The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) as an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage. IPM utilizes all suitable techniques in a compatible manner to maintain pest populations below economic thresholds, including biological, cultural, and chemical practices. The principles of IPM aim to grow healthy crops, conserve natural enemies, regularly observe fields, and make farmers experts to improve environmental quality, farmer profits, and community health.

2. Integrated PestIntegrated Pest
ManagementManagement
(IPM)(IPM)
ByBy
Allah Dad KhanAllah Dad Khan
Allahdad52@gmail.comAllahdad52@gmail.com

4. Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture
 The term sustainable agriculture means an integratedThe term sustainable agriculture means an integrated
system of plant and animal production practices having asystem of plant and animal production practices having a
site-specific application that will, over the long term:site-specific application that will, over the long term:
1.1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs;Satisfy human food and fiber needs;
2.2. Enhance environmental quality and the natural resourceEnhance environmental quality and the natural resource
base upon which the agricultural economy depends;base upon which the agricultural economy depends;
3.3. Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources andMake the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and
on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, naturalon-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural
biological cycles and controls;biological cycles and controls;
4.4. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations; andSustain the economic viability of farm operations; and
5.5. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as aEnhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a
whole."whole."

5. Integrated Farm ManagementIntegrated Farm Management
 Integrated Farm Management is a whole farmIntegrated Farm Management is a whole farm
system providing efficient and profitablesystem providing efficient and profitable
production that isproduction that is environmentally responsibleenvironmentally responsible..
IFM works by integrating beneficial naturalIFM works by integrating beneficial natural
processes into modern farming techniques andprocesses into modern farming techniques and
ensures that high standards of stewardshipensures that high standards of stewardship
and environmental care are practiced.and environmental care are practiced.


6. Integrated CropIntegrated Crop
ManagementManagement
 Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is a pragmaticIntegrated Crop Management (ICM) is a pragmatic
approach to the production of crops, unlike Integratedapproach to the production of crops, unlike Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) which focuses on cropPest Management (IPM) which focuses on crop
protection, ICM includes more aspects. This canprotection, ICM includes more aspects. This can
include such things as IPM, soil, social andinclude such things as IPM, soil, social and
environmental management. Over recent decades theenvironmental management. Over recent decades the
focus on crop production has moved from yields tofocus on crop production has moved from yields to
quality and safety, then more recently sustainability.quality and safety, then more recently sustainability.
This results in new challenges for farmers and growersThis results in new challenges for farmers and growers
each season. The Syngenta approach to ICM is aimingeach season. The Syngenta approach to ICM is aiming
to combine all aspects of crop inputs and managementto combine all aspects of crop inputs and management
to achieve the needs of the producer and consumerto achieve the needs of the producer and consumer

7. Integrated Disease ManagementIntegrated Disease Management
 Effective control of a particular disastrousEffective control of a particular disastrous
disease, or all the common diseases of adisease, or all the common diseases of a
plant can be achieved by using allplant can be achieved by using all
relevant, appropriate methods of diseaserelevant, appropriate methods of disease
control. Such an approach of diseasecontrol. Such an approach of disease
control is called ''integrated diseasecontrol is called ''integrated disease
managementmanagement

10. 1010
• IPM is not just about management of
pests alone; it is a sustainable Crop
Production approach based on sound
eco-system analysis.
Integrated Pest
Management (IPM)

11. What is IPM?What is IPM?
Ecosystem-basedEcosystem-based
strategy that focusesstrategy that focuses
on long-termon long-term
prevention of pests orprevention of pests or
their damage throughtheir damage through
a combination ofa combination of
techniques such astechniques such as
biological control,biological control,
habitat manipulation,habitat manipulation,
modification ofmodification of
cultural practices, andcultural practices, and
use of resistantuse of resistant
varieties.varieties.

12. ‘A pest management system that, in the context
of the associated environment and population
dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable
techniques and methods in as compatible a
manner as possible and maintains the pest
population at levels below those causing
economic injury’
----- FAO

13. Aims of IPM:Aims of IPM:
 Reduce pest populations to levels belowReduce pest populations to levels below
those causing economic impact, usingthose causing economic impact, using
multiple, compatible techniques;multiple, compatible techniques;
 Reduce environmental impact of pestReduce environmental impact of pest
management.management.

