00 2.47±0.29 30.36±11.43 3.00±0.00 6.35±0.15
T5 (vermicompost) 39.33±05.86 12±2.31 3.17±0.06 59.04±36.26 3.15±0.21 6.82±0.51
T6 (Vermiwash+
vermicompost)
45.83±05.62 13±1.15 3.10±0.17 69.11±32.47 3.52±0.24 7.15±0.35
CD (p=0.05) 12.48 3.8 1.26 42.9 NS NS
Guyana Ansari and Kumar (2010)
36

37. TABLE 2:-Effect of organic farming practices on growth parameters of onion
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Leaves
/plant
Leaf diameter
(cm)
Leaf area
index
Total dry matter
(g/plant)
T1 :-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha 24.8 4.1 0.93 2.13 3.60
T2:-BDLM @75kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
25.1 4.5 0.96 2.22 3.72
T3:-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
25.9 4.7 0.98 2.30 3.79
T4:-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha 35.3 6.6 1.28 3.44 6.05
T5 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha + 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
35.7 6.7 1.28 3.49 6.12
T6 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
36.4 6.7 1.30 3.57 6.22
T7 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha 29.7 5.6 1.12 2.73 4.82
T8 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%/)
30.5 5.6 1.13 2.79 4.91
T9:-EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
31.4 5.7 1.14 2.90 5.01
T10 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha 40.4 7.7 1.43 4.00 7.24
T11:-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
41.4 7.9 1.45 4.18 7.43
T12 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
42.3 8.1 1.46 4.26 7.59
T13:RDF(30TFYM+125:50:75Kg N:P:K/ha 40.8 7.8 1.44 4.08 7.30
SEm± 1.3 0.3 0.05 0.15 0.29
CD(p=0.05) 3.8 0.9 0.13 0.41 0.81
Bengaluru Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014)37

38. TABLE 3:-Effect of organic farming practices on yield parameters of
onion
Treatments Fresh weight of
bulb (g)
Bulb diameter
(cm)
Neck diameter
(cm)
Bulb length
(cm)
Bulb yield
(tones/ha)
T1 :-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha 93.0 3.63 0.84 3.75 20.9
T2:-BDLM @75kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
94.6 3.67 0.87 3.82 22.1
T3:-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
95.0 3.69 0.89 3.83 22.6
T4:-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha 125.8 5.15 1.19 4.78 34.1
T5 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
126.3 5.17 1.20 4.80 34.8
T6 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
126.9 5.20 1.22 4.82 35.3
T7 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha 109.6 4.38 1.03 4.28 27.6
T8 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%/)
111.0 4.40 1.04 4.28 28.5
T9:-EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
111.2 4.43 1.06 4.33 28.9
T10 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha 141.4 5.92 1.35 5.27 40.3
T11:-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3 sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
142.8 5.97 1.38 5.30 41.8
T12 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3 sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
143.7 6.02 1.42 5.36 42.8
RDF(30TFYM+125:50:75Kg N:P:K/ha 139.0 5.92 1.36 5.27 35.9
SEm± 5.2 0.24 0.04 0.15 2.5
CD(p=0.05) 14.7 0.68 0.12 0.43 7.0
Bengaluru Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014)

39. TABLE 4:-Effect of organic farming practices on quality parameters of onion
Treatments Ascorbic acid
(mg/100g)
TSS % Reducing sugar
(%)
Non –reducing
sugar(%)
Total sugar(%)
T1 :-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha 20.3 10.5 3.15 7.51 10.66
T2:-BDLM @75kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
21.0 10.6 3.24 7.58 10.82
T3:-BDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
21.7 10.7 3.28 7.66 10.95
T4:-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha 24.1 12.5 3.46 8.07 11.53
T5 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
24.5 12.6 3.57 8.12 11.69
T6 :-BDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
24.9 13.5 3.66 8.84 12.51
T7 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha 22.8 11.0 3.30 7.90 11.20
T8 EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%/)
23.2 11.1 3.34 7.94 11.28
T9:-EBDLM @75kg Neq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
23.6 11.1 3.36 7.99 11.35
T10 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha 25.1 13.9 3.77 8.90 12.67
T11:-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
vermiwash (3%)
25.4 14.2 3.81 8.96 12.78
T12 :-EBDLM @100kg N eq/ha+ 3sprays of
Panchagavya (3%)
26.1 14.4 3.98 9.05 13.03
RDF(30TFYM+125:50:75Kg N:P:K/ha 23.9 13.4 3.61 8.27 12.05
SEm± 0.7 0.6 0.14 0.32 0.35
CD(p=0.05) 1.9 1.7 0.39 0.91 1.00
Bengaluru Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014)39

