A BRIEF HISTORY OF PEST MANAGEMENT
Modern concept of pest management is based on ecological principles and integration of different control tactics into a pest management system.
Integrated Pest Management is a globally accepted strategy for promoting sustainable agriculture [10]. The IPM has been evolving over the decades to address the negative impact of chemical pesticides on environment ultimately affecting the interests of the farmers. The major goal of IPM is not to eradicate all pest populations but rather to accept a tolerable pest density above the Economic Threshold Level
Integrated control was defined by Stern et al., (1959) as applied pest control which combines and integrates the biological and chemical control. Later the concept of pest management has gained importance. The idea of managing pest population was proposed by Geier and Clark 1961 who called their concept as protective management which later was shortened as pest management.
In 1972 the term IPM was accepted by CEQ (Council of Environmental Quality)
where IPM includes
I - Integration that is harmonious use of multiple methods to control the impact of single pest as well as multiple pests.
P - Pest- any organism that is detrimental to humans including vertebrates and invertebrate or weed or pathogens.
M - Management refers to a set of decisions or rules based on ecological principles, economic and social consideration.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been defined as a pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes as suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest population levels below this causing economic injury (Smith and Reynolds, 1966).
the use of insecticide by the Sumerians who applied Sulphur compounds to control insects and mites was first recorded from 2500 BC onwards (date back 4,500 years). Botanical insecticides were used as seed treatments around 1200 BC by the Chinese who also applied mercury and arsenical compounds to control body lice at that time.
First description of cultural controls, especially manipulation of planting dates, were recorded around 1500 BC, while burning was first described in 950 BC.
During 300 AD, the first records of biological controls of manipulating natural enemies comes from both China and Yemen where colonies of predatory ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) were set up in citrus groves, moving between trees on bamboo bridges to control caterpillar and beetle pests (Coulsen et.al., 1982).
Thus by 500 AD all the general types of control measure available today– insecticides, host plant resistance, biological and cultural control– had already been developed and used by one civilization or another.
by the year, 1880, first commercial spraying machine was introduced.
1930, introduction of synthetic organic compounds for plant pathogen control.
1940, the first successful use of entomopathogen; Mil
1. Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long- term
prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of
techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation,
modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.
"Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach
to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical
and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health
and environmental risks."
What is
IPM?
2. HISTORY OF IPM
• Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became
widely available. entomologists in California developed the
concept of "supervised insect control.
• Michelbacher and Bacon (1952) coined the term "integrated
control"
• Geier (1966) coined the term "pest management" Council on
Environmental Quality (CEQ. 1967) gave the term "Integrated
Pest Management"
• In 1967 the term IPM was introduced by R.F. Smith and R. van
den Bosch.
3. 1. Consideration of ecosystem control of insect post population
is a function of the ecosystem itself by means of natural enemies
and other factors, the study of individuals is of prime
importance, their biology behavior response in other members
of the same species and to other organisms and to biotic factors
in the environment, the most effective system for controlling
pests can be derived only after understanding the principles
responsible for the population fluctuation in the ecosystem.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IPM
4. 2. The pest surveillance surveillance our monitoring means constant
observation of a subject le a crop or pest, and recording the factors
observed, compilation of information obtained and prediction of future
events about pest population.Hence pest surveillance comprises of three
basic components.
• Determination of the level of incidence of the pest species.
• Determination of what loss the incidence will cause.
• Determination of economic benefits or other benefits the control will
provide.
5. 3. Utilization of economic threshold levels (etl) the level of
pest population is very important consideration for taking
up control measures, pest population mat be maintained at
levels below those causing economic injury, the determined
is the pest density at which control measures should be
determined to prevent an increasing post population from
reaching economic injury level. the determination of these
thresholds is a pre-requisite to the development of any pest
management strategy.
6. 4. Application of minimum selective hazards the application of
chemical measures to pest population has to be in such a
manner that target pest populations are just kept below
economic injury thresholds, by observation of this principle the
development of resistant populations of pest is avoided on
delayed, the possibility of resurgence of treated population is
decreased, adverse effect of target organism and amount of
environmental contamination are reduced, and the cost of
control is also lowered.
7. • Moonitoring insect pests and natural enemies - Pest surveillance and
forecasting are essential tools in IPM which help in making management
decisio
• Concepts of injury levels - ETL (Economic threshold level) and EIL (Economic
injury level) concepts are followed to reduce the use of insecticide and their
impact on environment
• Integration of pest control tactics - Proper choice of compatible tactics and
blending them so that each component complements the other.
The rategy of applying pest management tactics is similar to that of human
medicine
-Preventive practice
-Curative Practice
STRATEGIES OF
IPM
