This document provides information on greenhouse bell pepper production in Leamington, Ontario presented by Drs. Ozair Chaudhry and Muhammed Saeed. It discusses the greenhouse structure, operation, bell pepper production process including planting, harvesting, and packing, as well as the economics of greenhouse bell pepper production. Specifically, it outlines the phases of study, typical gutter-connected greenhouse design, environmental control systems, seedling planting procedures, factors that influence growth and development, harvesting seasons and yields, packing and storage processes, and the costs and revenues associated with greenhouse bell pepper production.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
Plastic materials like polyethylene, acrylic/polyester, polyester, and fiberglass reinforced plastics are common cladding materials for greenhouses. Polyethylene is relatively short-lived but transmits 85-88% of sunlight. Acrylic/polyester combines weatherability and heat resistance but is susceptible to wind damage. Polyester has excellent transmittance and heat resistance but limited widths. Fiberglass reinforced plastics are more impact resistant than glass but proper installation is important. Shade nets made of plastic are also used as cladding to protect crops from weather.
This document discusses various types of protected cultivation techniques in horticulture, including greenhouses and high tunnels. It provides an overview of greenhouse production in the US and China, focusing on high-tech greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, solar greenhouses, and closed plant production systems like vertical farming and plant factories. Protected cultivation techniques provide benefits such as protection from weather extremes and pests, but come with challenges such as high costs. Emerging trends include improving energy efficiency, adding environmental controls, developing design standards, and conducting research to optimize growing conditions.
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to protect crops from adverse weather. It allows for higher yields, year-round cultivation, improved quality, and off-season production. Common crops suited for protected cultivation include tomatoes, capsicum, cucumbers, beans, and flowers. Proper site selection, orientation, structure type, production system, and climate control are important for successful protected cultivation. Potential issues include nutrient deficiencies or excesses, toxic gases, and pest and disease attacks.
Greenhouses range in size from small family farms to large industrial operations. Tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers and lettuce are common greenhouse crops. Greenhouse production allows year-round harvests and access to niche markets. Organic greenhouse production requires avoiding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Soil-based systems can be adapted for organics while hydroponics and other soilless systems require organic-approved inputs and nutrients. Costs of equipment, operations and identifying niche markets must be considered for economic viability.
This document provides information on cucumber production in polyhouses. Some key points:
- Cucumbers require protection from pests/diseases and adverse climate which polyhouses provide, allowing for high productivity, quality, and off-season cultivation.
- Optimal temperatures are 15-24°C daily average, with night temperatures of 18-20°C and day temperatures of 20-22°C. Summer planting is February-March and winter is August-September.
- Popular hybrid varieties include Multistar, Emistar, and Falconstar. Crop duration is 90-120 days. Yields of 4-5kg per plant can be achieved in February-March and 2-3kg in August
This document discusses shading nets and shade houses. It explains that shading nets are designed to protect crops from UV radiation and climate variations like temperature and rain. They create controlled microclimates that result in higher crop yields. A wide range of shading nets is available that provide different levels of shade. Shade houses are structures enclosed by shading nets or other materials that allow sunlight, moisture, and air to pass through and create suitable growing conditions for plants. Shade houses are used to cultivate various crops and protect plants from pests and weather. They have frames to support shading net cladding and provide structure against wind and rain loads.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
Plastic materials like polyethylene, acrylic/polyester, polyester, and fiberglass reinforced plastics are common cladding materials for greenhouses. Polyethylene is relatively short-lived but transmits 85-88% of sunlight. Acrylic/polyester combines weatherability and heat resistance but is susceptible to wind damage. Polyester has excellent transmittance and heat resistance but limited widths. Fiberglass reinforced plastics are more impact resistant than glass but proper installation is important. Shade nets made of plastic are also used as cladding to protect crops from weather.
This document discusses various types of protected cultivation techniques in horticulture, including greenhouses and high tunnels. It provides an overview of greenhouse production in the US and China, focusing on high-tech greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, solar greenhouses, and closed plant production systems like vertical farming and plant factories. Protected cultivation techniques provide benefits such as protection from weather extremes and pests, but come with challenges such as high costs. Emerging trends include improving energy efficiency, adding environmental controls, developing design standards, and conducting research to optimize growing conditions.
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to protect crops from adverse weather. It allows for higher yields, year-round cultivation, improved quality, and off-season production. Common crops suited for protected cultivation include tomatoes, capsicum, cucumbers, beans, and flowers. Proper site selection, orientation, structure type, production system, and climate control are important for successful protected cultivation. Potential issues include nutrient deficiencies or excesses, toxic gases, and pest and disease attacks.
