Plant Biosecurity develops quarantine policies to protect plant health from exotic pests based on national and international obligations. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) aims to prevent the spread and introduction of plant pests through coordinated action. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) identifies, assesses, and manages risks posed by quarantine pests to determine appropriate phytosanitary measures. The PRA process involves initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management stages. Risk assessment evaluates the probability of entry, establishment, and spread of pests, as well as potential economic consequences. Risk management identifies, evaluates, and selects options to reduce risks to an acceptable level.

1. CFIA-ACIA
Pest Risk Analysis (PRA)
VINOD UPADHYAY
ID.No - 44056

3. Plant Biosecurity develops quarantine policies that protect the plant health
from exotic pests and diseases
Threat identification and risk analysis are significant components to plant
biosecurity.
Plant Biosecurity policies are based on our national and international
obligations under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and in particular the
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)

5. The International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC)
The philosophy behind the convention is:-
• Spread and introduction of pests only preventable if all
countries take adequate measures to avoid and control.
• Countries should establish appropriate infrastructures to
protect from new introductions and to control pests in
their territory.
• Countries are able to take quarantine measures that
impede trade only if biologically sound and economically
justified.

6. Aim of the IPPCPurpose:
-To secure common and effective
action to prevent the spread and
introduction of pests of plants
and plant products, and to
promote appropriate measures
for their control.
- IPPC is the basis for all
actions in plant quarantine
In existence since 1952 and
modified in 1997 to take into
account the SPS Agreement
(180+ contracting parties)

7. International Standards for Phytosanitary
Measures (ISPMS)
 ISPMS
provide guidance to the member countries in
implementation national program and fulfilling
requirements of the IPPC
 Are not mandatory –they are guidelines to assist
member countries in meeting IPPC obligations
which are contained in the convention itself.
 IPPC is recognized as standard setting body under
WTO-SPS

8. • ISPM No 2
frame work for pest risk analysis revision
for approval by CPM in march 2007
• ISPM No 3
guidelines for export ,shipment ,import and release of
biological agents and other beneficial organisms 2005
• ISPM No 11
pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including
analysis of enviornmental risk and living modified
organisms 2004
• ISPM No 21
pest risk analysis for regulated non quarantine pests

9. Organizational Chart Of Indian Plant Quarantine
Structure

10. Two kinds of pests in IPPC
• Quarantine pest: a pest of potential economic
importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet
present there , or present but not widely distributed and
being officially controlled.
• Regulated non quarantine pest a non-quarantine pest
whose presence in plants for planting affects the
intended use of those plants with an economically
unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated
within the territory of the importing contracting party

11. What is Risk?
• Combination of likelihood and impact
– How likely an event is to happen, and how much
of an effect it would have.
• So…
– If an event cannot occur it cannot have an impact
and there is no risk.
– If an event is likely to occur but it will have no
impact then there is no risk.

12. Risk matrix
High
Medium
Low
low medium high
Likelihood
Impact

13. What is PRA?
- The process of evaluating biological or other scientific and
economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated
and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it
Pest risk analysis is set of activities, in which-
-the probability and the severity of impact of a particular pest is assessed
- the means of reducing these are evaluated, and the results of this review
are shared with those involved
- It helps to ensure that decisions on the control of imports and exports
are based on sound science, are related to the risks involved and have
minimal impact on trade.

14. Why is PRA done?
To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that can be caused
by harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with
imported commodities;
To evaluate and manage risk from specific pests and internationally
traded commodities
Identify and assess risks to agricultural and horticultural crops
forestry and the environment from plant pests
To create lists of regulated pests
To produce lists of prohibited plants and plant products
To assist in identifying appropriate management options

15. PRA Process
Three stages:
Stage 1: Initiation
Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment
Step 1: Pest Categorization
Step 2: Assessment of the Probability of Introduction
•Entry
•Establishment
•Spread
Step 3: Impacts
Step 4: Overall Assessment of Risk
Step 5: Uncertainty
Stage 3: Pest Risk Management

18. • Initiation
Point
• Pest or
pathway
for a pest
• Not a
pest
• Identification
of PRA Area
• End

20.  Pest identified or detected likely to pose threat to the
agricultural economy and it requires Phytosanitary
Measures.
 identification of a pathway that presents a potential pest
hazard like augmentation of International Trade of a new
variety of a commodity.
 review or revision of phytosanitary policies and priorities by
the Government of a country.

21. Identification of PRAArea
- PRA area to be defined normally the whole importing country
information gathering is an essential element of all stages of PRA.
- To clarify the identity of the pest(s), its/their present distribution and
association with host plants, commodities, etc.
- Information for PRA may come from various sources.
- Official information regarding pest status is an obligation under the
IPPC (Art. VIII.1c) to be provided by the NPPO or Official contact
points.

22. • At the end of Stage 1, the pests and pathways of
concern and the PRA area would have been
identified.
• Relevant information has been collected and pests
have been identified as possible target for
phytosanitary measures, either individually or in
association with a pathway.
Conclusion

24. Could be divided into three steps:
A. Pest Categorization
B. Assessment of the probability of introduction and spread
C. Assessment of potential economic consequences (including
environmental impacts).

