This document describes the intensive cultivation of Moringa oleifera trees in northern Senegal to produce leaf powder. A 3-hectare plantation was established with 1 million trees per hectare planted in rows 10cm apart. The trees are irrigated, fertilized, and harvested every 2 months to produce around 100kg of dried leaf powder per week for use in malnutrition prevention programs. Production costs are high at $4.30 per kilogram due to labor and fertilizer expenses. The goal is to sustainably produce 20 tons of leaf powder annually to address nutrition issues in West Africa.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
Protected cultivation involves growing crops under protective structures to modify the environment for optimal plant growth. The three main methods are mulching, row covers, and greenhouses. Greenhouses provide the highest level of environmental control through transparent enclosures that regulate sunlight, temperature, humidity, and prevent pest and disease entry. Protected cultivation can improve crop yields and provide year-round production by mitigating environmental stresses like heavy rain, strong winds, and extreme temperatures.
Effects of Different Mulching Materials and Plant Densities on the Environmen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Greenhouse Vegetable Production Background[1]guest73bbac2
This document provides information on greenhouse bell pepper production in Leamington, Ontario presented by Drs. Ozair Chaudhry and Muhammed Saeed. It discusses the greenhouse structure, operation, bell pepper production process including planting, harvesting, and packing, as well as the economics of greenhouse bell pepper production. Specifically, it outlines the phases of study, typical gutter-connected greenhouse design, environmental control systems, seedling planting procedures, factors that influence growth and development, harvesting seasons and yields, packing and storage processes, and the costs and revenues associated with greenhouse bell pepper production.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
Protected cultivation involves growing crops under protective structures to modify the environment for optimal plant growth. The three main methods are mulching, row covers, and greenhouses. Greenhouses provide the highest level of environmental control through transparent enclosures that regulate sunlight, temperature, humidity, and prevent pest and disease entry. Protected cultivation can improve crop yields and provide year-round production by mitigating environmental stresses like heavy rain, strong winds, and extreme temperatures.
Effects of Different Mulching Materials and Plant Densities on the Environmen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Greenhouse Vegetable Production Background[1]guest73bbac2
This document provides information on greenhouse bell pepper production in Leamington, Ontario presented by Drs. Ozair Chaudhry and Muhammed Saeed. It discusses the greenhouse structure, operation, bell pepper production process including planting, harvesting, and packing, as well as the economics of greenhouse bell pepper production. Specifically, it outlines the phases of study, typical gutter-connected greenhouse design, environmental control systems, seedling planting procedures, factors that influence growth and development, harvesting seasons and yields, packing and storage processes, and the costs and revenues associated with greenhouse bell pepper production.
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Protected cultivation practices involve controlling the microclimate around plants for optimal growth. In Haryana State, India, polygreenhouses, net houses, and other protected structures are commonly used. Polyhouse cultivation has increased production of vegetables and extended the growing season. Greenhouses allow precise control of the environment to achieve high yields. They are classified based on technology level as low-cost, medium-tech, or high-tech depending on the automatic controls. Greenhouse design and components like irrigation systems also influence their effectiveness for crop production.
Low tunnel technology is used to grow cucurbitaceous vegetables out of season by protecting crops from frost and chilling. It involves constructing low tunnels using polyethylene sheets supported by bamboo poles. This traps heat inside and allows cultivation from December to February. Key benefits include higher yields, less water and fertilizer use, and overcoming challenges like cold temperatures and pests. Studies show growing cucumbers and other cucurbits under low tunnels can advance harvest by 30 days and increase profits compared to open field cultivation. Guidelines for successful use include proper orientation of tunnels, quality seeds, pest management, and timely irrigation.
protected cultivation of high value vegetablesabhishek rana
The document discusses protected cultivation of vegetables and fruits at the Centre of Excellence for Vegetables in Karnal, Haryana. It provides information on organic farming techniques like vermicomposting and NADEP composting. It also describes the benefits of polyhouses and highlights different types like polytunnels, walk-in tunnels, and insect-proof polyhouses. Furthermore, it discusses high-tech greenhouse cultivation of vegetables like tomatoes. Seedlings are grown using a soil-less medium and common diseases like damping off are controlled through various treatments.
This document discusses protective structures used for vegetable production. It defines protective structures as facilities that provide protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The main types discussed are greenhouses, plastic houses, and screen houses. Greenhouses allow control of environmental conditions while plastic houses are simpler structures made of frames and plastic covering. The document outlines the global use of protective structures, components, construction considerations like orientation, cooling systems, and microclimate factors. It concludes with problems like high costs and the need for adapted structures and technologies in different climates.
This document describes the pit composting method. Pit composting involves digging a pit in the ground and filling it with layers of organic materials like plant waste, manure, and kitchen scraps. The layers are alternated with a liquid inoculant and kept moist. After several months, the organic material will have decomposed to produce compost. Benefits of pit composting include containing odors and being inexpensive and simple to implement, though it requires more labor than other composting methods and lacks aeration.
