The document discusses the importance of soil health and its relationship to soil function. It explains that soil serves several important functions like supporting plant growth, regulating water, recycling nutrients, providing habitat, and supporting construction. Soil health refers to the soil's ability to carry out these functions. The document then discusses the components of soil, including solids like sand, silt and clay, pore space, organic matter, and the role of aggregation and structure. It notes several characteristics of healthy soil and how intensive agriculture can damage soil health through tillage, lack of diversity and cover crops, and overuse of chemicals. This can trigger a downward spiral of loss of organic matter, structure, and function over time. Strategies to improve
Mulching for soil and Water ConservationGhulam Asghar
This document discusses mulching as a solution to problems in arid zones like low precipitation and high temperatures. It defines mulching as a layer of material applied to soil to maintain moisture and improve soil conditions. It describes organic mulches which are temporary and add organic matter and nutrients to soil, and inorganic mulches which do not decompose. The advantages of mulching are that it moderates soil temperature, reduces evaporation, stabilizes soil moisture, controls weeds and erosion, and provides nutrients as it breaks down. Mulching helps conserve water and soil in arid zones.
This document discusses soil fertility management and was written by Saman Jamil, a student in BSES 2, Semester 3 with a roll number of 2502. The document likely focuses on techniques for maintaining soil nutrients and productivity.
Urban agriculture involves cultivating, processing, and distributing food in and around cities. As populations grow and environmental impacts increase, urban agriculture can help address food security issues by producing food closer to populations. Urban agriculture takes many forms, from micro-farming in and around homes, to community gardens, institutional gardens, and various small-scale commercial farms raising plants, livestock, and fish. It is a creative solution to challenges cities face in feeding their residents.
Tillage operations are carried out to prepare soil for planting crops by improving tilth. Good tilth refers to soil that is porous and friable with balanced capillary and non-capillary pores. The objectives of tillage include preparing seed beds, controlling weeds, conserving soil and water, improving soil structure and aeration, increasing permeability, and destroying pests. Tillage influences soil physical properties like pore space, structure, bulk density and water content. Primary tillage includes plowing using various plows, while secondary tillage further breaks up clods and prepares seed beds through harrowing and planking. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage operations and their negative impacts.
This document discusses nutrient management for citrus orchards. It emphasizes the importance of proper orchard floor management to provide a good root environment. Techniques like minimizing cultivation, using cover crops, and applying mulch are recommended. The benefits of soil organic matter for nutrient retention and tree health are covered. Guidelines are provided for soil testing and applying the proper amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients based on soil conditions. Fertilizer sources and application timing are addressed. The importance of a balanced soil management program tailored to individual orchard needs is stressed.
This document summarizes the principles of biointensive gardening, which focuses on growing food with minimal resources through techniques like double digging, close plant spacing, and companion planting. It outlines the 9 main principles, which include deep soil preparation, high quality seeds, close plant spacing, watering, growing carbon crops, compost, crop rotation, companion planting, and a whole system approach. Details are provided on how to double dig beds, add compost and fertilizer, plant seeds and seedlings closely, grow carbon crops for composting, and ensure all principles are used together for success.
The document discusses the importance of soil health and its relationship to soil function. It explains that soil serves several important functions like supporting plant growth, regulating water, recycling nutrients, providing habitat, and supporting construction. Soil health refers to the soil's ability to carry out these functions. The document then discusses the components of soil, including solids like sand, silt and clay, pore space, organic matter, and the role of aggregation and structure. It notes several characteristics of healthy soil and how intensive agriculture can damage soil health through tillage, lack of diversity and cover crops, and overuse of chemicals. This can trigger a downward spiral of loss of organic matter, structure, and function over time. Strategies to improve
Mulching for soil and Water ConservationGhulam Asghar
This document discusses mulching as a solution to problems in arid zones like low precipitation and high temperatures. It defines mulching as a layer of material applied to soil to maintain moisture and improve soil conditions. It describes organic mulches which are temporary and add organic matter and nutrients to soil, and inorganic mulches which do not decompose. The advantages of mulching are that it moderates soil temperature, reduces evaporation, stabilizes soil moisture, controls weeds and erosion, and provides nutrients as it breaks down. Mulching helps conserve water and soil in arid zones.