14. The Principles of Integrated PestThe Principles of Integrated Pest
ManagementManagement
1.1. Sustainable agriculture requires that today's production needs are met whileSustainable agriculture requires that today's production needs are met while
improving the productionimproving the production
2.2. resource base for future generationsresource base for future generations.. IPM, as a corner stone of sustainableIPM, as a corner stone of sustainable
agriculture, seeks to improveagriculture, seeks to improve
3.3. farmer practices in order to create higher profits while not only protecting, butfarmer practices in order to create higher profits while not only protecting, but
improving environment qualityimproving environment quality
4.4. and community health. In order to do this IPM implementation is based on fourand community health. In order to do this IPM implementation is based on four
practical principles:practical principles:
A.A. Grow a healthy cropGrow a healthy crop
B.B. Conserve natural enemiesConserve natural enemies
C.C. Observe fields regularlyObserve fields regularly
D.D. ••Farmers become expertsFarmers become experts

15. Economic injury levelEconomic injury level
Lowest number of insects that will causeLowest number of insects that will cause
economic damageeconomic damage..

16. Economic decision levels - thresholds
• Usually expressed as number of insects per
area, plant, or sampling procedure
• Sometimes use extent of plant damage
• Include biological and economic information

17. Economic / ActionEconomic / Action
threshold:threshold:
Number of insects that should instigateNumber of insects that should instigate
management actionmanagement action

18. IPM PhilosophyIPM Philosophy
 There are many variants of IPM philosophy.There are many variants of IPM philosophy.
These differences form a continuum fromThese differences form a continuum from
simply using knowledge of pest biology tosimply using knowledge of pest biology to
apply pesticides with timing that is optimal forapply pesticides with timing that is optimal for
managing pests, while minimizing applicationsmanaging pests, while minimizing applications
of pesticides, to the total exclusion of "hard"of pesticides, to the total exclusion of "hard"
pesticides in favor of "soft" or naturally derivedpesticides in favor of "soft" or naturally derived
materials that are less disruptive to nontargetmaterials that are less disruptive to nontarget
organisms and the environment ("bio-intensive"organisms and the environment ("bio-intensive"
or "bio-based" IPM).or "bio-based" IPM).

19. 1.Chemical Control
2.Biological Control
3.Cultural Control
4.Mechanical & Physical Controls
5.Host Plant Resistance
6. Genetic Control
7.Behavioral Control
8.Regulatory Control
Tactics of Pest Management

21. Biological control:Biological control:
 Natural enemies of pests cause mortality;Natural enemies of pests cause mortality;
 Can maintain pest population at below-thresholdCan maintain pest population at below-threshold
levelslevels
PredatorsPredators
ParasitoidsParasitoids
PathogensPathogens

22. IPM = Sustainable PestIPM = Sustainable Pest
Management?Management?

23. Pest Management vs. PestPest Management vs. Pest
ControlControl
 Pest management aims to maintain insectPest management aims to maintain insect
populations below a threshold;populations below a threshold;
 Emphasis is not on eradication.Emphasis is not on eradication.

24. Insects – prevalent features of our
environment
• Number of species;
• Interactions in
ecosystems and
with us;
• Our major competitors.

25. Reasons for IPMReasons for IPM
1.1. Chemical pesticidesChemical pesticides
can impact the humancan impact the human
health and ecosystemshealth and ecosystems
2.2. Example: DDT, aExample: DDT, a
pesticide, canpesticide, can
accumulate in theaccumulate in the
fatty tissue of animalsfatty tissue of animals
and affect birdand affect bird
reproductionreproduction

26. Reasons for IPMReasons for IPM
1.1. Insects canInsects can
become resistantbecome resistant
to chemicalto chemical
pesticidespesticides
2.2. ApproximatelyApproximately
500 species of500 species of
insects areinsects are
resistant to oneresistant to one
or more pesticidesor more pesticides

27. How does IPM work?How does IPM work?
 Reduces the amount ofReduces the amount of
chemical pesticides bychemical pesticides by
using three possibleusing three possible
approaches:approaches:
 1. Mechanical1. Mechanical
 2. Biological2. Biological
 3. Chemical3. Chemical

28. Mechanical approach:Mechanical approach:
1.1. Limits the pest's access toLimits the pest's access to
food, water and harboragefood, water and harborage
sites (i.e. proper storage ofsites (i.e. proper storage of
food/water supplies orfood/water supplies or
installation or repair ofinstallation or repair of
physical barriers to futurephysical barriers to future
pest intrusion use ofpest intrusion use of
mechanical devices (i.e. traps)mechanical devices (i.e. traps)
2.2. Example – Japanese beetleExample – Japanese beetle
trapstraps