Vermiculture: A Sustainable System for Solid Waste Treatmentx3G9
This document summarizes a paper on vermiculture as a sustainable method for solid waste treatment. It describes vermiculture as the process of using worms to decompose organic food waste into nutrient-rich material. The summary explains that vermiculture is a simple, effective, and environmentally friendly method that saves resources while producing a product that improves soil quality. Various types of worms and reactor/farming systems used in vermiculture are also outlined.
Soil moisture, nutrients, and weeds in no tilluiolgawalsh
This document discusses the benefits of no-till farming for soil moisture, nutrients, and weed control. It begins with an overview of the history of tillage and the dust bowl era that drove adoption of conservation tillage. No-till farming maintains soil moisture by leaving crop residue to reduce evaporation and erosion. It also builds soil organic matter and nutrients over time by keeping roots and residues in the soil. While no-till increases dependence on herbicides for weed control, precision weeders can reduce herbicide usage. Overall, no-till can help ensure more sustainable agricultural systems.
Role of protected cultivation in fruit cropsPraveen Mishra
This document discusses the role of protected cultivation in fruit crops. It defines protected cultivation as intensive agricultural systems that use structures like greenhouses, tunnels, shade nets, and mulches to control the environment and minimize pesticide use. These structures allow year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less impact from weather events. The document provides examples of different protected cultivation technologies and their benefits for various fruit crops like strawberries, bananas, cherries, peaches, and blueberries. It summarizes research showing increased yields, reduced pest problems, and improved quality and harvest times with protected cultivation systems.
net house cultivation of vegetables in Punjab An Economic Analysisramanraman
This document provides an introduction and background on vegetable production in India. It discusses how vegetables are important for nutrition and soil health. Though India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally, per capita consumption is below recommended levels. The document then discusses how the Green Revolution led to a shift in Punjab towards wheat and rice production, creating problems of soil degradation, pests, and groundwater depletion. It argues that vegetable production could provide a more sustainable alternative. The remainder of the document outlines the objectives and organization of the study.
The document describes the design of a low-cost detachable roof greenhouse that allows for year-round cultivation of tomatoes and capsicums. The greenhouse structure is covered with insect-proof netting, but has a detachable roof that can be covered with either a UV-stabilized plastic film or a shade net. This allows the greenhouse environment to be suitable for different seasons - as a greenhouse in winter, a rain shelter in monsoon, and providing shade in summer. The detachable roof design allows temperature and light intensity to be reduced in summer to suitable levels for crop growth, enabling year-round cultivation in a single structure at low cost.
The document provides details on the layout and components of an ideal nursery, including:
1. Major components include a mother block, seed beds, pot yard, packing yard, compost pit, irrigation system, roads, drainage, and administrative buildings.
2. The nursery layout should be compact and rectangular to minimize boundaries, and include windbreaks along the perimeter.
3. Important factors in site selection are water availability, size, drainage, access, soil conditions, sunlight exposure, and wind protection.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
Situation of land holding in India….
Problems….
Solution….
-Multi layer farming….
Project introduction
Selected crop information
Project description
Basic principle of multi-layer farming
Benefits of multi layer farming
Conclusion
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Protected cultivation practices involve controlling the microclimate around plants for optimal growth. In Haryana State, India, polygreenhouses, net houses, and other protected structures are commonly used. Polyhouse cultivation has increased production of vegetables and extended the growing season. Greenhouses allow precise control of the environment to achieve high yields. They are classified based on technology level as low-cost, medium-tech, or high-tech depending on the automatic controls. Greenhouse design and components like irrigation systems also influence their effectiveness for crop production.
Low tunnel technology is used to grow cucurbitaceous vegetables out of season by protecting crops from frost and chilling. It involves constructing low tunnels using polyethylene sheets supported by bamboo poles. This traps heat inside and allows cultivation from December to February. Key benefits include higher yields, less water and fertilizer use, and overcoming challenges like cold temperatures and pests. Studies show growing cucumbers and other cucurbits under low tunnels can advance harvest by 30 days and increase profits compared to open field cultivation. Guidelines for successful use include proper orientation of tunnels, quality seeds, pest management, and timely irrigation.
protected cultivation of high value vegetablesabhishek rana
The document discusses protected cultivation of vegetables and fruits at the Centre of Excellence for Vegetables in Karnal, Haryana. It provides information on organic farming techniques like vermicomposting and NADEP composting. It also describes the benefits of polyhouses and highlights different types like polytunnels, walk-in tunnels, and insect-proof polyhouses. Furthermore, it discusses high-tech greenhouse cultivation of vegetables like tomatoes. Seedlings are grown using a soil-less medium and common diseases like damping off are controlled through various treatments.