This document discusses soil fertility management and was written by Saman Jamil, a student in BSES 2, Semester 3 with a roll number of 2502. The document likely focuses on techniques for maintaining soil nutrients and productivity.
Urban agriculture involves cultivating, processing, and distributing food in and around cities. As populations grow and environmental impacts increase, urban agriculture can help address food security issues by producing food closer to populations. Urban agriculture takes many forms, from micro-farming in and around homes, to community gardens, institutional gardens, and various small-scale commercial farms raising plants, livestock, and fish. It is a creative solution to challenges cities face in feeding their residents.
Tillage operations are carried out to prepare soil for planting crops by improving tilth. Good tilth refers to soil that is porous and friable with balanced capillary and non-capillary pores. The objectives of tillage include preparing seed beds, controlling weeds, conserving soil and water, improving soil structure and aeration, increasing permeability, and destroying pests. Tillage influences soil physical properties like pore space, structure, bulk density and water content. Primary tillage includes plowing using various plows, while secondary tillage further breaks up clods and prepares seed beds through harrowing and planking. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage operations and their negative impacts.
This document discusses nutrient management for citrus orchards. It emphasizes the importance of proper orchard floor management to provide a good root environment. Techniques like minimizing cultivation, using cover crops, and applying mulch are recommended. The benefits of soil organic matter for nutrient retention and tree health are covered. Guidelines are provided for soil testing and applying the proper amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients based on soil conditions. Fertilizer sources and application timing are addressed. The importance of a balanced soil management program tailored to individual orchard needs is stressed.
This document summarizes the principles of biointensive gardening, which focuses on growing food with minimal resources through techniques like double digging, close plant spacing, and companion planting. It outlines the 9 main principles, which include deep soil preparation, high quality seeds, close plant spacing, watering, growing carbon crops, compost, crop rotation, companion planting, and a whole system approach. Details are provided on how to double dig beds, add compost and fertilizer, plant seeds and seedlings closely, grow carbon crops for composting, and ensure all principles are used together for success.
The document discusses the role of mulching in crop production. It describes various types of mulches including organic mulches like grass, straw and sawdust, as well as synthetic mulches like black plastic, clear plastic and degradable plastic films. The document outlines the steps for laying mulch films in fruit crops and vegetable crops, including sizing the film, cutting it, cleaning the area, and fixing the film around plants. Mulching is beneficial as it conserves soil moisture, lowers soil temperature, and reduces weeds.
Fertilizer recommendation: Fertilizer application rate calculation and fertil...ClaudeTuyisenge
It is about soil fertility, fertilizer use, plant nutrition, and fertilization in soil fertility (Toprak verimliliğinde gübreleme). Particularly, it contains fertilizer calculation and fertilizer equations.
This document discusses the concept of water management in agriculture. It outlines that plants require water for various processes like nutrient uptake, structure, photosynthesis, and temperature regulation. Water management is defined as the integrated process of intake, conveyance, regulation, measurement, distribution, application and drainage of irrigation water to increase crop production. The major components are irrigation and drainage. Reasons for water management include shortage or excess of water, non-uniform distribution, and intensive cropping demands. Practices discussed include on-farm techniques like watercourse improvement and high efficiency irrigation systems, soil management methods, and crop management strategies.
Conservation agriculture: impact on soil health and crop productionCHETHAN BABU R T
Conservation agriculture practices can improve soil health and crop production by minimizing soil degradation. The seminar discusses conservation agriculture principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include reduced erosion, increased infiltration, organic matter buildup, and yields. Over 180 million hectares globally use conservation agriculture. Research shows no-till and residue retention improve soil structure, moisture, carbon, nutrients and biology compared to conventional tillage. Adoption faces challenges of equipment access and mindsets. Further research can optimize conservation agriculture techniques for different soils and cropping systems.