26. Estimating the Overall Risk Posed by a
Quarantine Pest
For each pest, combine the likelihood of:
- entry/establishment/ spread, and
- Consequence of entry/establishment spread:
“Extreme” “High” “Moderate” “Low”

27. • Step 1 – Pest categorisation
• Identify quarantine pests
• Categorise pests (do they occur on the pathway?)
• Prepare data sheets

28. Pest
name
Pest
establishment
in PRA area
Potential for
significant loss
Quarantine
pest
(Yes/No)
Pest 1 Feasible Significant Yes
Pest 2 Feasible Not significant No
Pest 3 Not feasible Significant No
Pest 4 Feasible Significant Yes

29. • Assess the likelihood of entry of a pest- higher no. of
pathway- more probability
• Assess likelihood of establishment of a pest after
entry- reproductive strategy, distribution in PRA area,
adaptation, environment suitability
• Assess spread potential of the pest

30. • Include economic ,environmental, and societal impacts
• Include direct or indirect effect to plants
• May be qualitative or quantitive measures of impacts

31. • Impacts on productivity:
– Yield losses
– Increased control costs
– Post-harvest disinfestations
• Impacts on trade / market access:
– Domestic
– International
• Impacts on the environment
• Impacts on human health

33. Generate, evaluate
and compare
management
options
Select
options
Monitor and
evaluate after
implementation

34. • Conclusions of Pest risk assessment
• Risk acceptable? PRA ends
• Risk unacceptable? PRA continues
Stop
– Identifying options
– Evaluating options
– Selecting options

35. • Consider all pathways
– Traded plants or plant products
– Natural spread of the pest
– Entry with human travellers
– Vehicular transport
– Associated materials
• Identify points at which mitigation measures might be applied
• Identify possible mitigation measures at each point
• Assess each for effectiveness, efficiency, feasibility ….
• Select appropriate measure(s)

36. • Document
– Phytosanitary Certificates
– Import permits
• Phytosanitary Certificates
– Official assurance that specified import
requirements are met
– Confirms that risk management
measures have been taken
– Only for regulated articles
• Educate
– Educate & inform travellers,
importers, industry, government or
public

37. Evaluating Options
• Evaluate each option for:
– Effectiveness
– Efficiency
– Cost effectiveness
– Feasibility
– Reproducibility
– Potential negative social,
economic or environmental
consequences
CFIA-ACIA

38. • Risk mitigation measures have been:
– Identified
– Evaluated
– Selected
• Mitigation measures to reduce risk to acceptable
level are selected, or
• No mitigation measures are available

39. • Stage 1 (initiation) asks:
– What bad thing can happen?
– Is it within the scope of the IPPC framework?
• Stage 2 (pest risk assessment) asks:
– How likely is it to happen?
– How bad will it be?
• Does it matter? Is the risk acceptable?
• Stage 3 (pest risk management) asks:
– What can be done about it?
– Are measures feasible, effective,
appropriate?
– Can we lower the risk to an acceptable
level?
Identify issue
Access overall
pest risk
Respond to risk

40. Documentation
• Supports the IPPC key principle of transparency
• Also, the main elements to document are outlined in
ISPM No. 11:
– Purpose of the PRA
– Pest, pest list, pathways, PRA area, endangered area
– Sources of information
– Categorized pest list
– Conclusion of risk assessment
– Risk management options identified
– Options selected

41. CROP Countries
Cocoa West Indies, Africa, Sri Lanka
Coffee Sri Lanka, Africa, South America
Rubber America, West indies
Sugarcane Fiji, New Guinea, Australia, Philippines

42. India’s priority crops for Pest Risk Analysis
strawberry banana Kiwi
musk melon watermelon Pears
mandarin cashew nut Apple
grape citrus fruits Lentil
red beans chickpea Jute
black gram green gram Cotton
wheat rice Barley
maize baby corn pearl millet
sorghum lettuce Garlic
broccoli potato Chinese cabbage
mustard sunflower Safflower
linseed castor rape seed

43. Invasive alien pests of crop
ALIEN SPECIES DISEASE FROM TO
Phyloxera vitifolia Root eating aphid Central America France
Phytophthora
infestans
Late blight of potato Europe Central
america
Uncinula necator Powdery mildew of grapes Central America France
Plasmopara
viticola
Downy mildew of grapes USA France
Endothia parasitica Chestnut blight Orient USA
Hemileia vastatrix Coffee rust South America Srilanka
Dutch elm disease USA
Soybean cyst nematode USA
Bacterial canker of citrus USA

45. REFERENCES
•ISPM 11 Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental
risks and living modified organisms http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/ispm.htm
•ISPM 8 Determination of pest status in an area http://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/ispm.htm
•WTO 1995, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
•Biosecurity Australia, September 2001. Draft guidelines for Import Risk Analysis
(Draft)
.
•Devorshak, C. and Griffin, R. (2002). Role and relationship of official and scientific
information concerning pest status.
•In G.J. Hallman and C.P. Scwalbe (eds.) Invasive arthropods in agriculture:
problems and solutions. Scientific Publishers, Enfield, NH.