This document discusses protective structures used for vegetable production. It defines protective structures as facilities that provide protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The main types discussed are greenhouses, plastic houses, and screen houses. Greenhouses allow control of environmental conditions while plastic houses are simpler structures made of frames and plastic covering. The document outlines the global use of protective structures, components, construction considerations like orientation, cooling systems, and microclimate factors. It concludes with problems like high costs and the need for adapted structures and technologies in different climates.
This document describes the pit composting method. Pit composting involves digging a pit in the ground and filling it with layers of organic materials like plant waste, manure, and kitchen scraps. The layers are alternated with a liquid inoculant and kept moist. After several months, the organic material will have decomposed to produce compost. Benefits of pit composting include containing odors and being inexpensive and simple to implement, though it requires more labor than other composting methods and lacks aeration.
Vermiculture: A Sustainable System for Solid Waste Treatmentx3G9
This document summarizes a paper on vermiculture as a sustainable method for solid waste treatment. It describes vermiculture as the process of using worms to decompose organic food waste into nutrient-rich material. The summary explains that vermiculture is a simple, effective, and environmentally friendly method that saves resources while producing a product that improves soil quality. Various types of worms and reactor/farming systems used in vermiculture are also outlined.
Soil moisture, nutrients, and weeds in no tilluiolgawalsh
This document discusses the benefits of no-till farming for soil moisture, nutrients, and weed control. It begins with an overview of the history of tillage and the dust bowl era that drove adoption of conservation tillage. No-till farming maintains soil moisture by leaving crop residue to reduce evaporation and erosion. It also builds soil organic matter and nutrients over time by keeping roots and residues in the soil. While no-till increases dependence on herbicides for weed control, precision weeders can reduce herbicide usage. Overall, no-till can help ensure more sustainable agricultural systems.
Role of protected cultivation in fruit cropsPraveen Mishra
This document discusses the role of protected cultivation in fruit crops. It defines protected cultivation as intensive agricultural systems that use structures like greenhouses, tunnels, shade nets, and mulches to control the environment and minimize pesticide use. These structures allow year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less impact from weather events. The document provides examples of different protected cultivation technologies and their benefits for various fruit crops like strawberries, bananas, cherries, peaches, and blueberries. It summarizes research showing increased yields, reduced pest problems, and improved quality and harvest times with protected cultivation systems.
net house cultivation of vegetables in Punjab An Economic Analysisramanraman
This document provides an introduction and background on vegetable production in India. It discusses how vegetables are important for nutrition and soil health. Though India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally, per capita consumption is below recommended levels. The document then discusses how the Green Revolution led to a shift in Punjab towards wheat and rice production, creating problems of soil degradation, pests, and groundwater depletion. It argues that vegetable production could provide a more sustainable alternative. The remainder of the document outlines the objectives and organization of the study.
The document describes the design of a low-cost detachable roof greenhouse that allows for year-round cultivation of tomatoes and capsicums. The greenhouse structure is covered with insect-proof netting, but has a detachable roof that can be covered with either a UV-stabilized plastic film or a shade net. This allows the greenhouse environment to be suitable for different seasons - as a greenhouse in winter, a rain shelter in monsoon, and providing shade in summer. The detachable roof design allows temperature and light intensity to be reduced in summer to suitable levels for crop growth, enabling year-round cultivation in a single structure at low cost.
The document provides details on the layout and components of an ideal nursery, including:
1. Major components include a mother block, seed beds, pot yard, packing yard, compost pit, irrigation system, roads, drainage, and administrative buildings.
2. The nursery layout should be compact and rectangular to minimize boundaries, and include windbreaks along the perimeter.
3. Important factors in site selection are water availability, size, drainage, access, soil conditions, sunlight exposure, and wind protection.
The Effect of Mulching on Soil Moisture Retention and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different mulching materials on soil moisture retention and yield of lettuce at the greenhouse located at Luyengo campus of the University of Eswatini during the months of January and February, 2019. The treatments consisted of grass mulch (GM), Plastic mulch (PM), leaf debris mulch (LM), and no mulch (NM) which was used as a control. Each of the treatments had four replications. The organic mulch was applied at a thickness of 10 cm, and the plots for experiments were randomly selected. Each plant received 600 cm 3 of water every 3 days using a homemade drip irrigation system (equivalent to 6 mm per irrigation circle). Data on soil moisture content was collected using the gravimetric method every 3 days (before irrigation).The growth parameters of the lettuce plants that were collected weekly were plant height, leaf number and leaf area. Both wet weight and dry weight yield were determined for each plot at the end of the experiment (six weeks after planting). Data collected was coded and entered into SPSS computer software. Data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significance difference (LSD) test to determine if means were significantly different. The results showed that GM treatment had high mean moisture retention at 9.3%. It was followed by PM and LM at 8.9%. The lowest moisture retention was realized from the control (No mulching) at 7.9%.The differences in mean moisture retention was significant between NM and NM (p<0.05). The same pattern was observed for the growth parameters, where GN had highest values and the control had the lowest values. The wet mass yield was highest for GM, at 164.7 g. The yield from LM was 149.3 g. It was followed by PM at 141.3 g. The lowest yield was obtained from the control at 108 g. The difference in mean yields for GM and NM were significant (p<0.05). They were not significantly different for all the other treatments (p>0.050. It was concluded from the experiment that grass mulching resulted in improved moisture retention and high yields.