40. TABLE 5:- Effect of vermiwash spray on growth parameters of
radish cv. local variety
Treatments Leaf length
(cm)
Leaf weight
(gm)
No of
leaves/plant
Root
diameter
(cm)
Root length
(cm)
T1(1:1) 36.00 10.20 8.00 4.27 21.12
T2(1:2) 37.38 14.02 9.80 4.84 23.66
T3(1:3) 41.26 15.15 10.20 5.28 24.86
T4(1:4) 42.22 16.30 11.80 5.53 25.90
T5(Control) 30.80 9.50 7.40 4.04 20.90
C.D(p=0.05) 1.87 2.12 2.27 0.52 2.02
SEm± 0.62 0.71 0.76 0.17 0.67
CV% 3.71 12.13 17.93 8.13 6.47
Maharashtra Jadhav et al (2015)
40
T1 :-Water: Vermiwash (1:1), T2:-Water: Vermiwash (1:2)
T3:-Water : Vermiwash ( 1:3), T4:-Water: Vermiwash (1:4)

41. TABLE 6:- Effect of vermiwash spray on yield parameters of
radish cv. Local variety
Treatments Single radish
weight(g)
Yield /plant(kg) Yield /ha(t) Marketable
yield(t/ha)
T1(1:1) 84.40 16.88 56.26 42.20
T2(1:2) 86.06 17.21 57.37 43.03
T3(1:3) 88.68 17.74 59.11 44.34
T4(1:4) 90.90 18.18 60.59 45.45
T5(Control) 80.06 16.01 53.37 40.03
C.D(p=0.05) 2.17 0.43 1.45 1.08
SE± 6.50 1.30 4.33 3.25
CV% 5.64 5.64 5.64 5.64
Maharashtra Jadhav et al (2015)
41
T1 :-Water: Vermiwash (1:1), T2:-Water: Vermiwash (1:2)
T3:-Water : Vermiwash ( 1:3), T4:-Water: Vermiwash (1:4)

42. TABLE 7:-Effect of different combinations of vermiwash of MSW & Neem plant
parts on okra plant pest infestation of Earias vitella
Treatments Pod Pest Infestation (%)After
30D 45D 60D 75D
Control 1.07±0.05b 2.28±0.05b 8.36±0.78b 16.57±0.54c
VW 0.77±0.03ab 1.10±0.03ab 5.65±0.58ab 10.30±0.87b
VW+NL(1:10) 0.21±0.03a 0.44±0.02a 1.15±0.13a 0.67±0.04a
VW+NB(1:10) 0.20±0.02a 0.38±0.03a 1.72±0.31a 0.13±0.02a
VW+NF(1:10) 0.04±0.05a 0.13±0.05a 1.14±0.22a 0.12±0.04a
Gorakhpur,UP Singh & Chauhan (2015)
Means followed by the same super script do not differ significantly according to
Duncan’s New Multiple Range test (DNMRT).
VW-vermiwash; NL-Neem leaf; NB-Neem bark; NF-Neem fruit extracts
42