Greenhouses range in size from small family farms to large industrial operations. Tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers and lettuce are common greenhouse crops. Greenhouse production allows year-round harvests and access to niche markets. Organic greenhouse production requires avoiding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Soil-based systems can be adapted for organics while hydroponics and other soilless systems require organic-approved inputs and nutrients. Costs of equipment, operations and identifying niche markets must be considered for economic viability.
This document provides information on cucumber production in polyhouses. Some key points:
- Cucumbers require protection from pests/diseases and adverse climate which polyhouses provide, allowing for high productivity, quality, and off-season cultivation.
- Optimal temperatures are 15-24°C daily average, with night temperatures of 18-20°C and day temperatures of 20-22°C. Summer planting is February-March and winter is August-September.
- Popular hybrid varieties include Multistar, Emistar, and Falconstar. Crop duration is 90-120 days. Yields of 4-5kg per plant can be achieved in February-March and 2-3kg in August
This document discusses shading nets and shade houses. It explains that shading nets are designed to protect crops from UV radiation and climate variations like temperature and rain. They create controlled microclimates that result in higher crop yields. A wide range of shading nets is available that provide different levels of shade. Shade houses are structures enclosed by shading nets or other materials that allow sunlight, moisture, and air to pass through and create suitable growing conditions for plants. Shade houses are used to cultivate various crops and protect plants from pests and weather. They have frames to support shading net cladding and provide structure against wind and rain loads.
The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
The document discusses plant selection and care for peace lilies as permanent houseplants. Peace lilies have low light requirements and produce white blooms for 3 weeks to 1 month. They should be lightly fertilized in spring and fall and kept from drying out with medium watering. Peace lilies come in dwarf and standard varieties from desk-top size up to 4 feet tall. The document also contrasts permanent plants that will re-bloom over many years, such as peace lilies, with temporary gift plants that usually bloom only once.
This document discusses value addition of flowers through essential oils, pharmaceutical compounds, pigments, and value-added products. It provides information on extracting essential oils from various flower crops like rose, jasmine, tuberose, and lavender. Essential oils have applications in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy and more. Some flowers also contain pharmaceutical compounds and nutraceuticals that can be isolated. Flowers are a source of natural pigments for use in foods and cosmetics. Value-added products from roses include rose water, rose oil, gulkand and more. The document outlines methods and yields for extracting oils, compounds and pigments from different flower crops.
The document provides information about a seminar on water management in agriculture given by Garima Bhickta. It discusses various topics related to water management including terminology, water requirements of crops, irrigation scheduling tools and methods, rainwater harvesting, and drip irrigation. Specifically, it summarizes different methods of irrigation like surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation. It also provides data on increased yields from various crops with drip irrigation compared to conventional irrigation methods and higher water use efficiency.
I am Sambhav Jain From Dayalbagh Educational INstitute, Agra doing Bsc.[Hons.] Agriculture.I have described here about the irrigation systems in greenhouse to be used by us.
This document discusses various materials that are commonly used for greenhouse construction, including their properties and suitability. It describes wood, bamboo, steel, galvanized iron, aluminum, reinforced concrete, glass, polyethylene film, polyvinyl chloride film, Tefzel T2 film, polyvinyl chloride rigid panels, fiberglass reinforced plastic panels, and acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panels. Each material is explained in terms of its physical properties, lifespan, maintenance needs, advantages and disadvantages for greenhouse use.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
The document describes the design and layout of a seed processing plant. The plant separates impurities from seeds using various machines arranged in a sequence. Raw seeds are first fed into a pre-cleaner to remove large impurities, then a cleaner/grader to separate undersized materials. Next is an indented cylinder to separate broken seeds, followed by a specific gravity separator to remove light seeds. Processed seeds are then packaged. The plant building includes a receiving area, processing area with machines arranged in sequence, and auxiliary buildings like storage.
The document discusses hi-tech horticulture, which uses modern, capital-intensive but less environment-dependent techniques to improve productivity and farmers' incomes. It involves precision production, efficient input use, and maximizing land and water resources. Hi-tech horticulture strategies include crop improvement, protected cultivation, mechanization, computerization, post-harvest management, and more. Specific practices covered are integrated pest management, micro-irrigation, plasticulture, greenhouse cultivation, and micropropagation. The goal is to sustain agricultural productivity and stability in the face of climate change.
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
This document discusses advanced technologies for vegetable production that address common problems and challenges faced by farmers. It outlines issues with seed germination, pests, diseases, weeds, and climate sensitivity. It then presents various technologies to help, such as using resistant varieties, raised bed cultivation, soil solarization, bio-control applications, mulching, vertical supports, mixed/multiple cropping, micro-irrigation, protected cultivation, mechanization, hydroponics and soilless systems. Specific techniques are described for issues like fertilizer and irrigation efficiency, rainy season crops, off-season production, urban cultivation and using solar energy.