Situation of land holding in India….
Problems….
Solution….
-Multi layer farming….
Project introduction
Selected crop information
Project description
Basic principle of multi-layer farming
Benefits of multi layer farming
Conclusion
This document discusses the importance of cover crops in conservation agriculture systems. It notes that a permanent year-round soil cover is central to conservation agriculture. It then discusses the benefits of soil cover, including protecting the soil, improving soil moisture and structure, and providing habitat for other organisms. The document outlines different types of soil cover, including living cover crops and mulch. It provides examples of cover crops and their characteristics. It discusses managing cover crops, including seed sources, planting methods, and challenges to adoption. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of soil cover for sustainable agriculture.
This study evaluated the effects of mulch type, ground cover percentage, and sucker management on the growth and yield of pineapple in Ethiopia from 2006-2010. Coffee husk mulch and a ground cover of 100% (82.4 t/ha) produced the highest fruit yields. Retaining two suckers per plant also maximized yield. The optimal management practices were determined to be using coffee husk mulch at 100% ground cover while retaining two suckers per plant.
The effect of Poultry manure on M. excelsa seedlingsPhilip Dugbley
This study examined the effects of different levels of poultry manure on the growth of Milicia excelsa seedlings. Seedlings were treated with 0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, or 3.6 kg of poultry manure. Height, number of leaves, diameter, and survival were measured every two weeks for 12 weeks. Results showed that higher manure levels increased height and number of leaves but not diameter. Survival was not significantly affected by manure level.
Innovative Tunnel Farming Practice in Pakistanusamaarrain
It is prepared by Muhammad Usama = 2013-UAM-33 (03087493862) Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics MNS-University of Agriculture Multan Pakistan
All the data contains real estimate and pure authentic 100% purely practical application
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Mulching and Tied Ridges as A Moisture Conservation Strategy to Improve the Y...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of soil moisture conservation techniques on improving sorghum yield in a semi-arid rural area of Swaziland. The four treatments were; planting sorghum on flat soil (F), planting on tied ridges (T), planting on mulched soil (M) and planting on a combination of tied ridges and mulch (TM). Sorghum planted on flat soil was used as control in the experiment. The sorghum variety 8625 was planted. The experiment was complete randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters measured were; grain yield, total biomass yield, soil moisture suction and grain moisture content at harvest. The grain yields from all the other treatments (mulching, tied ridges, tied ridges with mulching) were higher than those of the control (flat planting). The grain yield from TM was the highest at an average of 10.002 tons/ha. It was significantly different from that of T and F (p<0.05).>0.05). The results showed that a combination of tied ridges and mulching provided superior results in terms of grain yield, dry matter yield and soil moisture suction. Mulching and tied ridges also yielded results that were better than the control (F).
Effect of tillage practices on moisture retention and maize (Zea mays L.) per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of tillage practices on moisture retention and maize performance under rainfed conditions in Swaziland. The five treatments were based on structure of seedbed and seed planting method. They were ; zero tillage where jab planter was used to directly seed (JAB), tractor drawn planter to directly seed without ploughing (TDSS), tractor drawn cultivator to loosen soil followed by planting with tractor planter (TDRDS), planting basics made by using hand hoe (PLB) and conventional tillage (CNT) which was used as a control. The treatments were replicated three times. The data collected included weather data, germination counts, plant height, moisture retention, total dry matter and dry grain yield. The results displayed a significant difference in terms of moisture retention for the majority of the periods where measurements were done (p<0.05).>0.05).
The document provides instructions for various agri-fishery arts activities including:
1. Preparing land for planting by removing grass, plowing, and digging holes.
2. Planting trees by digging holes, adding compost, and staking trees for support.
3. Watering plants through natural rainfall, manual watering with tools, or artificial sources like wells and dams.
4. Fertilizing soil using organic fertilizers produced through composting or liquid fertilizers made from fruits and vegetables.
Effects of varying levels of inorganic fertilizer application on the undergro...Alexander Decker
1) The study examined the effects of varying levels of inorganic fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 200 kg/ha NPK 15:15:15) on the root and nutrient response of Panicum maximum cv. T58.
