High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
Tunnel farming in Pakistan , tunnel types and challenges .ZainabBatool24
Tunnel farming, also known as polytunnel farming or hoop house farming, is an innovative and controlled environment agricultural technique designed to optimize crop production. This method involves the use of covered structures, typically made of polyethylene or similar materials, to create a semi-closed and protected environment for crops. These structures are often arched or semi-circular, resembling tunnels, hence the name "tunnel farming."
Tunnel farming has gained popularity worldwide as a solution to challenges posed by unpredictable weather patterns and the need for sustainable and efficient agricultural practices. It empowers farmers to enhance crop production, improve crop quality, and achieve greater economic sustainability in the face of evolving agricultural demands.
See the Light at the End of the (High & Low) Tunnel; Gardening Guidebook for Tennessee ~ University in Tennessee ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
High Tunnel Caneberry Production - NARBA 2015Luke Freeman
This presentation was given at the North American Raspberry and Blackberry Association meeting in Fayetteville, AR in February 2015. It provides an overview of high tunnel blackberry and raspberry production including high tunnel selection and construction.
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an integrated water delivery system. Green walls are also known as living walls or vertical gardens.
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an integrated water delivery system. Green walls are also known as living walls or vertical gardens.
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
This presentation includes characteristics of an individual particle in a powder or in a mixture, mean particle size of a mixture or a powder, particle size distribution, fineness modulus etc.
Post harvest handling and preservation of fresh fish and seafoodMaya Sharma
It describes about economic importance of fish production, trade and utilization, contribution of fish to human health, postharvest losses in fish and seafood
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It describes need of non thermal technology in food juice industry, effect of HPP technology, HHP technology, UV technology and PFE technology on fruit juice.
Its about use of Osmotic dehydration in food processing, its principle, factors affecting OD, advantages and disadvantages of OD process, impact of OD on quality properties of fruits
Membrane filtration technology in food engg.Maya Sharma
Its about membrane filtration technology used in food engg. It describes types of membrane, RO, UF, MF, troubleshooting occurred during membrane filtration etc.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Protected cultivation: Green
House Technology
Submitted by
Maya Sharma
Submitted to:
Prof. P.S.Champawat
Dept. of PFE
CTAE, Udaipur
Processing and Food Engineering Department
College of Technology and Engineering
(Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology , Udaipur)
Udaipur- 313001
2. Content
• Introduction
• Greenhouse effect
• Advantages of greenhouse
• Components of greenhouse
• Types of Greenhouses
• Planning for greenhouse
3. Introduction
• The need to protect the crops against unfavorable environmental
conditions led to the development of protected agriculture.
• Greenhouse is the most practical method of achieving the objectives
of protected agriculture, where the natural environment is modified by
using sound engineering principles to achieve optimum plant growth
and yields.
• It is a system of controlled environment agriculture (CEA), with a
precise control of air, temperature, humidity, light, carbon dioxide,
water and plant nutrition.
• Greenhouse Technology is the technique of providing favourable
environment condition to the plants.
• The main purpose of greenhouse technology is to provide a good
growing environment for successfully growing high quality plants
round the year.
4. Continue
• Of all agricultural production activities, the
greenhouse industry is worldwide the fastest
growing sector. The greenhouse is goldmines that
offer the most profitable business opportunities
• The use of the greenhouse is mainly for the
production of seasonal and non- seasonal crops,
for the production of high-quality flower,
vegetable and the preparation of nursery prepared
by tissue culture.
• At present even at households, individual pots of
plant can be given the greenhouse protection
5. Greenhouse effect
• During the daytime the short
wave radiation enters into the
greenhouse and gets reflected
from the ground surface.
• This reflected radiation
becomes long wave radiation
and is entrapped inside the
greenhouse by the covering
material.
• This causes the increase in the
greenhouse temperature.
• It is a desirable effect from
point of view of crop growth in
the cold regions.
6. • Throughout the year four to five crops can be grown in a greenhouse
due to the availability of required plant environmental conditions.