The document describes different types of greenhouses based on various classification schemes:
1) Shape (lean-to, even-span, uneven span, ridge and furrow, saw tooth, quonset),
2) Utility (heating or cooling systems),
3) Construction method (wood, truss, pipe framing),
4) Number of spans (single or multi-span),
5) Environmental control (natural or passive ventilation),
6) Covering materials (glass, plastic films, fiberglass), and
7) Construction costs (low, medium, or high).
The most common types are the even-span greenhouse and those using plastic films due to their lower costs. Design depends
This document discusses various irrigation systems used in greenhouses. It begins by defining crop water needs and evapotranspiration. It then describes different types of irrigation systems including overhead systems like sprinklers and booms, surface systems like drip and perimeter watering, and subsurface systems like ebb and flow, capillary mats, and floor flooding. Key components of drip irrigation systems like pumps, filters, fertigation equipment, and piping networks are also explained. The advantages of drip irrigation systems for greenhouse crops are highlighted.
Layout of Hi-Tech Nursery, Pros and Cons.pptxParshant Bakshi
This presentation is about the production of quality planting material of fruit crops by Hi-tech methods. Hi-tech nursery needs special attention for plant material production in polyhouse, greenhouse, insect proof house. Layout and establishment of hi-tech nursery are discussed in this presentation.
scope and importance of under exploited salad vegetables in india dhananjayaDhananjayaRout2
This document discusses underutilized salad vegetables in India. It notes that salad vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Some key underutilized salad vegetables discussed include lettuce, celery, leek, and parsley. These vegetables provide health benefits like improving digestion and supporting immune function. The document advocates increasing production and consumption of underutilized salad vegetables in India to address nutritional needs and food security.
Dry flower- boon to Indian floriculture industrySubrahmanya Bhat
please dont ask for refrence, i hv collected from random source
The basic principle of dehydration of flower is to remove moisture slowly while maintaining as much of the original shape and texture as possible
presented as seminar at OUAT ,Bhubaneswar 2015 as part of master seminar
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
Enginuity Energy is developing nutrient recovery facilities and biomass energy plants in the Mid-Atlantic region using advanced gasification technology. This technology converts biomass materials like mushroom compost into combustible gases for energy production while also recovering nutrients. It has been demonstrated to reduce air emissions compared to fossil fuels and can help Pennsylvania meet its nutrient reduction goals. The facilities are expected to create jobs in engineering, construction, operations and other supporting roles.
The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
The document discusses plant selection and care for peace lilies as permanent houseplants. Peace lilies have low light requirements and produce white blooms for 3 weeks to 1 month. They should be lightly fertilized in spring and fall and kept from drying out with medium watering. Peace lilies come in dwarf and standard varieties from desk-top size up to 4 feet tall. The document also contrasts permanent plants that will re-bloom over many years, such as peace lilies, with temporary gift plants that usually bloom only once.
This document discusses value addition of flowers through essential oils, pharmaceutical compounds, pigments, and value-added products. It provides information on extracting essential oils from various flower crops like rose, jasmine, tuberose, and lavender. Essential oils have applications in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy and more. Some flowers also contain pharmaceutical compounds and nutraceuticals that can be isolated. Flowers are a source of natural pigments for use in foods and cosmetics. Value-added products from roses include rose water, rose oil, gulkand and more. The document outlines methods and yields for extracting oils, compounds and pigments from different flower crops.
The document provides information about a seminar on water management in agriculture given by Garima Bhickta. It discusses various topics related to water management including terminology, water requirements of crops, irrigation scheduling tools and methods, rainwater harvesting, and drip irrigation. Specifically, it summarizes different methods of irrigation like surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation. It also provides data on increased yields from various crops with drip irrigation compared to conventional irrigation methods and higher water use efficiency.
I am Sambhav Jain From Dayalbagh Educational INstitute, Agra doing Bsc.[Hons.] Agriculture.I have described here about the irrigation systems in greenhouse to be used by us.
This document discusses various materials that are commonly used for greenhouse construction, including their properties and suitability. It describes wood, bamboo, steel, galvanized iron, aluminum, reinforced concrete, glass, polyethylene film, polyvinyl chloride film, Tefzel T2 film, polyvinyl chloride rigid panels, fiberglass reinforced plastic panels, and acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panels. Each material is explained in terms of its physical properties, lifespan, maintenance needs, advantages and disadvantages for greenhouse use.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
The document describes the design and layout of a seed processing plant. The plant separates impurities from seeds using various machines arranged in a sequence. Raw seeds are first fed into a pre-cleaner to remove large impurities, then a cleaner/grader to separate undersized materials. Next is an indented cylinder to separate broken seeds, followed by a specific gravity separator to remove light seeds. Processed seeds are then packaged. The plant building includes a receiving area, processing area with machines arranged in sequence, and auxiliary buildings like storage.
