The document discusses the concept and evolution of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It explains that IPM originally involved using cultural and biological control techniques but shifted to chemical pesticides from the 1920s-1940s. Concerns over pesticide impacts led to renewed focus on IPM in the 1960s. IPM aims to control pests below economic thresholds using multiple techniques like host resistance, biological control, and selective pesticides. The key concepts of IPM include understanding agroecosystems, planning crops to reduce pests, considering cost-benefit ratios of control options, and timing treatments appropriately.

1. Concept of IPM
Submitted To :- Submitted By :-
Dr. O. P. Chaudhary Vaibhav

2. Integrated Pest Management
“The use of all economically, ecologically
and toxicologically defensible methods
to keep damaging organisms below
economic damage levels whilst
conscious exploitation of natural control
factors is emphasized.”

3. Many components of IPM were developed in
late 19th and 20th century. By early 1920s, a
highly complex and sophisticated system
involving the use of multiple component
suppression techniques, viz. resistant variety,
sanitation practices and chemical treatments with
calcium arsenate at fixed population levels, was
clearly developed for the control of boll weevil on
cotton in USA.
Integrated Pest Management :-

4. During the period from 1920s to
1940s, the emphasis in crop protection
shifted from cultural and biological
control to inorganic chemical
pesticides.
Integrated Pest Management :-

5. • The discovery of insecticidal properties of DDT
rapidly followed by manufacture of other broad
spectrum synthetic organic pesticides during 1940s,
and 1950s virtually eclipsed all other techniques.
• These insecticides become first line of attack or
defense against all insects.
• Even at that time, many scientists had warned
regarding the consequences on exclusive reliance on
chemical insecticides ignoring ecological principles.
Integrated Pest Management :-

6. • The use of toxic chemicals for the control of
pests increased tremendously during during
the green revolution era.
• Later it was realized that many of these
chemical were not biologically degradable and
they not only persisted in the environment
but also became concentrated through the
food chains.
Integrated Pest Management :-

7. With the consciousness of using the chemicals
to minimize the pollution hazard, the scientists
recommended that pests should be controlled
by integrating the use of biological agents with
the use of insecticides.
Integrated Pest Management :-

8. Origin of IPM concept
• Basic tactics of IPM were used before the term was
coined.
• In the absence of modern pesticides, crop protection
specialists during the late nineteenth and twentieth
centuries, relied on pest biology and cultural practices.
• With the advent of organo synthatic insecticide, plant
protection scientists concentrated on evaluation of
toxic chemicals in early 1960s.
• The period of late 1940s through mid 1960s is
considered to be the Dark Era of pest control.
• By late 1950s, warnings began to hear about the risks
involved in the use of pesticide in USA, Canada and
Europe.

9. The most vociferous
among these was that
Carson (1962) who in
her book Silent Spring
brought the problems
caused by pesticides to
the attention of public
and changed forever
the manner pesticides
are viewed by the
General public.

11. A numerical analysis of various definations spanning
the last 35 years was carried out by KOGAN (1998)
who founded the most the authers depending on the
following issues to capture the IPM concept :
• The appropriate selection of pest control methods,
used singly or in combination;
• The economic benefits to growers and to society;
• The decision rules that guide the selection of
control action;
• The need to consider impacts of multiple pests.

12. KOGAN defines IPM as “ decisions
support system from the
selection and use of pest control
tactics, singly or harmoniously
coordinated into a management
strategy based on cost/benefit
analysis that take into account
the interests of and impacts on
producers, society and
environment”.

13. Phases in the evolution of an IPM
programme
• Single tactic phase – emphasis is placed on a
single pest utilizing a single tactic.
• Multiple tactic phase – variety of tactics (cultural,
mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, host
resistance, regulatory, etc.)
• Biological monitoring phase – monitoring of
pest, natural enemies and host plant population.