This document provides an overview of plant disease management. It defines plant disease and discusses the disease triangle of a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment. It describes different types of diseases including biotic caused by pathogens and abiotic from environmental issues. Common pathogens that cause biotic diseases are fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses. The document outlines methods for managing diseases including cultural practices like sanitation, resistant varieties, and manipulating the environment. It also discusses symptom identification, epidemiology, and integrated pest management approaches like biological, physical and chemical controls.
Pruning trees is important to remove hazards, improve structure, and provide clearance. It should be done at the proper time of year and using proper techniques like the three cut method to avoid included bark and promote compartmentalization. Pruning types include structural pruning to establish a strong structure, crown cleaning to remove deadwood, and crown thinning to improve health and appearance while following the 25% rule. Topping is not recommended as it can damage a tree.
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
) The phenomenon of organic agriculture has started in the 1930s and 1940s in the developed countries as a consequence of the raised dangerous effects of using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture on both health and environment. In other words, they were looking for safe food that is free of pesticides and additives (El-Meliegy, 2010).
Population began growing rapidly in the Western world during the industrial revolution (1760-1830). The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s, mainly due to increases in agricultural productivity and then with technology development and medical advancements, more diseases can be detected and after that reasons were revealed.
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse CropsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for greenhouse crops. It outlines the primary goals of IPM as optimizing pest control through the integration of cultural, physical, biological, and chemical practices while minimizing pesticide use. Key components of an IPM program include monitoring and record keeping to determine pest population levels, use of biological controls and biorational pesticides when possible, and sanitation to prevent pest issues. Major pests of greenhouse crops mentioned include aphids, thrips, whiteflies, and mites.
The document discusses planning and design considerations for greenhouses. It covers selecting a site, orientation, interior layout, structural design loads, foundations, frames, cladding materials, roof slope, and how interior components can influence the greenhouse environment. The key factors to consider for greenhouse design are the local climate conditions, structural support needs, optimizing light transmission, and minimizing shading from interior equipment.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 3 Soil Fertility EvaluationRai University
This document discusses soil fertility evaluation in India. It provides key landmarks in soil testing research from 1953-1980s. It describes various approaches used for soil testing and fertility evaluation including soil testing, plant analysis, biological tests, and soil test crop response correlation. The goal of soil fertility evaluation is to precisely predict fertilizer requirements for crops through calibration of soil test methods and establishing critical limits.
Challenges facing by the farmers in pulses production and productivity ?Suman Dey
This document discusses the challenges facing farmers in increasing pulses productivity and production in India. It outlines several key challenges, including agro-ecological constraints like low and erratic rainfall in rainfed areas as well as degraded soils, biological constraints as pulses have adapted to harsh conditions, biotic stresses from diseases and pests, inadequate seed availability and poor input use, socio-economic priorities that favor cereals over pulses, soil texture issues in low quality soils, and varietal constraints like a lack of high-yielding varieties. Addressing these challenges through improved seeds, greater input use, pest management, more stable markets, and new varieties adapted to local conditions is needed to boost pulses production in India.
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses sustainable agriculture and defines it as a farming system that mimics natural ecosystems by being profitable, environmentally friendly, and supporting communities.
2. Key aspects of sustainable agriculture include diversification of crops and livestock, applying organic matter to soils, using cover crops and crop rotations, and direct marketing to consumers.
3. The goals of sustainable agriculture are to provide secure livelihoods for farmers and rural communities, ensure access to healthy food for all, and preserve environmental resources like soil and water quality.
Zero tillage, also known as no-tillage, involves direct seeding of crops into untilled soil with minimal soil disturbance. It provides benefits such as conserving soil moisture, reducing erosion, and allowing timely sowing of crops. However, it also poses some challenges like increased soil compaction and potentially lower yields for some crops compared to conventional tillage. Overall, zero tillage is seen as an important conservation agriculture practice for improving the sustainability of cropping systems.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Agroecology is the study of agricultural systems and their interaction with the environment. It focuses on optimizing locally available resources through practices like crop rotation, polycultures, and agroforestry to reduce reliance on external inputs. Key principles of agroecology include recycling nutrients on the farm, integrating crops and livestock, and maintaining biodiversity. Agroecological strategies can improve productivity and sustainability while conserving natural resources long-term.