2) Root length, root weight, and biomass yield all increased significantly with increasing fertilizer levels and harvest age. The longest root length was 79.5cm at 100kg/ha.
3) Crude protein, ash, and phosphorus levels in the forage increased with higher fertilizer levels and later harvest, while crude fiber decreased. Dry matter and potassium also rose with fertilizer addition and age.
The effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of Spinach (Spinacia oler...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Luyengo campus of the University of Swaziland to determine the effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of spinach. The experiment was conducted between the months of January and February, 2017. The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD), with treated sewage mulch (TSM) and organic compost mulch (OCM) as treatments. The no mulch (NML) was used as a control. Spinach seedlings were planted at a spacing of 15 cm within rows and 30 cm between rows. Weeding and pest control measures were done uniformly across the treatments, when and as required. The data collected included the percentage moisture retained by the different treatments on the soil, growth parameters (leaf width, leaf length, leaf number, leaf area, plant height) and yield at harvest. The results displayed a significant difference (P<0.05)><0.05). The yield also varied across the treatments as TSM had a dry mass of 43.0 g, followed by OCM at 23.4 g and the no mulch treatment recorded a dry mass of 20.9 g. The results showed that mulching improved the performance of the spinach plants in terms of plant growth, moisture retention and yield.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
This document summarizes a study that determined the water requirements, crop coefficients, and effects of deficit irrigation on hot pepper growth. The study found that:
1) Hot pepper requires about 587mm of water over the growing season under full irrigation.
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3) Deficit irrigation of up to 20% (80% water requirement) had no significant effects on pepper growth, development, or fruiting.
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
ISSN 2321 – 9602
It appears that you are providing information about the publication process of IAJAVS International Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Science. it seems to prioritize a fast publication schedule while maintaining rigorous peer review of the journals in research.
Smart viticulture practices such as efficient use of rootstocks, canopy management, and bud testing can help produce higher quality grapes by balancing the vine, improving light harvesting, and minimizing stresses. These practices aim to close the gap between potential and actual yields impacted by drought, salinity, and climate variation. Adopting techniques enabled by artificial intelligence and digital platforms can further help combat biotic and abiotic stresses and sustain grape production under changing climatic conditions.
The Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Irrigation with Treated WastewaterMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a three-year study on the response of four chickpea cultivars (Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan, ICC 11293) to irrigation with treated wastewater versus freshwater. The results showed that the Bulgarit and ICC 11293 cultivars maintained yield when irrigated with treated wastewater, and even saw some biological growth improvements. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant yield reductions when irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater. Soil analysis found no significant difference between the two irrigation water types.
Evolution of soil fertility of two experimental plots under Lippia multiflora...AI Publications
The development of a growing system involves knowledge of soil quality and key aspects relating to planting density among others. In general, the understanding and definition of sustainable soil fertility management practices is necessary in enabling better use of soil resources and ultimately improvement of crop productivity. This study was conducted in the communities of Toumodi and Azaguie to assess the influence of The Lippia multiflora culture on the initial soil characteristics depending on the study site and planting density. At each of the study sites and ten (10) months after planting, twelve (12) pedoological pits, 60 cm x 50 cm x 60 cm, were opened in the immediate environment of the Lippia multiflora plants, at the plots of density treatments 4444 plants.ha-1, 20000 plants.ha-1 and 40,000 plants.ha-1, at the rate of three (3) profiles per treatment. A total of thirty-two (32) composite soil samples were collected per study site at the level of the different treatments, i.e. sixteen (16) samples per layer considered, equivalent to four (4) samples per treatment. The results obtained indicate that; after ten (10) months of cultivation, there was at the 0 - 20 cm layers of the soil, of each of the experimental plots, a decrease in the content of clay, organic matter and basic cations as well as acidification soil with planting density, particularly at the Azaguié experimental site. Most of the roots are found in the 0-30 cm layer. The results of this study will play a key role in coming up with technical innovations aimed at improving soil fertility management and agronomic performance of Lippia multiflora-based cultivation system development.
Similar to Intensive moringa-oleifera-cultivations-instructions (20)
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Moringa Oleifera, A Supermarket On A Tree
Moringa oleifera is extremely rich in vital nutrients and, as a bonus, can grow very fast in dry areas of the world, where food is scarce. Since ancient times, Moringa was used as a medicinal plant, known to heal and ease a wide number of diseases: from various inflammations to cancer, to parasitic diseases and diabetes. In more recent times, Moringa has gained notoriety as a nutrition power plant that can feed the needy and, in fact, save lives. And eyes… from blindness due to lack of vital nutrients such as vitamin A in the diet.