14. • Modeling phase – conceptualization of the
processes involved in pest management system
through mental, pictorial, flow chart and
mathematical models.
• Management phase – construction of
functional IPM system.
• System implementation phase – ultimate
phase through which the optimal systems are
unified for delivery to

15. Concepts of IPM
1. Understanding the agricultural ecosystem
2. Planning of agricultural ecosystem
3. Cost benefit ratio
4. Tolerance of pest damage
5. Leaving a pest residue
6. Timing of treatments
7. Public understanding and acceptance

16. 1. Understanding the agricultural
ecosystem
• An agro ecosystem contains a lesser diversity of animal and
plant species than natural ecosystem like forests.
• A typical agro ecosystem contain only 1-4 major crop species
and 6-10 major pest species.
• An agro ecosystem is intensively manipulated by man and
subjected to sudden alterations such as ploughing , inter
cultivation and treatment with pesticides.
• These practices are critical in pest management as pest
populations are greatly influenced by these practices.
• However, agro ecosystem is a complex of food chains and
food webs that interact together to produce a stable unit.

17. 2. Planning of agricultural ecosystem
• In IPM programme the agricultural system can be
planned in terms of anticipating pest problem
and also the ways to reduce them that is to
integrate crop protection with crop production
system.
• Growing of susceptible varieties should be
avoided and related crops shouldn’t be grown.
• Bhendi followed by cotton increases incidence of
the spotted borer.
• Ground nut followed by soybean increases
incidence of the leaf miner.

18. 3. Cost benefit ratio
• Based on the possibility of pest damage by
predicting the pest problem and by defining
economic threshold level, emphasis should be
given to cost benefit ratio.
• The crop life table to provide solid information
analysis of pest damage as well as cost benefit
ratio in pest management.
• Benefit risk analysis comes when a chemical
pesticide is applied in an agro ecosystem for
considering its impact on society as well as
environment relevant to its benefits.

19. 4. Tolerance of pest damage
• The pest free crop is neither necessary in most
cases for high yields nor appropriate for insect pest
management. Castor crop can tolerate upto 25 per
cent defoliation.
• Exceptions occur in case of plant disease
transmission by vectors.
• The relationship between density of pest
population and profitability of control measures is
expressed through threshold values.
• The terms used to express the levels of pest
population are

20. a) Economic Injury Level (EIL): Lowest population at which the pest will cause
economic damage therefore it is the level at or before which the control measures
are initiated. EIL is usually expressed as the number of insects per unit area.
b) Economic Threshold Level (ETL): ETL is defined as the population density at which
control measures should be applied to prevent increasing pest population from
reaching the economic injury level.
Relationship between EIL and ETL can be expressed as when no action is taken at ETL
the population reaches or exceeds EIL.
E.g.:- ETL value for BPH in rice is 25 insects/hill; Grasshoppers or cutworms is 1
insect/hill; rice stem borer -5% dead hearts; Gall midge of rice-5% silver shoots.
c) General equilibrium position(GEP) It is the average population density of insect
over a long period of time unaffected by temporary interventions of pest control
.However the economic injury level may be at any level well above or below the
general equilibrium.

22. 5. Leaving a pest residue
• Natural enemy population is gradually eliminated
not only in the absence of their respective insect
hosts because of the indiscriminate use of broad
spectrum insecticides, which in turn also
eliminate natural enemies.
• Therefore, it is an important concept of pest
management, to leave a permanent pest residue
below economic threshold level, so that natural
enemies will survive.

23. 6. Timing of treatments
• Treatment in terms of pesticide spray should
be need based, with minimum number of
sprays, timely scheduled, combined with
improved techniques of pest monitoring and
crop development
• E.g.: Use of pheromone traps for monitoring
of pest population.

24. 7. Public understanding and
acceptance
• In order to deal with various pest problems
special effort should be made for effective
communication to the people for better
understanding and acceptance of pest
management practices.
• The IPM practices followed should be
economical and sustainable.

25. New concepts in IPM
• Some alternative terms have been proposed –
Frisbie and Smith proposed ‘biological intensive
IPM’ (BIIMP) or ‘bio intensive IPM’ (BIMP) which
would rely upon host plant resistance, biological
and cultural control.
• A special committee of the National Research
Council’s Board of Agriculture in 1996 proposed
‘ecologically based pest management’

26. The emphasis on development of EBPM system has
increased greatly in recent years and some key
issues that need to be highlighted are as follow –
 In EBIPM, programmes should emphasis on an
understanding of the ecological relationships
between the host plants and management practices
like cultural control, biological control, and host plant
resistance.
 Integration of management practices involves
biological, chemical, cultural controls.
 It should minimize economic, environmental and
health risks.

27. THANK YOU 