The document discusses hi-tech horticulture, which uses modern, capital-intensive but less environment-dependent techniques to improve productivity and farmers' incomes. It involves precision production, efficient input use, and maximizing land and water resources. Hi-tech horticulture strategies include crop improvement, protected cultivation, mechanization, computerization, post-harvest management, and more. Specific practices covered are integrated pest management, micro-irrigation, plasticulture, greenhouse cultivation, and micropropagation. The goal is to sustain agricultural productivity and stability in the face of climate change.
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
This document discusses advanced technologies for vegetable production that address common problems and challenges faced by farmers. It outlines issues with seed germination, pests, diseases, weeds, and climate sensitivity. It then presents various technologies to help, such as using resistant varieties, raised bed cultivation, soil solarization, bio-control applications, mulching, vertical supports, mixed/multiple cropping, micro-irrigation, protected cultivation, mechanization, hydroponics and soilless systems. Specific techniques are described for issues like fertilizer and irrigation efficiency, rainy season crops, off-season production, urban cultivation and using solar energy.
The document describes different types of greenhouses based on various classification schemes:
1) Shape (lean-to, even-span, uneven span, ridge and furrow, saw tooth, quonset),
2) Utility (heating or cooling systems),
3) Construction method (wood, truss, pipe framing),
4) Number of spans (single or multi-span),
5) Environmental control (natural or passive ventilation),
6) Covering materials (glass, plastic films, fiberglass), and
7) Construction costs (low, medium, or high).
The most common types are the even-span greenhouse and those using plastic films due to their lower costs. Design depends
This document discusses various irrigation systems used in greenhouses. It begins by defining crop water needs and evapotranspiration. It then describes different types of irrigation systems including overhead systems like sprinklers and booms, surface systems like drip and perimeter watering, and subsurface systems like ebb and flow, capillary mats, and floor flooding. Key components of drip irrigation systems like pumps, filters, fertigation equipment, and piping networks are also explained. The advantages of drip irrigation systems for greenhouse crops are highlighted.
Layout of Hi-Tech Nursery, Pros and Cons.pptxParshant Bakshi
This presentation is about the production of quality planting material of fruit crops by Hi-tech methods. Hi-tech nursery needs special attention for plant material production in polyhouse, greenhouse, insect proof house. Layout and establishment of hi-tech nursery are discussed in this presentation.
scope and importance of under exploited salad vegetables in india dhananjayaDhananjayaRout2
This document discusses underutilized salad vegetables in India. It notes that salad vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Some key underutilized salad vegetables discussed include lettuce, celery, leek, and parsley. These vegetables provide health benefits like improving digestion and supporting immune function. The document advocates increasing production and consumption of underutilized salad vegetables in India to address nutritional needs and food security.
Dry flower- boon to Indian floriculture industrySubrahmanya Bhat
please dont ask for refrence, i hv collected from random source
The basic principle of dehydration of flower is to remove moisture slowly while maintaining as much of the original shape and texture as possible
presented as seminar at OUAT ,Bhubaneswar 2015 as part of master seminar
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
Enginuity Energy is developing nutrient recovery facilities and biomass energy plants in the Mid-Atlantic region using advanced gasification technology. This technology converts biomass materials like mushroom compost into combustible gases for energy production while also recovering nutrients. It has been demonstrated to reduce air emissions compared to fossil fuels and can help Pennsylvania meet its nutrient reduction goals. The facilities are expected to create jobs in engineering, construction, operations and other supporting roles.
This document provides a summary of over two years of research on an experimental composting greenhouse at New Alchemy Institute. The composting greenhouse combines composting and horticultural practices in the same structure. Heat and carbon dioxide produced during composting are used to enhance greenhouse crop production and eliminate fuel costs, while offsetting costs of the composting operation. Research is ongoing to improve the design and study the effects on plant growth and nitrogen dynamics.
This 3-sentence summary provides the high-level information about the document:
The document reports on over two years of research operating and monitoring an experimental composting greenhouse at New Alchemy Institute that combines composting and horticultural practices. The composting greenhouse produced over 100 tons of compost and tens of thousands of seedlings in its first full year while eliminating fuel costs for heating and offsetting costs of the composting operation by using heat and carbon dioxide from the compost to enhance greenhouse crop production. Research is continuing to improve the design and study the effects on nitrogen dynamics with the goal of adapting the prototype to practical applications on different scales.
Planning & Operating Electricty Network with Renewable Generation-4Power System Operation
This document provides information on biogas production using small-scale biodigesters. It discusses what biodigesters are, how they work, their basic designs, and applications. Biodigesters promote the decomposition of organic matter through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas can be used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, and running vehicles. The document outlines the continuous-fed and batch-fed designs of biodigesters and explains their operation. It also describes bag and fixed dome biodigester systems and how biogas is applied in developing and developed countries.