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This document provides information on the uses, cultivation, and production of Moringa oleifera (moringa). It discusses how almost all parts of the moringa tree are used for food, oil, fiber, and medicine in many cultures. Commercially, mature seeds are used to produce oil and the seed cake leftover is used as fertilizer and for water purification. Leaves are commonly eaten and used as livestock feed. The document provides details on moringa's botanical description, environmental preferences, growth, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It highlights that moringa is widely adapted to tropical and subtropical regions, and almost every part of the plant has uses.
1. INTENSIVE MORINGA OLEIFERA CULTIVATION IN THE
NORTH OF SENEGAL
Document prepared by Caroline Olivier, Ing.F. M.Sc.
SUMMARY.
1. Choice of plantation site.
2. Plant density.
3. Plot development.
4. Drying room construction.
5. Fertilization, irrigation and pest control.
6. Cleaning and drying of harvested leaves, crushing and bagging dry leaves.
7. Yields and costs.
8. Production, personnel and use of leaf powder.
9. Technical document.
1. Choice of plantation site
Following the success of a pilot project which demonstrated the positive effects of
Moringa leaf powder in preventing malnutrition among children and among women
during pregnancy and lactation in the Casamance region of Senegal (Fuglie, 2001), the
NGO Church World Service (CWS) worked with governmental agencies in The Gambia
to design a more elaborate Moringa-based malnutrition prevention program. To meet the
needs of this program, a large quantity of Moringa leaf powder must be available. In
Senegal, the production of leaf powder in the Casamance region was deemed insufficient
in quantity and not consistent in quality – the trees are too dispersed and there was no
control in the methods of leaf harvest, of leaf powder preparation and of leaf powder
storage. It was therefore deemed necessary to development an intensive production
capacity.
At the present time and since September 2001, a Moringa farm is under cultivation at a
site located 300 kilometers north of Dakar near the village of Ndimb, region of Keur
Momar Sarr, department of Louga. This site was selected because CWS has been
involved in development programs in this region for twenty years and has very good
relations with the local population and the Keur Momar Sarr-based organization
ASREAD (Senegalese Association for Research and Aid for Development). A piece of
land situated 200 meters from an irrigation canal – drawing water from the Guiers Lake –
was given to us by the people of Ndimb (a village located 4 km from the 4 km-long
canal). A soil analysis showed that the land was free of salt and had a satisfactory pH
balance (between 7 and 8).
2. 2. Plant density
In order to determine the optimal spacing of the Moringa trees, so as to obtain the highest
possible quantity of green matter, we analyzed a study comparing different Moringa plots
conducted in Nicaragua in 1999 by Nikolas Foidl, an Austrian researcher whom visited
by Lowell Fuglie in mid-2000. Foidl experimented production rates of plant densities
ranging from spacing of one-by-one meters, or 10,000 plants per hectare, spacing of 2.5
x 2.5cm, or 16 million plants per hectare. Taking into account various factors influencing
the overall efficiency such as the cost of seed, the loss of some plants after the first
harvest (caused by insufficient light), and the cost of soil preparation, he concluded that
for the production of green matter, the optimal planting density in soil that is sandy,
fertile and well-drained is 10 x 10 cm or one million plants per hectare.
Selection of planting density depends on the production objectives. For example, if the
objective is production of green fodder with a maximum of protein and a minimum of
lignin content, then harvesting should be done every 33 to 40 days. It the objective is to
produce a maximum of lignocellulose fibers for paper pulp, then harvesting would ideally
be done after six to eight months of growth. This amount of time would enable the trunk
of the plant to reach the desired diameter and reduce the production of small branches,
leaves and bark, thereby maximizing the production of lignified wood.
Table 1. Production parameters of Moringa at first cutting (Foidl, 2001)
Planting
density
(plants/ha)
Fresh matter
(metric tons/ha)
Dry matter
(metric tons/ha)
95 000 19.6 3.33
350 000 29.7 5.05
900 000 52.6 8.94
1 000 000 78.0 13.26
3. Plot development
The steps for the development of the plantation plot were as follows:
Fencing of 3 hectares of pastoral land – wire fence with straw attached
Removal of existing trees
Plowing of land to a depth of 50cm
Manure application (60 T/ha)
Installation of drip irrigation system (drip system equipment imported from Israel.
Drip holes distanced at 20cm)
Purchase of gasoline-powered motor pump
Purchase of motorized grinding mill for leaf powder production
Purchase of tools for plot maintenance
Seeding of beds with seeds spaced at intervals of 10 centimeters
Construction of leaf-drying room
3. The only mechanized work used for the plot preparation was the deep plowing by a
rented tractor. Everything else was done by hand: digging of ditches for water pipe
installation, plot land clearing, manure collection and application, irrigation system
installation, seeding, weeding, etc.