43. TABLE 8:-Effect of vermiwash of MSW of buffalo dung with aqueous extract of
neem plant parts on the germination percent and period (days) of okra seed
Treatments Germination (%) Germination period(days)
Control 80 15.12±0.64 b
VW 90 12.25±0.36 a
VW+NL(1:10) 92 11.67±0.87 a
VW+NB(1:10) 95 11.48±0.49 a
VW+NF(1:10) 93 11.78±0.96 a
Gorakhpur,UP Singh & Chauhan (2015)
Means followed by the same super script do not differ significantly according to
Duncan’s New Multiple Range test (DNMRT).
VW-vermiwash; NL-Neem leaf; NB-Neem bark; NF-Neem fruit extracts
43

44. TABLE 9:- Effect of cow urine, urea and their combination on
curd characteristics of cauliflower
Nepal Khanal et al (2011)44
Treatments Curd weight
(g/plant)
Curd yield
(t/ha)
Taste (1-9) Color(1-9) Compactness (1-9)
N 100 kg urea 643.1 b 17.86 b 4.567 e 5.267 b 7.133 a
N 100 kg urine 722.8 a 20.08 a 7.933 a 7.200 a 7.233 a
N 125 kg urine 469.6 d 13.04 d 7.833 ab 5.700 ab 5.033 c
N 50 kg urine 635.9 bc 17.66 bc 7.333 bc 5.733 ab 6.467 ab
N 75 kg urine 486.3 d 13.51 d 6.867 c 6.067 ab 5.767 bc
N 75 kg urea+
25 kg urine
581.0 c 16.14 c 4.967 e 5.667 ab 6.467 ab
N 50 kg urea+50kg urine 688.7 ab 19.13 ab 5.600 d 6.067 ab 6.867 ab
N 25 kg urea+75 kg urine 634.3 bc 17.62 bc 6.933 c 5.967 ab 6.733 ab
Mean 607.081 16.881 6.504 5.958 6.463
CD(p=0.05) 55.38 1.543 0.5136 1.393 1.999
SEm± 1000.08 0.776 10.086 0.633 0.469
CV% 5.22 5.22 4.51 13.35 10.60

45. TABLE 10:- Effect of different level of urine, urea and their combination on
Benefit cost ratio of cauliflower production
Treatments Curd yield
(kg/ha)
Price
(NRs/kg)
Gross
income
(NRs)
Total cost
(NRs)
Net Return
(NRs)
B/C ratio
N 100 kg urea 17862.8 15 267,942 80,203 187,739 3.34
N 100 kg urine 20079.25 30 602,376 103,229 499,147 5.84
N 125 kg urine 13044.99 30 391,350 108,391 282,959 3.61
N 50 kg urine 17664.02 30 529,920 98,127 431,793 5.40
N 75 kg urine 13508.98 30 405,270 93,025 312,245 4.36
N 75 kg urea+
25 kg urine
16139.4 20 322,788 93,510 229,278 3.45
N 50 kg urea+50kg
urine
19130.68 20 382,614 97,416 285,198 3.93
N 25 kg urea+ 75kg
urine
17619.57 20 252,392 101,322 251,070 3.48
Nepal Khanal et al (2011)45

46. TREATMENT DETAILS
N 100 kg urea-217.37Kg urea/ha
N 100 kg urine-20,408.16liter urine/ha
N 125 kg urine-25,510.20 liter urine/ha
N 75 kg urine-15,306.12 liter /ha
N 50 kg urine-10204.08 liter urine/ha
N 75 kg urea+25 kg urine-163.04 kg urea/ha + 5,102.04 liter/ha
N 50 kg urea+50kg urine-108.70kg urea/ha +10204.08 liter/ha
N 25 kg urea+ 75kg urine-54.35kg urea/ha +15,306.12 liter/ha
46