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
This document discusses principles of soil health and how soil functions. It explains that soil should manage energy flow from the sun, store and release water, and cycle nutrients. Soil health relies on a diverse community of organisms and having living roots in the ground as much as possible. Agricultural practices like tillage and overgrazing can disrupt these functions by destroying soil habitat and organisms. The document recommends managing for less soil disturbance, more plant diversity, keeping living roots, and keeping the soil covered to improve soil health.
This document discusses soil, agroecosystem, and landscape health as it relates to sustainable food production. It covers topics such as soil health being the basis for sustainability, agroecosystem health through mimicking natural systems like the slash and mulch system, and landscape health through connecting agroecosystems. Case studies are provided on projects taking a landscape approach like the Nature Conservancy's Cosumnes River Project. The overall message is that sustainable food production requires restoring soil, agroecosystems, and the connectivity of the landscape.
The document discusses the role of mulching in crop production. It describes various types of mulches including organic mulches like grass, straw and sawdust, as well as synthetic mulches like black plastic, clear plastic and degradable plastic films. The document outlines the steps for laying mulch films in fruit crops and vegetable crops, including sizing the film, cutting it, cleaning the area, and fixing the film around plants. Mulching is beneficial as it conserves soil moisture, lowers soil temperature, and reduces weeds.
Fertilizer recommendation: Fertilizer application rate calculation and fertil...ClaudeTuyisenge
It is about soil fertility, fertilizer use, plant nutrition, and fertilization in soil fertility (Toprak verimliliğinde gübreleme). Particularly, it contains fertilizer calculation and fertilizer equations.
This document discusses the concept of water management in agriculture. It outlines that plants require water for various processes like nutrient uptake, structure, photosynthesis, and temperature regulation. Water management is defined as the integrated process of intake, conveyance, regulation, measurement, distribution, application and drainage of irrigation water to increase crop production. The major components are irrigation and drainage. Reasons for water management include shortage or excess of water, non-uniform distribution, and intensive cropping demands. Practices discussed include on-farm techniques like watercourse improvement and high efficiency irrigation systems, soil management methods, and crop management strategies.
Conservation agriculture: impact on soil health and crop productionCHETHAN BABU R T
Conservation agriculture practices can improve soil health and crop production by minimizing soil degradation. The seminar discusses conservation agriculture principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include reduced erosion, increased infiltration, organic matter buildup, and yields. Over 180 million hectares globally use conservation agriculture. Research shows no-till and residue retention improve soil structure, moisture, carbon, nutrients and biology compared to conventional tillage. Adoption faces challenges of equipment access and mindsets. Further research can optimize conservation agriculture techniques for different soils and cropping systems.
This document provides an overview of plant disease management. It defines plant disease and discusses the disease triangle of a pathogen, susceptible host, and favorable environment. It describes different types of diseases including biotic caused by pathogens and abiotic from environmental issues. Common pathogens that cause biotic diseases are fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses. The document outlines methods for managing diseases including cultural practices like sanitation, resistant varieties, and manipulating the environment. It also discusses symptom identification, epidemiology, and integrated pest management approaches like biological, physical and chemical controls.
Pruning trees is important to remove hazards, improve structure, and provide clearance. It should be done at the proper time of year and using proper techniques like the three cut method to avoid included bark and promote compartmentalization. Pruning types include structural pruning to establish a strong structure, crown cleaning to remove deadwood, and crown thinning to improve health and appearance while following the 25% rule. Topping is not recommended as it can damage a tree.
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
) The phenomenon of organic agriculture has started in the 1930s and 1940s in the developed countries as a consequence of the raised dangerous effects of using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture on both health and environment. In other words, they were looking for safe food that is free of pesticides and additives (El-Meliegy, 2010).
Population began growing rapidly in the Western world during the industrial revolution (1760-1830). The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s, mainly due to increases in agricultural productivity and then with technology development and medical advancements, more diseases can be detected and after that reasons were revealed.
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse CropsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for greenhouse crops. It outlines the primary goals of IPM as optimizing pest control through the integration of cultural, physical, biological, and chemical practices while minimizing pesticide use. Key components of an IPM program include monitoring and record keeping to determine pest population levels, use of biological controls and biorational pesticides when possible, and sanitation to prevent pest issues. Major pests of greenhouse crops mentioned include aphids, thrips, whiteflies, and mites.