4. Drying room construction
To support the farm operations there was construction of a leaf-drying room of 216
square meters adjoined by a 140 m2
shelter for working and rooms for storage of tools
and other small materials. The drying room has a concrete floor to facilitate cleaning and
is for the most part closed. Four windows permit air to circulate in the room, but are
kept open just half way so as to block the entrance of sunlight which can destroy
vitamin A.
The shelves for drying the leaves are designed simple enough so that workers can easily
assemble them with a hammer, nails and tacks. The shelf trays made of mosquito netting
(to facilitate movement of air) tacked to a 1m x 1m wooden frame. These trays are
supported in levels held up by wooden posts hailed together to create a free-standing
shelving unit 2 meters high, 1 meter wide and 4 meters long with a total of eight levels.
The light weight of the trays and simple drying method permit easy manipulation of the
leaves.
5. Fertilization, irrigation and pest control
Finding the quantity and type of fertilizer needed to maintain a good growth of the
Moringa plants was surely the most difficult step since no literature on this specific topic
could be found. Soil analysis showed us that we were dealing with ground composed of
more than 95% sand. After several trials, we found the best performing results with
water soluble fertilizer 21/7/20 (NPK), enriched with minerals and trace elements,
which was purchased in Dakar. This fertilizer was applied through the feeding tank
attached to the drip irrigation system. This application method permits the fertilizer to be
evenly applied throughout the plantation. The amount of fertilizer applied to the hectare
was between 32 and 48 kg per week, depending on the visible condition of the plants.
During the past two weeks, we reduced application rates by half (to 16 kg per week) and
the plantation condition seems correct. In addition to NPK fertilizer, we are applying
urea at the rate of 8 kg to the hectare every two weeks.
Quantity of water used according to season:
Rainy season (mid-July to October): 72,000 liters/ha/day, at the rate of one
hour watering with one bar of pressure;
Dry season (Nobember to mid-July): 108,000 liters/ha/day, at the rate of an
hour and a half watering with the same pressure.
However, even watering the plantation in a regular and systematic manner throughout the
year, the yields of green matter vary significantly between the dry season and the rainy
season. In the north of Senegal, after nearly two years of production, the yields are much
4. lower than those cited by Mr. Foidl in Nicaragua. We are able to produce on average
100 kg of dried leaf powder per week, or five tons per year. It requires 8 kg of fresh
leaves (with stems removed) to produce one kg of dried leaves.
During the rainy season of 2002, several attacks by leaf-eating caterpillars (unidentified)
completely devastated the plantation. We applied the insecticide DECIS and completely
cut down all the plants. Fortunately, the trees very vigorously recovered because the
growth and resistance of this tree are exceptional. During the 2003 rainy season, we had
to apply insecticides on a regular basis since attacks were very frequent. This year there
was no significant plant loss.
The farm hectare was divided into 8 plots so as to facilitate transport and schedules for
irrigation, harvest and maintenance. Fruit trees (citrus and mango) have been planted
between the plots. The farm workers also cultivate onions, peppers and manioc between
the plots (but not tomato, since this requires too much labor). The onion harvest has been
excellent.
Harvesting the 8 plots is done one after the other, according to the schedule, with each
plot harvested every two months during the year (although in Nicaragua 9 harvests per
year are possible). study . We wait until the plants reach a height of 1m 20. The laborers
use a small hand scythe to cut the plants down to a height of about 20 cm above ground.
At the beginning, we waited until the plants reached a height of up to 2 meters before
harvesting them, but we found that this approach led to too much loss: the lower trunk of
the trees lost many leaves and their large diameter made cutting difficult. After the
cutting, 5 days later, the re-growth of branches is already visible. With our approach,
six harvests per year are obtainable.
6. Cleaning and drying of harvested leaves, crushing and bagging dry leaves
Once the trees are cut, the harvested branches are washed in treated water to remove sand
and dust from the leaves. We do not use untreated water from the Gueirs Lake which is
invested by microbes such as bilharzias. The daily water needs are about 400 liters. We
also enforce exemplary cleanliness among farm workers. During the harvesting and leaf
cleaning time, workers must frequently wash their hands with soap and remove shoes or
boot before entering the drying room. A laboratory analysis of the leaf powder
showed that it was a clean product free of fecal coliforms.
After the rinsing, the leaves are manually stripped from the branches and put into a basket
for transport to the drying room. The moist leaves are spread onto the screened trays in
thin layers to permit easy air circulation. At the present time, the farm’s drying room has
250 such trays. Leaf-drying time depends on the level of humidity in the atmosphere.
During the rainy season, 4 days are needed; during the dry season, 2 days are
sufficient.
Once dried, the leaves are crushed using a diesel-powered hammer mill – a mill like the
one used in villages to crush millet seed into flour, but with a finer screen. The millet is
5. stationed in the shaded area next to the drying room. The leaf powder transported to the
village of Keur Momar Sarr, 21 km away, where electricity is available (there is no
electricity at the farm or in the village of Ndimb). At Keur Momar Sarr the leaf powder
is placed in plastic bags of 200 gr, 1 kg or 4 kg which are sealed shut using a plastic
welder.