29. Biological approach:Biological approach:
1.1. Introduction of aIntroduction of a
natural enemy ofnatural enemy of
the pestthe pest
2.2. Example – LadyExample – Lady
bugs feed on aphidsbugs feed on aphids
and can beand can be
introduced tointroduced to
reduce the aphidreduce the aphid
population on cropspopulation on crops

30. Chemical approach:Chemical approach:
 PesticidePesticide
applications thatapplications that
have minimal riskshave minimal risks
associatedassociated
with their usewith their use
 Using the leastUsing the least
amount of chemicalsamount of chemicals
that will still bethat will still be
effectiveeffective

31. Insects use of PheromonesInsects use of Pheromones
1.1. Pheromones are chemicals emitted by an animalPheromones are chemicals emitted by an animal
that signals another animal of thethat signals another animal of the samesame species.species.
2.2. Example: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone toExample: female gypsy moths emit a pheromone to
attract a maleattract a male

32. Pheromones and IPMPheromones and IPM
1.1. Pheromones can bePheromones can be
utilized to catch orutilized to catch or
deter insectsdeter insects
2.2. Example: PheromoneExample: Pheromone
“traps”, which contain“traps”, which contain
the pheromonethe pheromone
emitted by the femaleemitted by the female
gypsy moth can be setgypsy moth can be set
to catch male mothsto catch male moths

33. Advantages & Disadvantages of IPMAdvantages & Disadvantages of IPM
 Reduce chemicals beingReduce chemicals being
usedused
 May reduce # ofMay reduce # of
pesticide resistantpesticide resistant
insectsinsects
 Only uses chemicals ifOnly uses chemicals if
necessarynecessary
 Long term benefitsLong term benefits
(lower cost for(lower cost for
chemicals, better forchemicals, better for
environment and humanenvironment and human
health)health)
 Individual using IPMIndividual using IPM
must be educatedmust be educated
about the optionsabout the options
 Takes more time toTakes more time to
initiate than simplyinitiate than simply
“spraying for pests”“spraying for pests”
 Must be closelyMust be closely
monitored for bestmonitored for best
resultsresults
 Natural enemies ofNatural enemies of
pests may becomepests may become
pests themselvespests themselves

35. Multiple Approaches to IPMMultiple Approaches to IPM
 PAMSPAMS
 Prevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, SuppressionPrevention, Avoidance, Monitoring, Suppression
VS.VS.
 SeasonalSeasonal
 Pre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvestPre plant, At plant, In season, Harvest, Post harvest
VS.VS.
 DisciplineDiscipline
 Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.Weeds, Insects, Disease, Culture, etc.
 Can couch IPM in various combinations orCan couch IPM in various combinations or
formatsformats

36. 3636

37. ToF Structure
•
Participants
•
30 – 36 Trainees
•
4-6 Facilitators
•
1 Coordinator
•
Fully Residential
•
2 ha. Land for raising cotton by trainees
•
Training
•
Season-long with 2 or 3 small breaks
•
About 150 days (for cotton) on site excluding the breaks
•
ToF covers all aspects of crop management

38. 3838Season-long (seed to seed)
Training of Facilitators (ToF)

39. 3939
• Discovery Based (“Learning by
Contd…

40. 4040
• Non-formal education approaches used throughout
Contd…

41. 4141
Practice FFS
Contd…

42. 4242
• A community based, field study programme
Farmer Field Schools (FFS)

43. 4343
Develop observation skills
Cont….

44. • Carry out simple field studies – to identify and count pests
and beneficial insects (Defenders)
Cont….

45. 4545
• Carry out studies to compare sprayed and unsprayed plots
Contd…

46. 4646
• Learn how plant compensates for damage by pests
Contd…

47. 4747
• Conduct Insect zoo studies and discover functions of organisms in
the eco-system
Contd…

48. 4848
• Make field observations, conduct Cotton Eco-system Analysis
(CESA) and make informed crop management decisions
Contd…

49. 4949
 In the FFS:
 The farmers are assisted in solving their
problems by themselves; they are not provided
with ready made solutions
 The facilitators expose farmers to ideas and are
not trying to convince the farmers to adopt a
particular technology
 The facilitators help them in analyzing the
situation and make informed decisions
Contd…

50. Bacterial wilt symptoms
on pumpkin
Striped cucumber beetles

51. 5151