47. TABLE 11:-Effect of different treatments of cow urine and vermiwash on
incidence of pest complex infesting brinjal
Treatments Mean number of insects/leaf Damage(%)by
L.orbonalis
Fruit
yield(kg/h
a)
Increase in
fruit yield
over
control(kg/h
a)
Aphid Leaf
hopper
whitefly Shoot fruit
Vermiwash @20% 1.90 2.92 2.47 24.26 26.71 16111 1296
Vermiwash @30% 1.75 2.69 2.42 23.54 24.17 17056 2241
Vermiwash @40% 1.64 2.59 2.35 22.98 22.20 18123 3308
Vermiwash @50% 1.54 2.39 2.17 19.80 20.88 21019 6204
Cowurine @20% 1.92 2.73 2.45 23.78 27.30 20463 5648
Cowurine @30% 1.73 2.60 2.36 22.98 24.54 21296 6481
Cowurine @40% 1.61 2.49 2.27 21.69 21.89 21716 6901
Cowurine @50% 1.38 2.11 2.06 17.72 18.78 25000 10185
Control 1.98 3.13 3.06 28.54 29.19 14815 -
SEm± 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.63 0.52 1898.99 -
C.D.at 5% 0.16 0.23 0.20 1.77 1.45 5693.35 -
C.V.(%) 8.85 10.64 11.28 11.70 11.92 16.86 -
Anand (Gujarat ) Karkar et al (2014)47

48. TABLE 12:- Effect of organic seed priming with cow urine on speed of
germination, germination percentage & root length (cm) in cluster bean
Treatments Speed of germination Germination (%) Root length(cm)
Cow urine 2% 9.5 98 14.47
Cow urine 4% 9.4 98 14.22
Cow urine 6% 9.2 97 13.75
Cow urine 8% 9.0 96 13.50
Cow urine 10% 8.7 93 13.20
Hydropriming 9.1 97 13.68
Control 8.5 90 13.05
Mean 9.1 96 13.70
SEm± 0.188 1.990 0.285
CD(p=0.05) 0.392** 4.139** 0.593**
Tamilnadu Ambika and Balakrishnan (2015)
48

49. TABLE: 13:-Effect of organic seed priming with cow urine on shoot length (cm)
Vigour index I & Vigour II in cluster bean
Treatments Shoot length(cm) Vigour Index-I Vigour Index-II
Cow urine 2% 16.05 2991 49.98
Cow urine 4% 15.25 2888 49.00
Cow urine 6% 15.20 2808 47.53
Cow urine 8% 15.12 2748 47.04
Cow urine 10% 14.86 2610 44.64
Hydropriming 15.03 2785 47.53
Control 14.75 2502 42.30
Mean 15.18 2762 46.86
SEm± 0.316 57.576 0.976
CD(p=0.05) 0.657** 119.737** 2.031**
Tamilnadu Ambika and Balakrishnan (2015)
49

50. TABLE 14:-Effect of cow urine on Exo-morphological characters
of okra Abelmoschus esculentus after 25days (Mean ± S.D)
Conc.
Of cow
urine
(%)
Plan height
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
shoot
length
(cm)
Number of
leaves
Number of
branches
Leaf length
(cm)
Leaf
breadth
(cm)
1 8.33 ± 0.51 1.87 ±0.29 6.47 ±0.25 1.67 ± 0.58 1.33 ±0.58 1.63 ±0.21 1.43 ± 0.31
2 10.23 ±0.57 8.27 ±0.35 6.97 ±0.23 2 .00± 0.00 2.00 ±0.00 1.80 ±0.26 1.47 ± 0.31
3 11.27 ±0.50 3.93 ±0.25 7.33 ±0.25 2 .00 ±1.00 2.67 ±0.58 2.17 ± 0.25 1.90 ± 0.20
4 12.03 ±0.42 4.50 ± 017 7.50 ±0.30 2.67 ±0.58 3.00 ± 0.00 2.40 ± 0.36 2.17 ± 0.25
5 13.97 ±0.50 6.20 ±0.36 7.83 ±0.15 3.00 ± 0.00 3.00 ±0.00 2.77 ± 0.25 2.40 ± 0.26
Control 6.50 ±0.46 1.67 ±0.81 4.80 ±0.20 1.33 ± 0.58 1.67 ± 0.58 1.23 ±0.31 0.97 ± 0.25
CD
(P=0.05)
0.068 0.069 0.046 0.367 0.242 0.035 0.038
Himachal Pradesh Jandaik et al (2015)
50