The document discusses planning and design considerations for greenhouses. It covers selecting a site, orientation, interior layout, structural design loads, foundations, frames, cladding materials, roof slope, and how interior components can influence the greenhouse environment. The key factors to consider for greenhouse design are the local climate conditions, structural support needs, optimizing light transmission, and minimizing shading from interior equipment.
B Sc Agri II Sc,Sf & Nm, U 3 Soil Fertility EvaluationRai University
This document discusses soil fertility evaluation in India. It provides key landmarks in soil testing research from 1953-1980s. It describes various approaches used for soil testing and fertility evaluation including soil testing, plant analysis, biological tests, and soil test crop response correlation. The goal of soil fertility evaluation is to precisely predict fertilizer requirements for crops through calibration of soil test methods and establishing critical limits.
Challenges facing by the farmers in pulses production and productivity ?Suman Dey
This document discusses the challenges facing farmers in increasing pulses productivity and production in India. It outlines several key challenges, including agro-ecological constraints like low and erratic rainfall in rainfed areas as well as degraded soils, biological constraints as pulses have adapted to harsh conditions, biotic stresses from diseases and pests, inadequate seed availability and poor input use, socio-economic priorities that favor cereals over pulses, soil texture issues in low quality soils, and varietal constraints like a lack of high-yielding varieties. Addressing these challenges through improved seeds, greater input use, pest management, more stable markets, and new varieties adapted to local conditions is needed to boost pulses production in India.
What is sustainable agriculture ppt Presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document discusses sustainable agriculture and defines it as a farming system that mimics natural ecosystems by being profitable, environmentally friendly, and supporting communities.
2. Key aspects of sustainable agriculture include diversification of crops and livestock, applying organic matter to soils, using cover crops and crop rotations, and direct marketing to consumers.
3. The goals of sustainable agriculture are to provide secure livelihoods for farmers and rural communities, ensure access to healthy food for all, and preserve environmental resources like soil and water quality.
Zero tillage, also known as no-tillage, involves direct seeding of crops into untilled soil with minimal soil disturbance. It provides benefits such as conserving soil moisture, reducing erosion, and allowing timely sowing of crops. However, it also poses some challenges like increased soil compaction and potentially lower yields for some crops compared to conventional tillage. Overall, zero tillage is seen as an important conservation agriculture practice for improving the sustainability of cropping systems.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Agroecology is the study of agricultural systems and their interaction with the environment. It focuses on optimizing locally available resources through practices like crop rotation, polycultures, and agroforestry to reduce reliance on external inputs. Key principles of agroecology include recycling nutrients on the farm, integrating crops and livestock, and maintaining biodiversity. Agroecological strategies can improve productivity and sustainability while conserving natural resources long-term.
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
This document discusses principles of soil health and how soil functions. It explains that soil should manage energy flow from the sun, store and release water, and cycle nutrients. Soil health relies on a diverse community of organisms and having living roots in the ground as much as possible. Agricultural practices like tillage and overgrazing can disrupt these functions by destroying soil habitat and organisms. The document recommends managing for less soil disturbance, more plant diversity, keeping living roots, and keeping the soil covered to improve soil health.
This document discusses soil, agroecosystem, and landscape health as it relates to sustainable food production. It covers topics such as soil health being the basis for sustainability, agroecosystem health through mimicking natural systems like the slash and mulch system, and landscape health through connecting agroecosystems. Case studies are provided on projects taking a landscape approach like the Nature Conservancy's Cosumnes River Project. The overall message is that sustainable food production requires restoring soil, agroecosystems, and the connectivity of the landscape.
The document discusses the history of famines and public plant breeding efforts to address food shortages. It notes that the Irish Potato Famine triggered efforts to find new crop genes, and a 1943 conference resolved to achieve freedom from hunger. Major 20th century famines killed millions. The Green Revolution increased wheat and rice yields through new semi-dwarf varieties, but concerns about its environmental impacts led to the concept of an "Evergreen Revolution" integrating natural resource management. Achieving this will require harmonizing organic farming with new genetics to address challenges like climate change.