This document provides information on biogas production using small-scale biodigesters. It discusses what biodigesters are, how they work, their basic designs, and applications. Biodigesters promote the decomposition of organic matter through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas can be used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, and running vehicles. The document outlines the continuous-fed and batch-fed designs of biodigesters and explains their operation. It also describes bag and fixed dome biodigester systems.
Irrigation by condensation technology (NASA TEchBrief\'s Magazine technology of the month September 2008) + Root zone temperature optimization technology
This document outlines Eugene Odum's principles of energy ecology and their application to greenhouses and local food supply. It discusses using passive solar design and natural processes to efficiently capture and store energy for greenhouse use. Different greenhouse growth systems and materials are evaluated. Optimizing orientation, insulation, ventilation and thermal mass can reduce energy demands. Greenhouses combine human and natural ecologies to locally generate and save energy while enhancing food security in a carbon-neutral way.
The document discusses plant response to greenhouse environments and instruments used to control greenhouses. It describes key greenhouse environmental factors like light, temperature, air composition, humidity, and CO2 concentration. It then explains how each factor affects plant growth and desirable levels. The document also outlines portable instruments that can be used to measure and control important environmental conditions in greenhouses, including thermometers, hygrometers, anemometers, CO2 monitors, light meters, and pyranometers. These instruments help greenhouse operators accurately measure and regulate the environment to optimize plant growth.
This document provides an introduction to composting agricultural manure. It discusses the two main stages of composting - the active stage where microorganisms break down organic matter producing heat, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, and the curing stage where microbial activity slows. It also outlines important factors that affect the composting process, including temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, aeration, moisture content, porosity, and pH, and their optimal ranges. Maintaining proper conditions for these factors can accelerate the natural composting process.
This document provides information on biogas plants. It begins with an introduction to biogas and anaerobic digestion. It then discusses the composition of biogas and classifications of biogas plants. The main types of biogas plants discussed are agricultural plants, including family-scale, farm-scale, and centralized co-digestion plants, as well as industrial plants and landfill gas recovery plants. Within agricultural plants, it further discusses fixed dome plants and floating drum plants. The document concludes with advantages and disadvantages of different plant types.
An overview of the Dutch Greenhouse horticulture with emphasis on modern crop...Giannis Panagiotakis
Dutch greenhouse horticulture focuses on modern fertigation technologies. The document discusses challenges for greenhouse horticulture like increasing costs and competition. It emphasizes innovations in crop management like improving light levels, CO2 enrichment, soilless cultivation, and higher leaf area index. Precise fertigation management is key, especially for soilless crops, to prevent salt accumulation. New techniques like virtual lysimeters model soil moisture content to schedule irrigation and fertilization according to crop demand.
Root-zone heating is a greenhouse production method that focuses on maintaining an optimal root temperature. It promotes energy conservation by allowing greenhouse air temperatures to be lowered while still supporting plant growth. Hot water is circulated through tubing or piping laid out beneath benches or in greenhouse floors to warm roots. Maintaining root zone temperatures has been shown to be more critical for plant growth than leaf temperatures. Root-zone heating systems can reduce energy use compared to conventional greenhouse heating methods.
This document discusses root-zone heating systems for greenhouse crops. It describes how root-zone heating focuses on maintaining an optimal root temperature using hot water distribution through tubing under greenhouse benches and floors. This promotes energy conservation and improved plant growth. Root-zone heating allows greenhouse air temperatures to be lowered while still providing adequate heat to roots. Various energy sources can be used including solar and geothermal. Rutgers University has conducted significant research on soil heating systems to benefit greenhouse crop production.
The document describes biogas production using small-scale biodigesters. It discusses what biodigesters are, how they work, and their benefits. Biodigesters promote the anaerobic digestion of organic matter to produce biogas, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. The digestion process involves four stages: liquefaction, acid production, acetate production, and methane production by different bacterial groups. Simple designs like batch-fed and bag biodigesters are effective for small farms to generate biogas from manure for uses like cooking while improving fertilizer and protecting water resources.
This presentation discusses biogas production from garbage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a combustible gas produced through biological breakdown of organic matter without oxygen. The presentation outlines the four stages of anaerobic digestion: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect biogas production such as temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, and hydraulic retention time. Applications of biogas include electricity generation, transportation fuel, and cooking fuel.
Agriculture, Climate Change and Carbon SequestrationGardening
The document discusses how climate change influences agriculture and how agriculture influences climate change. It states that the Earth's average temperature has increased 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century and is projected to increase by 3.2 to 7.2 degrees this century. These increases could lengthen growing seasons but also increase drought risks. The document then outlines how agricultural practices like fertilizer use and livestock emissions contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, but that carbon can also be sequestered in soils through certain farming techniques.