51. TABLE 15:-Effect of cow urine on exo-morphological characters
of Menthi Trigonella foenum-graecum after 25 days.
Conc. of
cow
urine
Plan height
(cm)
Root
length
(cm)
shoot length
(cm)
Number of
leaves
Number of
branches
Leaf length
(cm)
Leaf breadth
(cm)
1 % 10.23 ±0.15 2.97±0.50 7.27±0.25 7.00±1.00 4.67 ±0.58 0.90 ±0.26 0.57 ± 0.15
2 % 11.7 ± 0.65 3.20±0.40 7.97 ± 0.25 9.33±0.58 6.00 ± 1.00 1.13 ±0.25 0.73 ± 0.12
3 % 12.70 ±0.66 3.50±0.36 9.17 ± 0.31 11.00±1.00 6.67 ± 0.58 1.57 ±025 1.23 ±0.35
4 % 13.43 ±0.75 3.77±0.31 9.67 ± 0.25 12.3±0.58 8.00 ± 0.00 1.83 ±0.12 1.53 ± 0.38
5 % 14.30 ±0.40 4.13±0.35 10.00±0.20 14.00±1.00 8.33 ±0.58 1.97 ±0.15 1.73 ± 0.21
Control 9.00 ±0.46 2.13±0.25 6.80 ±0.30 6.67 ±0.58 4.00 ± 0.00 0.90 ±0.20 0.40 ±0.10
CD
(p=0.05)
0.096 0.056 0.031 0.29 0.267 0.066 0.101
Himachal Pradesh Jandaik et al (2015)
51

52. TABLE 16:-Effects of cattle urine & FYM on physico chemical properties
of soil after the harvest of broccoli
Treatments Soil pH Soil organic
matter (%)
Total N(%) Available
P2O5(kg/ha)
Available
K2o
N0 5.9 3.21 0.07 32.6 187
N100Urine(SA) 6.0 3.62 0.23 82.2 200
N150Urine(SA) 6.1 4.41 0.26 130.6 208
N100FYM 5.9 4.56 0.10 88.0 205
N150FYM 5.9 5.0 0.20 138 214
N50Urine(FA) 6.0 4.82 0.14 81.85 242
N100Urine(FA) 5.9 5.39 0.15 120 196
N150Urine(FA) 6.2 5.43 0.31 147.6 196
Mean 6.01 4.43 0.19 102.61 206.5
SEm± 0.03 0.34 0.04 13.76 16.36
CD(p=0.05) - 0.56 0.13 41.73 52.05
CV% 1.65 22.25 41.66 23.22 22.41
Nepal Sharma et al (2016)
52

53. TABLE 17:- Effects of cattle urine & FYM on biological yield
(t/ha) of broccoli & curd yield
Treatments Biological yield(t/ha) Curd yield(t/ha)
N 0kg 25.5 11.2
N100kgUrine(SA) 32.1 16.2
N150kgUrine(SA) 31.1 15.9
N100kg FYM 30.1 14.8
N150kgFYM 31.1 15.1
N50kg Urine(FA) 32.4 14.4
N100kg Urine(FA) 31.3 17.3
N150 kgUrine(FA) 36.7 19.05
Mean 31.1 15.3
SEm± 7.4 4.5
CD(p=0.05) 4.7 3.3
CV% 8.75 13.8
Nepal Sharma et al(2016)
53

54. Concentration Average
fruit length
(cm)
Average fruit
diameter(cm)
Average fruit
weight(kg)
Cortex
thickness
(cm)
Firmness TSS Drymatter
(%)
0
Gizal 22.5 22.3 3.16 1.2 14.1 8.4 3.00
Aswan 21.3 20.5 3.55 1.3 14.9 9.2 3.05
S.belle 23.5 23.6 4.33 1.5 15.2 9.4 3.10
2L/F
Gizal 26.5 24.38 5.19 1.29 14.86 9.35 4.35
Aswan 23. 23.9 4.88 1.09 15.48 11 4.45
S.belle 25.9 25.44 5.19 1.64 16.01 9.9 4.23
4L/F
Gizal 25.28 23.26 4.92 1.26 13.89 9.2 4.26
Aswan 21.94 22.85 6.65 1.06 14.62 10.3 4.37
S.belle 24.78 24.27 4.96 1.51 14.69 9.9 4.03
6L/F
Gizal 28 25.84 5.45 1.4 15.43 9.9 4.74
Aswan 24.39 25.39 5.17 1.08 16.25 11.4 4.85
S.belle 27.53 26.97 5.51 1.68 16.33 10.49 4.48
CD
(p=0.05)
0.29 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.13 0.18 0.03
TABLE 18:-Effect of interaction between watermelon varieties &
Humic acid on the fruit quality
Egypt Salman et al (2006)54
54