Overview of Horticultural Programs at the MU Bradford Research CenterReinbottt
The document describes research and activities at BREC (Breeding, Physiology, and Plant Protection Research) including growing various crops like corn, shrimp, and prawns in different systems. It discusses the importance of cover crops and soil organic matter for soil health and reducing tillage. Various outreach events are mentioned like field days, a tomato festival, and educational activities with schools. The document proposes a plan to compost food waste from the university's dining halls and animal manure to grow vegetables to sell back to campus dining, completing a zero-waste cycle while providing educational opportunities.
1. The document discusses organic farming in India, highlighting that India has about 43,000 hectares of land under organic farming, which is only 0.03% of total agricultural land. It describes various methods and benefits of organic farming such as composting and use of farm yard manure to improve soil health and fertility in a sustainable manner.
2. Methods of organic farming discussed include practices like green manuring, use of organic wastes to produce compost, and different types of organic fertilizers derived from plants and animal sources. The document emphasizes the need for organic farming to maintain ecological balance and soil productivity while being economically viable.
3. Making "Magic Compost" using materials like cow dung,
Organic grain cropping systems aim to improve soil quality, nutrient cycling and pest management through practices like crop rotations, cover crops and selecting adapted crop varieties. Research shows organic systems can increase ecosystem services like soil carbon sequestration compared to conventional no-till systems. Cover crops play an important role by suppressing weeds, improving soil fertility and potentially increasing crop yields. Mixtures of cover crop species are particularly beneficial as they make more complete use of soil nutrients and space. Organic systems face challenges like increased weed pressure initially, so cultural practices and competitive crop varieties are important for weed management. More long-term research is still needed to fully understand the sustainability and impacts of organic grain cropping systems.
Organic grain cropping systems aim to improve soil quality, nutrient cycling, and pest management through practices like crop rotations, cover crops, and integrating livestock. Research shows organic systems can increase soil carbon sequestration, nitrogen fertility, and some ecosystem services compared to conventional no-till systems. Effective weed management in organic systems relies on cultural practices, like competitive crop varieties and cover crops, rather than herbicides. Cover crop mixtures may provide greater benefits than individual species by utilizing resources more completely and suppressing weeds through allelopathy. Further research is still needed to fully understand long-term impacts and ensure organic grain production remains sustainable.
This document discusses the benefits of organic farming using vermicompost (earthworm compost) as an alternative to chemical farming. It summarizes that chemical farming has degraded soils and harmed human health over decades of use, while earthworm compost can boost crop production without chemicals while improving soil and sequestering carbon. Earthworm compost is shown to be highly nutritive for plants, rich in nutrients and beneficial microbes, and can help protect against pests and diseases. Organic farming with vermicompost also produces safer, more nutritive foods and mitigates environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions and soil degradation caused by chemical agriculture.
Organic Farming by Vermiculture: Producing Safe, Nutritive and Protective Foo...x3G9
1. Chemical agriculture has boosted food production but damaged soils, decreased food nutrition, and harmed human health through pesticide poisoning.
2. Organic farming using earthworm vermicompost can produce high, nutritious yields while improving soil fertility and suppressing pests in a sustainable way.
3. Vermicompost is rich in nutrients, beneficial microbes, and plant growth hormones, and helps retain soil carbon and moisture to reduce emissions and irrigation needs.
Sustainable Agriculture and the Future of FoodPablo Martin
This slideshow discusses a number of different approaches to sustainable agriculture with a focus on ways to minimize environmental impacts. The influence of Borlaug and Vogt on agriculture are discussed as well.
Organic soil management practices inherently support people, the planet, and profit through soil conservation. When soil is managed organically per USDA standards, it supports human health by improving nutritional value and reducing contaminants in foods. It also improves planetary health by increasing soil carbon sequestration, nitrogen fixation, and biodiversity. Organic soil management is profitable for farmers due to consumer demand and appreciation for organic foods. Organic agriculture is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the US.