The document discusses biochar and bioenergy production systems in small farms in Western Kenya. Pyrolysis of biomass residues from cooking can provide syngas fuel and biochar soil amendment, improving livelihoods. Unsustainable use of biomass causes issues like deforestation, land degradation, and health problems. Farm productivity is limited by constant cultivation without nutrient replenishment and soil erosion. The objective is to develop sustainable biochar systems for soil improvement and climate change mitigation while providing energy and waste management.
Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compostijtsrd
Agricultural activities tend to generate a substantial volume of animal and crop residues. Composting is the most economical and ecologically sustainable option to manage farmyard waste. However, it takes approximately three months to complete decomposition and contains lower plant nutrient percentages than inorganic fertilisers. This study aimed to reduce the decomposition time and improve the nutrient content of compost. Aerobic decomposition was enhanced by aeration inside the pile using a blower with 0.5 l min kg airflow. Paddy straw, poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure and paddy husk ash were mixed in 3 1 1 1 1 ratio respectively as the raw materials and 3 of Eppawala Rock Phosphate was added to the mixture in weight basis. Six piles 150 X 100 X 80 cm were prepared, and three piles were aerated for six hours per day while other three piles were left to decompose under the ambient condition as the control. According to the results, aerated and control piles took 35 days and 65 days to complete the decomposition. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, C N ratio, pH, EC and CEC were analysed in compost samples from aerated after 35 days and controls, and the results were, 20.5 g kg 1, 1.8 g kg 1, 10.4 g kg 1, 7, 8.8, 4.3 mS cm 1, 19.3 cmol kg 1 and 17.8 g kg 1, 1.5 g kg 1, 9.9 g kg 1, 8.5, 8.8, 3.64 mS cm 1, 21.3 cmol kg 1 respectively. Data were analysed using SAS 9.0 software with a 95 confidence interval. The results revealed a significant increment in total N, exchangeable K, C N ratio, EC and CEC in aerated piles compared to controls. And the nutrient composition of both methods was significantly higher than the commercial compost. Therefore, it can be concluded that decomposition time can be effectively reduced and the nutrient level can be increased by artificial aeration and nutrient enrichment, respectively. However, further studies are recommended to study the economic feasibility. D. M. S. H. Dissanayaka | V. P. T. Dhananjaya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. Karthigayini "Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38557.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38557/impact-of-improved-aeration-on-decomposition-rate-of-enriched-compost/d-m-s-h-dissanayaka
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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1. Greenhouse Vegetable
Production:
Sweet Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) culture in Leamington
Ontario
Lecture Presented by:
Dr. Ozair Chaudhry, Ph.D.,C P Ag. (USA)., OCT ( Canada)
Albert Campbell Collegiate Institute (NS) Con.Ed. Toronto, Ontario
and
Dr. Muhammed Saeed, Ph.D.,(UK) CPH (USA)
Kapital Produce Ltd. Leamington, Ontario
September, 2008
Copyrighted. Users advised to quote author’s reference.
2. Greenhouse Vegetable
Production: Sweet Bell Peppers (Capsicum annum L.)
culture in Leamington, Ontario
Bell Peppers Production in Gutter Type Greenhouse
Phases of Study
Introduction Structure Operation Production Economics
Planting Harvesting & Packing
4. Introduction
Focus on controlled, intensive production of high
quality, fresh market produce under very
diverse conditions
Optimum use of controlled variables;
Air & root zone temperature,
Vap.pressure deficit,
Fertilizer, CO2 enrichment, Suitable growing
media, and plant maintenance.
5. Management Goals
Intelligently control greenhouse operational
variables to,
Maximum yield and profit,
To simplify the decision-making on dynamics of
the crop-environment interaction.
7. Topic - 1 (Greenhouse Structure)
Gutter-connect-design offers
expansion (“bays”) compartment,
Roof has many arches, each cover
one bay,
Arches connected with Gutters where
1 bay meets the next.
10. GH Structure Conted.
Lower part of roof are gutters (the point
where adjacent arches begin or end).
Single bay greenhouse 240 m2 (2500 Ft 2)
can be expanded by addition of bays to
cover 1Ha (2.5 Ac)or more
11. GH Structure Conted
Advantages of Gutter Types:
Accommodate taller indeterminate
cultivars (e.g. pepper attains 3.5m
12 Ft.
provide larger air mass easily
optimize Env than smaller air mass
per unit area of greenhouse
12. GH Structure Conted.
Material
Glass Panels (24 %)*
PLASTIC (76 %)*
Polycarbonate Panels
Polyethylene Skins
*As in 2006-07
13. GH Structure conted.
Material
Double Polyethylene Skin has 2 layers,
pressurized air filled in between
provides rigidity(4 yr.)