55. Table 19:-Effect of interaction between watermelon varieties &
humic acid on the yield parameters
Concentration Early yield (T/Fd) Total yield (T/Fd) Marketable yield
(T/Fd)
Unmarketable
yield (T/Fd)
0
Gizal 11.2 22.2 16.3 4.5
Aswan 13.2 20.8 17.5 4.1
S.belle 11.5 25.3 16.3 6.2
2L/F
Gizal 13.44 24.4 18.39 5.81
Aswan 14.41 22.83 19.31 3.62
S.belle 13.13 27.5 19.53 7.98
4L/F
Gizal 13.91 26.2 19.9 6.29
Aswan 14.91 24.71 20.9 3.81
S.belle 13.59 29.77 21.14 8.63
6L/F
Gizal 15.49 29.11 22.13 6.99
Aswan 15.68 27.46 23.23 4.23
S.belle 15.1 33.8 23.49 9.59
CD(p=0.05) 0.19 0.45 0.18 0.38
Egypt Salman et al (2006)55

56. TABLE 20:- Effect of lignite humic acid and inorganic fertilizers
on growth attributes of onion
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
No of leaves
/ plant
Root length
(cm)
Dry matter
production
(kg/ha)
T1 Control 34.1 27.4 5.4 1445
T275%NPK 41.6 34.2 7.5 1752
T3100%NPK 45.8 38.5 9.0 1941
T4100%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 47.0 41.8 10.4 2040
T5100%NPK+20KgHA/ha SA 49.5 47.2 11.2 2110
T6100%NPK+0.1%HAFS 46.3 39.4 9.3 1967
T7100%NPK+10KgHA/ha
SA+0.1%HAFS
48.0 43.8 10.6 2070
T875%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 46.7 40.7 9.8 2017
SEm± 2.0 2.6 0.4 36
CD(p=0.05) 4.0 5.6 0.8 77
Tamilnadu Sangeetha &Singa Ram (2007)
56

57. TABLE 21:- Effect of lignite humic acid and inorganic fertilizers on yield
attributes & bulb yield of onion
Treatments No of bulbs/
plant
Bulb girth
(cm)
Bulb yield
(t/ha)
T1 Control 4.1 4.7 12.5
T275%NPK 5.2 5.9 15.3
T3100%NPK 5.8 6.5 16.8
T4100%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 8.4 7.8 17.8
T5100%NPK+20KgHA/ha SA 9.8 9.2 18.7
T6100%NPK+0.1%HAFS 6.3 6.7 17.0
T7100%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA+0.1%HAFS 9.0 8.4 18.0
T875%NPK+10KgHA/ha SA 7.5 7.2 17.6
S.Em± 0.3 0.5 0.3
CD(p=0.05) 0.7 1.0 0.7
Tamilnadu Sangeetha & Singa Ram (2007)
57

58. TABLE 22:-Effect of humic acid on fruit quality characteristics of
hot pepper (Capsicum annum var. Red chilli)
Treatments
Titrable Acidity (g
L-1)
Total Soluble
Solid (0Brix)
Vitamin C
( mg 100 g-1)
Carbohydrate
s(mg.g-1)
HA0 (control) 24.7b 9.9cd 126a 113.9a
HA1 (25mg kg-1) 25.5b 9.6d 122a 96.4a
HA2 (100mg kg-1) 32.9a 10.15bc 131a 114.7a
HA3 (175 mgkg-1) 33.1a 10.6b 146a 115.3a
HA4 (250mgkg-1) 34.6a 11.25a 117a 133.9a
Malaysia Aminifard et al (2012)
Mean separation by Duncan’s new multiple range test. Within each column, means
followed by the same letter are not different (P<5%).
58