Only the leaves are used in producing the powder. The stems left behind are fed to sheep
which appear to fatten more rapidly than sheep fed the traditional diet.
7. Yields and costs.
At this time, the root mass of the Moringa plants represents a considerable proportion of
the total mass of the plants, but do date this has not caused any problems. What
knowledge we have suggests that productivity will start to decline three years from now
if the plantation is maintained that long. Large inputs of fertilizers are necessary to
maintain the current level of productivity within a density of 1 million plants per
hectare. These fertilizers are very expensive. But it is labor which remains the
highest expenditure among ongoing costs after the investments made through fixed
costs such as drying room construction and purchase of hammer mill and motor pump.
Without taking into account fixed costs and unexpected repair costs, the plantation
operates with about 1,200,000 CFA francs per month (about US$2,400 with an
exchange rate of 500 CFA per dollar). This amount includes:
Vehicle use (fuel cost)
Permanent staff salaries (1 driver, 4 laborers, 1 guard, 1 sack filler, 1 fieldworker)
Temporary staff salaries (women employed for large harvests and weeding)
Supervisor’s salary (horticulture specialist attached to ASREAD in Keur Momar
Sarr)
Per diems for agro-forester/manager
Fuel for motor pump and hammer mill
Fertilizers
Insecticides
Maintenance of horse and cart
Purchase of treated water for leaf rinsing
Miscellaneous tools and materials
All these calculations do not include costs incurred by problems with the motor pump,
maintenance of the water canal, vehicle maintenance and general repairs, all or any of
which can present considerable expenses.
If we calculate the total production costs on the basis of combined fixed and
operating expenses, one kilogram of dried Moringa leaf powder cost about $4.30.
This estimate is based on the production of 200kg powder per week, or 10 tons per
year. We have not yet progressed to this level of production but are currently
producing 5 tons per year.
6. 8. Production, personnel and use of leaf powder
As mentioned above, we are currently producing slightly more than 100 kg of leaf
powder per week. The labor for producing this amount is composed of 4 men working
full-time. From time to time, when product demand increases, we hire three women part-
time to assist in the work. If we hired additional full-time workers we could produce
between 300 and 400 kg of powder per week – representing an annual production of
20 tons/ha – but with the costs of production already high, we have decided to not
increase to this level.
All the production is earmarked for development projects in the West Africa region:
projects aimed at the problems of malnutrition among children, among women at child-
bearing age, and for livestock feed (experimental).
9. Technical document
Irrigation method: Drip tubes (produced by Netafim in Israel)
Water source: Ndimb canal of 4km length with water from Guiers Lake
Soil: 95% sand
No. plants/ha: 1,000,000. After 2 years, about 600,000 surviving
Planting distance: 10cm
Distance between drip holes: 20cm
Harvesting method: Manual (hand scythe)
Drying method: 250 drying shelves protected from sunlight in drying room
Irrigation: Rainy season: 72,000 liters/ha/jay
Dry season: 108,000 liters/ha/day
Fertilization: 16-48 kg/ha/week of NPK (21-7-20) and 8 kg uear/2 weeks
Insecticide: DECIS 25, application according to caterpillar attack
Leaf powder production: +/- 100 kg/week
Hammer mill and motor: Diesel motor, 1 cylinder mark Hatch, millet mill
Motor pump: Diesel motor, 1 cylinder mark Hatch, attached to pump
Transport: 4x4 pickup, plus 1 cart and horse
Personnel: 1 agro-forester, 4 laborers, 1 sack sealer, 1 driver, 1 guard,
1 maintenance worker.
REFERENCES:
FUGLIE, Lowell J., 2001. Combattre la malnutrition avec le Moringa in L’arbre de la
vie, Les multiples usages du Moringa. CTA et CWS, Dakar, pp.119 à 139.
FOIDL, N., HARINDER, P. S. et K. BECKER, 2001. Potentiel du Moringa oleifera pour
les besoins agricoles et industriels in L’arbre de la vie, Les multiples usages du Moringa.
CTA et CWS, Dakar, pp.45 à 78.
7. http://www.syfia.com/fr/article.asp?article_num=2854 (error : replace CRS - Catholic
Relief Service - by CWS - Church World Service).
*******************************
I will gladly respond to questions. Address them to:
Caroline Olivier, Ing.F. M.Sc.
CWS, Bureau régional d'Afrique de l'Ouest
B.P. 5338, Dakar, Sénégal
Tél. bureau: 221.864.12.04
Fax.: 221.864.14.11
e.mail: olivcaro@sentoo.sn
Web site: www.moringatrees.org
*******************************
Miracle Trees