• The productivity of the crop is increased considerably.
• Superior quality produce can be obtained as they are grown under
suitably controlled environment.
• Gadgets for efficient use of various inputs like water, fertilizers, seeds
and plant protection chemicals can be well maintained in a
greenhouse.
• Effective control of pests and diseases is possible as the growing area
is enclosed.
• Percentage of germination of seeds is high in greenhouses.
• Different types of growing medium like peat mass, vermiculate, rice
hulls and compost that are used in intensive agriculture can be
effectively utilized in the greenhouse.
Advantages of Greenhouse:
7. Advantages (continue)
• Export quality produce meeting international
standards can be produced in a greenhouse.
• When the crops are not grown, drying and related
operations of the harvested produce can be taken
up utilizing the entrapped heat.
• Greenhouses are suitable for automation of
irrigation, application of other inputs, and
environmental controls by using computers and
artificial intelligence techniques.
• Self-employment for educated youth on farm can
be increased.
9. • Roof: transparent cover of a green house.
• Gable: transparent wall of a green house
• Cladding material: transparent material mounted on the walls and
roof of a green house.
• Rigid cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of
rigidity that any deformation of the structure may result in damage to
it. Ex. Glass
• Flexible cladding material: cladding material with such a degree of
flexibility that any deformation of the structure will not result in
damage to it. Ex. Plastic film
• Gutter: collects and drains rain water and snow which is place at an
elevated level between two spans.
• Column: vertical structure member carrying the green house
structure
continue
10. continue
• Purlin: a member who connects cladding supporting bars to the
columns
• Ridge: highest horizontal section in top of the roof
• Girder: horizontal structure member, connecting columns on
gutter height
• Bracings: To support the structure against wind
• Arches: Member supporting covering materials
• Foundation pipe: Connection between the structure and ground
• Span width: Center to center distance of the gutters in
multispan houses
• Green house length: dimension of the green house in the
direction of gable
• Green house width: dimension of the green house in the
direction of the gutter
11. Types of Greenhouse:
• Different types of the greenhouse are designed to
according to match specific needs.
• There are different types of greenhouses available
– based on shape
– Based on construction
– Based on covering material
12. A) Greenhouse type based on Shape
1. Lean-to type Greenhouse
• It is used when the greenhouse
is placed against the side of an
existing building.
• This design makes the best use
of sunlight and minimizes the
requirement of roof supports.
• The roof of the building is
extended with appropriate
greenhouse covering material
and the area is properly
enclosed.
13. 2 Even Span type Greenhouse
• In this type, the two roof
slopes are of equal pitch and
width.
• This design is used for the
greenhouse of small size, and
it is constructed on leveled
ground.
• Several single and multiple
span types are available for
use in various regions of India.
• For single span type, the span
in general varies from 5 to 9
m, whereas the length is
around 24 m. The height
varies from 2.5 to 4.3 m.
14. 3 Uneven Span Type Greenhouse
• This type of greenhouse is constructed on hilly terrain.
• The roofs are of unequal width, which make the structure
adaptable to the side slopes of hill.
• Seldom used. Now-a-days as it is not adaptable for automation.
15. 4. Quonset Greenhouse
• The pipe arches or trusses are
supported by pipe purlins
running along the length of
the greenhouse.
• In general, the covering
material used is polyethylene.
• Less expensive than the gutter
connected greenhouses and
are useful when a small
isolated cultural area is
required.
• Either in free standing style or
arranged in an interlocking
ridge and furrow.
16. 5. Ridge and Furrow Type Greenhouse
• Designs of this type use two or more A-frame greenhouses connected
to one another along the length of the eave.
• The eave serves as a furrow or gutter to carry rain and melted snow
away.
• The side walls are eliminated between the greenhouses, which results
in a structure with a single large interior.
• Reduces labour, lowers the cost of automation, improves personal
management and reduces fuel consumption, as there is less exposed
wall area through which heat escapes.