The document summarizes food resources and agriculture. It discusses the major sources of food for humans as croplands, rangelands, and fisheries. It then describes two main types of agriculture - industrialized agriculture which uses high inputs and traditional agriculture which is more common in developing nations. Traditional agriculture can be intensive or subsistence. The document also discusses some issues with modern industrialized agriculture such as fertilizer and pesticide problems, water logging, and salinity.
The document discusses the role of agricultural biodiversity in improving nutrition and diets in developing countries. It notes that loss of biodiversity has contributed to poor nutrition outcomes and outlines several traditional agroecosystems that optimize both yields and nutrient outputs through the use of diverse crop combinations and intercropping practices. These systems provide dietary diversity and complementarities that help address micronutrient deficiencies. The document also raises important open questions about how to scale agricultural biodiversity approaches to improve nutrition security.
R br env107 lec15 -sustainable agricuturesaifmahabub1
The document discusses sustainable agriculture. It defines sustainable agriculture as a system that satisfies food and fiber needs, enhances environmental quality, efficiently uses resources, sustains economic viability, and enhances quality of life. Key aspects of sustainable agriculture include soil conservation, crop diversity, integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, water conservation, and agroforestry. The document also discusses sustainable agriculture practices for Bangladesh such as characteristics, challenges, and elements of sustainable agriculture including arable land management and integrated nutrient management.
Dietary Choices That Impact The EnvironmentmsMathTeacher
This document discusses the environmental impacts of various dietary choices. It finds that meat-based diets require more resources like land, water, and energy than lacto-ovo vegetarian or vegan diets. Producing 1 gram of animal protein requires much more land, water, and fossil fuels than producing 1 gram of plant protein. Shifting toward more plant-based diets would reduce environmental impacts and be more sustainable for feeding the global population into the future. The document encourages eating locally grown, organic, plant-based foods for a healthier diet that is also better for the environment.
The document summarizes findings from the Haughley Experiment, a long-term study comparing organic and chemically-treated farming systems. The experiment found that the organic system, which used rotations and recycled nutrients without chemicals, produced higher quality soil and crops while requiring less inputs. Soil under organic management had higher humus, more available minerals that fluctuated with plant needs, and crops showed greater disease resistance and nutritional quality. The study provided evidence that organic methods can produce sustainable agriculture without chemical intervention.
Impact of Crop Rotation in maintaining Soil FertilityNishanth S
Crop rotation plays a vital role in managing soil fertility and health in several ways. It improves soil physical properties like water infiltration and aeration by stimulating microbial communities and soil aggregation. Different crops have varying nutrient needs, so a crop rotation approach incorporating legumes, cover crops, and amendments can effectively meet crop nutrient demands while adding organic matter and cycling nutrients. Proper planning and maintenance of crop rotations can control erosion, compaction, crusting, nutrient imbalance, pesticide carryover, and improve soil biological activity.
Garden Insect Pest Management in the Home Vegetable Garden - Auburn UniversityFawn85w
This document provides recommendations for managing common insect pests in home vegetable gardens. It begins by outlining cultural practices like using healthy soil, companion planting, crop rotation, diversified planting, mulching, and attracting beneficial insects to help prevent pest issues. It then discusses specific management strategies for common soil pests like cutworms, wireworms, and white grubs, emphasizing cultural controls like tilling and using barriers or baits as needed. Finally, it gives recommendations for above-ground pests like aphids, cabbage worms, and Colorado potato beetles, focusing on monitoring, handpicking, using row covers and traps, and applying pesticides only as a last resort. The overall approach emphasizes cultural and
Good Companions: The Science Behind Companion PlantingFawn85w
Rothamsted Research is investigating companion planting strategies to protect crops through beneficial plant interactions. One such strategy is "push-pull", where desmodium planted between crop rows repels stem borer pests ("push") while a trap crop like Napier grass lures them away ("pull"). This has helped over 3000 African farmers increase maize yields by 40-100% while also providing livestock fodder. Scientists are determining the ecological mechanisms behind push-pull and similar systems to maintain their effectiveness over time.