59. TABLE 23:-Effect of humic acid on survival percentage (%), neck
height (cm) & plant height (cm) of onion cultivars
Parameters Survival percentage (%) Neck height (cm) Plant height (cm)
cultivar
Swat-1 82.3 6.1 65.4
NARC 82.9 6.0 63.7
Parachinar local 82.5 7.5 80.9
CD value NS 0.443 3.693
Humic level (kgha-1)
Control 83.00 5.36 63.7
1kgha-1 82.8 6.00 68.9
2kgha-1 82.6 7.6 75.3
3kgha-1 82.6 7.2 72.0
CD value NS 1.103 3.330
Pakistan Sajid et al (2012)
59

60. TABLE 24:- Effect of Humic acid on bulb weight (g), yield /plot (kg) & total
yield ha-1 (tones) of onion cultivars
Parameters Bulb weight (g) Yield /plot (kg) Total yield
(tonnes)
cultivar
Swat-1 92.3 20.9 32.9
NARC 82.7 19.5 30.5
Parachinar local 94.2 22.9 36.1
CD value 4.440 0.837 1.397
Humic level(kgha-1)
Control 84.4 19.9 31.1
1kgha-1 92.0 20.9 32.9
2kgha-1 96.4 22.4 35.3
3kgha-1 86.2 21.2 33.3
CD value 5.214 1.032 1.744
Pakistan Sajid et al (2012)
60

61. TABLE 25:-Effect of various concentrations of humic acid on growth
parameters of okra
Treatments Days taken to
full
germination
Plant height
(cm)
No of
primary
branches
Length of
leaf (cm)
Width of
leaf (cm)
Leaf area
index
(sq cm)
No of
leaves
T1(10ml HA) 17.33 167.29 5.73 21.33 16.62 362.78 25.80
T2(20ml HA) 21.00 170.47 5.33 20.07 14.60 284.53 19.47
T3(30ml HA) 17.33 188.96 5.60 21.73 16.47 344.80 19.73
T4(40ml HA) 16.33 195.03 5.53 23.16 18.38 422.29 30.67
T5(50ml HA) 18.33 166.33 6.73 21.43 14.73 314.87 28.87
T6(60ml HA) 19.00 164.91 4.67 18.40 12.20 226.21 27.60
T7(70ml HA) 20.33 175.65 5.27 24.64 15.71 362.15 26.33
T8(80ml HA) 18.00 166.70 5.27 20.26 14.69 293.70 25.67
T9(90ml HA) 17.00 165.71 6.33 21.01 15.48 293.33 24.80
T10(100ml HA) 19.00 166.30 6.13 21.73 15.29 334.14 23.80
T11(110ml HA) 17.67 163.59 5.73 19.84 15.86 318.14 22.93
T12(120ml HA) 17.67 173.16 5.73 20.27 15.31 314.26 21.93
T13(130ml HA) 17.67 172.54 5.47 20.60 17.32 359.95 21.07
T14(140ml HA) 21.00 177.66 5.73 22.27 20.00 416.63 20.40
T15(150ml HA) 15.33 208.94 5.40 24.67 22.87 447.99 31.80
T16(control) 22.33 174.72 4.73 20.56 13.40 263.46 16.93
SEm± 0.6135 0.6262 0.5437 0.4422 0.2422 4.748 0.324
CD(p=0.05) 1.77 1.808 NS 1.277 0.699 13.7 0.9371
Uttarakhand Kumar et al. (2015)61
61