Allow light, conserves energy, reduce
heat loss in winter
Newer material selectively exclude
wavelength, reduce insect / disease
16. Greenhouse (GH) Operation conted.
Heating Options as in 2006-07:
Boiler 42 %
Steam 27 %
Hot water 19 %
Natural Gas 5 %
Forced Air 4 %
Air applied heat influence canopy
Floor applied influence root zone
20. GH Operation conted.
(Primary Heating)
Boiler delivers heat by (5 cm or 2//
pipe) run on the floor between
rows
Return pipe run parallel to one
another forming “rail” used by the
cart run up and down, help pruning
and harvesting.
23. GH Operation conted.
Importance of Plant Canopy Air Heating
Target temp. 18-21 0C,
Temp. below 15 0C is sub optimal for root zone,
Irrig. Temp. above 23 0C injurious to roots,
Summer temp. can be 25 0C if grown in saw dust
or rock wool slab.
24. GH operation conted.
(Secondary Heating)
2 // pipe run under the top gutter to
heat the roof for snow melt down in
winter
provide precise temp to optimize
pollination, promotes early fruits &
leaf
25. GH Operation conted.
(Ventilation & Air Cooling
Ventilation helps:
air circulation, uniform climate by heat
distribution from system, dehumidifying,
In winter warm humid is exhausted and cool
dry air brought in.
Summer ventilation aid cooling the crop
26. GH Operation conted.
(Relative Humidity)
Measure of water vapour contents in air,
Maintained below threshold point to avoid
diseases
Humidity RH α transpiration rate+temp + light intensity
High humidity increase VP in GH air mass
*VPD measured by sensors used to control
transpiration rate for sustained yield.
__________________________________
* Measurement units vary: milibar or Kpa, g/m3
28. GH operation conted.
(Cooling System)
During high light intensity, ventilation is
insufficient
Increased GH temp. also lowered with pad
& fan evaporative cooling system
30. GH Operation Conted. Floors & Potting
Concrete floors expensive but ideal for nursery,
Seedlings rooted in rock wool slabs or bags with
growing media,
Small water *channels run between rows,
These channels allow drainage from irrigation
from one end to holding tanks for re-circulation.
_______________________________________
*( channel sized 6x6 inch width x depth)
31. Growing Media ( as in 2006-07)
Rock Wool Slabs 57 %
Coconut 39 %
Peat moss 1%
Soil 0.6 %
NFT 0.5 %
Others (Foam) 2.2 %
33. GH Operation conted.
CO2 Supplementation
Co2 diffused pipes are placed below the gutters
Co2 Source: Natural gas combustion contains
impurities
In summer temp hike so, hard to maintain ambient
level of Co2, it requires extra cooling
Liquid Co2 clean but costly
34. GH Operation conted. (CO2 Supplementation)
Optimum GH CO2 conc. Ranges 700-900
ppm.
Rubp Enz. Fix either ------> CO2 : O2
Higher conc. CO2 will favour CO2 fixation
CO2 limit photosynthesis rate
35. GH Operation conted. (CO2 Supplementation)
On high ventilation, cost efficient conc. of
CO2 is 350 ppm, just above the ambient.
There won’t be net exchange of CO2 via
vents,
At higher temp.25 OC, Photosyn. declines,
CO2 suppl. beyond this point is cost
inefficient,
Younger nursery plants have expon. Gth.
than older. CO2 enrichment benefits.
36. Liquid CO2 Tank & Vaporizers
Liquid CO2 at 20 0C, passes through Vaporizers & converted to gas
before fed on plants)
37. GH Operation conted: (Irrigation / Fertigation)
Water & Fertilizer has control on delivery to
plants,
Both are precisely programmed, delivered as
frequently required,
Both pumped from supply tanks in header
house via hoses to aisles,
Small spaghetti tubes supply equal rationing
from hose to each plant.
39. GH Operation Conted.
Nutrient Control System
Electrical Conductivity (EC) gives indirect
measure of nutrients / ions conc. to be
delivered to plants
Greater the ions dissolved in H2O, greater
the current flow and hence, high EC value
EC unit mili mohs/cm or mili Siemens/cm, or
micro Siemens/cm
43. .
GH Operation Conted (Environmental Control)
Computer Integrated manipulation provides
optimal plant growth,
Internal Env. contact with Sensors installed in
aisles records Temp, RH, Light & CO2 level,
Sensor quality, maintenance and proper
placement in vegetation records accurate and
reliable reading.
47. Topic 3-a Production Conted.
Bell Peppers Planting
Greenhouse peppers are Indeterminate
cultivars therefore, plants continually develop
and grow from new meristems that produce
new stems, leaves, flowers and fruit.