Good Food Project Organic Gardens by Food Bank of Central LouisianaFawn85w
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Grow Biointensive Farming and Gardening a Sustainable Agricultural System - North Carolina State University
1. Grow Biointensive
Farming and Gardening
A Sustainable Agricultural System
Seasons of Sustainable Agriculture
September 15, 2008
Steve Moore
North Carolina State University
Center for Environmental Farming Systems, CEFS
Goldsboro NC
Steve_moore@ncsu.edu, 919 218 4642
2.
3. Historical Perspective
(Ancient)
Chinese Agriculture - 4,000-6,000
years old
Japanese Agriculture - 2,000-6,000
years old
Greek Agriculture – 2,000 years old
Bolivian, Peruvian, Mayan
Agriculture – 1,000 years old
4. Historical Perspective
(Resent)
Monastary “preserves”
French Intensive
Bio-Dynamics (Steiner)
Bio-Dynamic/French Intensive – Alan
Chadwick at Santa Cruz
Grow Biointensive – John Jeavons at
Ecology Action, Willits CA.
5. Current agricultural Problems
More people to feed and less land
10 calories of Fossil fuel to produce
1 calorie of food
Declining water availability (40% of grain
irrigated)
Reduced genetic base; over 95% of seed
varieties ever used have been lost
Declining nutrient quality of food
6. Advantages of Biointensive Agriculture
Produce 2-6 times as much food in the
same area
Reduce the energy demands (almost
eliminate fossil fuels)
Use water 3-8 times more effectively
Develop a local, diverse, and secure seed
base
Provide self contained closed loop fertility
7.
8. 8 Basic Components of Biointensive
Deep soil preparation Compost
allows obtained from
Close plant spacing Sustainable soil fertility
and the practice of which provides a
Companion planting Complete diet
using within a
Open pollinated seeds Whole system
fed by
17. Root Depth of Selected Vegetables
(from “How to Grow More Vegetables”)
18. One ounce of healthy soil
has…
Several billion bacteria (15,000 different kinds)
3 million yeast
1.4 million algae
1 million protozoa
Macro vertebrates:
(worms, mites, millipedes,
centipedes and insects)
19. Importance of Rhizosphere
100 times the biological activity
Buffers pH +/- 10 times (1 pH point)
Solubilize nutrients from soil
20. Nutrient Availability
Biological activity increases nutrients in
several ways (pH and metabolic byproducts)
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
Organic vs inorganic systems
(Journal of nutrition)
21. Soil pH and Nutrient Availability
(from “Methods for Assessing Soil Quality”)
31. Compost for maximum return
C:N ratio (45-60:1)
Mesophylic pile temperature
Add soil
Use Structural carbon (waxes, cellulose,
lignins)
Correct moisture (55%)
32. Compost Crops
1/3 of total area dedicated to carbon for
soil
Multiple duty crops
Carbon examples: Corn, Jerusalem
Artichokes, Grains, Sunflowers
Nitrogen examples: Fava beans, alfalfa,
comfrey
40. Permaculture
Use the natural properties Add enhancements
of your land Rain water collecting
Sun Extend the season
Wind Container gardening
Shade Indoor gardening
Slope
41. Energy Use in Chemical Agriculture
17% off US energy is used for Agriculture
The Green Revolution increased the
energy flow by an average of 50 times
In 1990 we used 100 gal of oil to produce
food on one acre
Oil reserves will be insufficient to meet
demand by 2020 (UN Development
Programme)
42. Energy Use in Organic Agriculture
Uses less fossil fuel fertilizers (31% 0f
chemical agriculture budget)
Many studies have indicated that organic
is only 58-90% as productive
As a result, in some cases, organic
actually uses more energy per yield than
chemical agriculture.
43.
44. Agricultural Productivity
Peppers; 11 times (1100%) the US Average
Eggplant; 7 times the US Average
Carrots; 7.4 times the US Average,
487 lbs./bed (100 sq. ft.)
Onions; 4.2 times the US Average, 380 lbs./bed
Rye; 12 times the US Average
Garlic; 3 times the US Average
50. Steve Moore
steve_moore@ncsu.edu
919-218-4642
For more information on
Biointensive contact:
Ecology Action
www.growbiointensive.org
5798 Ridgewood Rd.
Willits CA 95490