62. TABLE 26:-Effect of various concentration of humic acid on yield parameters of
okra
Treatments Days taken
to1st
flowering
No of
flowers/p
lant
Days
taken to
1st
fruiting
No of
fruits/pl
ant
Fruit
length
(cm)
Dry
weight of
leaves
(g)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Total yield (ha)
T1(10ml HA) 36.00 26.13 40.00 19,93 11.43 1.21 21.60 98.53
T2(20ml HA) 35.33 26.67 40.00 21.47 11.94 1.30 18.53 88.20
T3(30ml HA) 35.67 22.20 39.33 20.00 11.32 1.37 22.62 98.11
T4(40ml HA) 32.67 26.60 38.67 21.80 12.43 1.41 23.05 106.78
T5(50ml HA) 35.00 25.73 38.00 21.33 11.27 1.38 21.69 89.11
T6(60ml HA) 34.33 25.27 39.33 21.07 11.58 1.39 21.07 83.86
T7(70ml HA) 33.33 27.20 37.00 20.67 10.66 1.54 19.94 102.67
T8(80ml HA) 35.33 23.80 40.00 20.33 12.02 1.51 19.36 80.14
T9(90ml HA) 38.00 25.00 42.00 20.07 11.24 1.38 19.80 85.01
T10(100ml HA) 39.33 22.73 44.00 20.47 10.43 1.33 18.93 92.45
T11(110ml HA) 37.00 25.73 42.00 20.80 10.92 1.36 21.82 95.45
T12(120ml HA) 35.00 23.40 39.67 20.20 11.76 1.39 22.36 83.86
T13(130ml HA) 37.00 22.93 40.00 21.14 11.89 1.38 21.83 83.55
T14(140ml HA) 34.00 24.00 38.67 18.53 10.14 1.32 22.42 94.08
T15(150ml HA) 31.67 31.13 37.3 23.13 13.20 1.40 24.79 122.00
T16(control) 41.00 18.27 44.33 17.93 10.08 1.36 17.85 82.56
SEm± 0.625 1.634 0.75 0.68 0.03 7.94 0.1174 7.66
CD(p=0.05) 1.805 4.17 2.18 1.97 0.08 NS 0.339 22.3
Uttarakhand Kumar et al (2015)

63. TABLE 27:- Effect of humic acid spraying and ground drench on growth, yield and
quality attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown under polyhouse
Humic
Acid
levels
(L/Fed)
Plant
height
(cm)
No of
Leaves
/ plant
No of
flowers/
plant
No of
fruits/
plant
Average
fruit
weight
(g)
Total
yield
/plant
(kg)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Protein
(%)
TSS
(%)
Control 153.33 36.33 46.00 17.00 96.33 1.89 11.11 3.27 25.30 4.32
SA 3L 164.33 39.67 50.33 19.00 100.00 1.90 11.33 3.73 26.88 4.57
SA 6L 176.00 43.00 53.00 21.33 104.00 2.00 11.33 3.83 27.71 4.63
SA 9L 177.33 46.33 57.67 23.00 107.33 2.11 10.90 3.70 28.75 4.77
FA 3L 165.00 40.33 47.00 18.33 97.00 2.02 10.85 3.73 24.59 4.50
FA 6L 179.33 45.00 53.00 21.67 109.33 2.10 10.67 3.97 28.54 4.92
FA 9L 183.67 45.33 54.67 24.00 111.00 2.12 11.33 4.20 28.75 4.96
C.D.(%) 16.48 5.10 8.39 5.23 NS 0.14 NS NS 1.64 0.25
Egypt Shafeek et al (2016)63

64. Conclusion
From the foregoing discussion, it is concluded that vermiwash, cow urine and
humic acid are the important organic sources of nutrients for improving the
growth, yield and quality of many vegetables. These organic sources not only
increases the yield but also improves the soil fertility, soil productivity, soil
structure& texture, promoting plant growth and resistance against various
pests, diseases. In this context use of organic sources of nutrients in crop
production is becoming very crucial for assurance of food security,
sustainability and improving soil health.
Future Thrust
The highest growth, yield, yield components and quality traits was obtained
with the use of organic sources of nutrients like vermiwash, cow urine and
humic acid. However to determine optimum crop response and treatment
level, further investigation is required.
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