17. 6. Saw Tooth Type Greenhouse
• These are also similar to the ridge and furrow
type greenhouses except that, there is provision
for natural ventilation in this type.
• Specific natural ventilation flow path develops
in a saw tooth type greenhouse.
18. B) Greenhouse type based on construction
1. Wooden Framed Structures
• In general, for greenhouses with
span less than 6 m, only wooden
framed structures are used.
• Side posts and columns are
constructed of wood without the
use of a truss.
• Pine wood is commonly used as
it is inexpensive and possesses
the required strength.
• Timber locally available, with
good strength, durability and
machinability also can be used
for the construction.
19. 2. Pipe Framed Structures
• When the clear span is around 12 m, pipes are used for the
construction of greenhouses.
• In general, the side posts, columns, cross-ties and purlins are
constructed using pipes.
20. 3. Truss Framed Structures
• If the greenhouse span is greater than or equal to 15 m,
truss frames are used.
• Flat steel, tubular steel or angle iron is welded together to
form a truss encompassing rafters, chords and struts.
• Angle iron purlins running throughout the length of
greenhouse are bolted to each truss.
• Most of the glass houses are of truss frame type.
21. C) Greenhouse type based on covering materials
1. Glass Greenhouses
• Only glass greenhouses with glass as the covering material existed prior to 1950.
• Glass as covering material has the advantage of greater interior light intensity.
• These greenhouses have higher air infIltration rate, which leads to lower interior
humidity and better disease prevention.
• Lean-to type, even span, ridge and furrow type of designs are used for construction of
glass greenhouse.
2. Plastic Film Greenhouses
• Flexible plastic films including polyethylene, polyester and polyvinyl chloride are
used as covering material in this type of greenhouses.
• become popular, as they are cheap and the cost of heating is less when compared to
glass greenhouses.
• The main disadvantage with plastic films is its short life as the covering material.
• For example, the best quality ultraviolet (UY) stabilized film can last for four years
only.
• Quonset design as well as gutter-connected design is suitable for using this covering
material.
22.
23. Planning for green house
1. Site Selection and Orientation
• The building site should be as level as possible to reduce the cost of
grading
• The site should be well aerated and should receive good solar radiation.
• Provision of a drainage system is always advisable, because of the
extensive use of water in greenhouse operations.
• It is also advisable to select a site with a natural windbreak such as a tree
line or hill, on the north and northwest sides.
• In regions where snow is expected, trees should be 30.5 m away in order
to keep drifts back from the greenhouses.
• To prevent shadows on the crop, trees located on the east, south, or west
sides should be at a distance of 2.5 times their height. Owing to thee
limited availability of the agricultural labourers, high wages are to be paid
to attract them.
24. Planning for green house (continue)
2. Selection of structural design:
• The structural parts that can cast shadows in the greenhouse should be minimized. So the
covering materials should have the largest possible unsupported area, and consequently
offer the highest possible light transmittance.
• At the same time, greenhouse structures and structural components, including the
covering, should be strong enough to resist loads from snow, wind, crops and installations,
to provide adequate margins of safety to prevent structural damage or serviceability
problems.
Therefore, following aspects should be considered
• Overall structural design and the properties of the individual structural components.
• Specific mechanical and physical properties, which determine the structural behaviour of
the covering materials.
• Specific sensitivity of the crop to light and temperature to be grown in the greenhouse.
• Specific requirements relevant to the physical properties of the covering material.
• Agronomic requirements of the crop.
25. Planning for green house (continue)
3. Selection of covering Materials: covering material should have
following characters.
• It should transmit the visible light portion of the solar radiation, which is
utilized by plants for photosynthesis.
• It should absorb the small amount of UV in the radiation and convert a
portion of it to fluoresce into visible light, useful for plants.
• It should reflect or absorb IR radiation which are not useful to plants and
causes greenhouse interiors to overheat.
• It should be of low cost.
• It should have usable life of 10 to 20 years.