These cultivars require constant pruning to
manage their growth, optimize yield, a balance
between vegetative & generative growth.
52. Bell peppers Production conted.
Biological Growth
GROWTH
Increase in Biomass
Vegetative Growth Generative Growth
Associated with gth of leaves and branches Generate Carbohydrates
Associated with flowers & fruits Assimilates Carbohydrates
53. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Effect of light intensity on Growth & Development
Corrective environmental actions: ( light, Temp,
RH, nutrients) trigger balance between Veg. &
generative growth.
Light promote and limit photosynthesis
Light intercept = latitude,canopy geometry, row
orientation
At 340 L, N-S orientation gets high intercept
At 500 L, E-W maximize light interception.
54. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Effect of light intensity on Growth & Development
Leaf Area Index (LAI) ratio of leaf area over
the land that leaf covers,
Crop productivity increases with the increase
of LAI. (LAI 8 is the max value for GH crops).
Highest LAI for Bell Peppers= 6.3,
Cucumbers= 3.4 and Tomatoes= 2.3
White plastic floors reflects light to canopy (
add 9 % intensity).
55. Bell Peppers Production conted.
Effect of light intensity on Growth & Development
In North American winter (Nov-Feb) light is
limiting, 16-20 Hrs photoperiod is
supplemented.
120-180 W/m2 intensity applied from 400 W
sodium light
56. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Effect of Temperature Regime on Growth & Development
*24 hrs mean temp. manipulation for consecutive
days direct either veg. or generative gth.
Day temp 21-23 0C is optimum for photo-synthesis
of GH pepper, (1-1.5 variation Lower-->Veg &
higher --->generative gth)
For pepper fruit set, night temp 16-18 0C is
optimum.
_______________________________________
* Vary within crops and cultivars
57. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Seedling/ Transplantation
Seed to seedling ready 7-10 DAP*
Receives 1st transfer to bigger rock wool
blocks 10x10 cm when difoliate, 2 WAE**
Receives 2nd transfer to production GH at
6 WAE, 10 inch tall
__________________________________
*[DAP=Day After Planting, **WEP=Week After Emergence]
58. Bell Production Conted.
Seedling/ Transplantation
*Pre-filled rock-wool slab ( 100x20x7.5 cm)
has EC 2.5-2.8 m S/cm 21 0C has 6 planting
slots on the top,
After rooting in to slabs, cut 2 slit on the
bottom for drainage.
_____________________________________
*D/N 20/21 0C, RH 70-80, VPD 3-5 gm/cm3, CO2 800-1000ppm.
Post-establ. E C= 4-4.5
59. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Green House Plant Production
1 *WATp maintain **D/N 21/16-17 0C. As
such plant is directed to set flowers, maintain
opt. Veg. Growth and opt. fruit & yield.
Each plant pruned and thinned to 2 strong
stems, twine hung from overhead support wire
Ensure least damage on main stem.
_____________________________________
[* WATp= Weeks After Transplant, ** D/N= Day/Night]
60. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Green House (Flower & Fruit Set Control)
Opt. Temp. flower/fruit = 17 0C
-----------------------yield = 21 0C
[poor pollination cause fruit flattened / button if <14 0C N
temp.pointed fruit due to hormonal imbalance.
In early winter, precise head heating
pipes are lowered on canopy for
optimized temp.
61. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Green House (Flower & Fruit Set Control)
Fruit set reduced > 270C and low RH,
Increased light intensity reduce fruit size
[Can be overcome by 10 % shading of GH ].
Lowering Rt. Zone Temp (15 0C) directs plants
remain Vegetative,conversely, floral/ fruit
abortion.[low light intensity also abort flowers]
63. Bell Peppers Production Conted.
Insect Pest & Biological Control
Aphid sps. Myzus persicae is the most common
and is controlled by wasp parasites: Aphidus
colemani & A. ervi. Aphids become silvery brown with
small whole in back when parasite emerges.
[Lady beetle is alternate predator used in some cases]
OR
The larvae of midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeds on
most aphids.
Thrips sps.controlled by predatory mites
Amblyseius cucumeris.
75. Cost Benefit Summary ( as on 2007)
Category Total Dollars $/Sq M
A. Gross Revenue = 372324.00 92.00
B. Operating Cost = 299964.00 74.12
C. Invest. Cost = 25698.00 6.35
D. Building/Equip = 38649.00 9.55
depreciation
E. Production cost = 364311.00 90.02
[B + C+ D]
Revenue over Op. cost [A-B] = 72360.00 17.88
Return to Management = 8013.00 1.98
76. Thank You
Authors contact: ozair.chaudhry@tel.tdsb.on.ca
msaeed@kapitalproduce.com
Courtesy of Kapital Produce Ltd. Leamington, Ontario is appreciated