This document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which is an effective and environmentally friendly approach to pest control. IPM uses monitoring, pest forecasting, and economic thresholds to determine when control actions are needed. It integrates multiple control methods - including cultural, physical, biological and chemical - to manage pests at economically justified levels while minimizing risks to people and the environment. The goal is to encourage natural pest control and grow healthy crops with minimal ecosystem disruption. Stages in crop protection typically move from natural controls to overuse of pesticides and then back to more integrated approaches.

1. IPM

2. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
IPC- Bartlet (1956)
IPM- Geier and Clark (1963)
 It is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination
of common-sense practices.
 IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the
environment.
 This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most
economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.

3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) means the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and
subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep
pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human
health and the environment.
IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and
encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

4. Stages in crop protection leading to IPM
1. Subsistence phase-Only natural control, no insecticide use
2. Exploitation phase- Applying more pesticides, growing HY varieties and get more yield and returns
3.Crisis phase- Due over use pesticides, problem of resistance, secondary pest outbreak, increase in production cost
4. Disaster phase- due to increased pesticide use - No profit, high residue in soil -Collapse of control system
5. Integrated Management Phase- IPM integrates ecofriendly methods to optimize control rather than maximize it.

5. Principles and strategies of Integrated Pest Management
I. Monitoring insect pests and natural enemies
II. Concepts of injury levels
III. Integration of pest control tactics
Monitoring insect pests and natural enemies
Pest surveillance and forecasting are essential tools in IPM which help in making management decision.
Pest Surveillance - Refers to the constant watch on the population dynamics of pests, its incidence and damage on each
crop at fixed intervals to forewarn the farmers to take up timely crop protection measures.
Pest Forecasting - Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak based on information obtained from pest surveillance.

6. II. Concepts of injury levels
ETL (Economic threshold level) and EIL (Economic injury level) concepts are followed to reduce the use of
insecticide and their impact on environment.
ETL - The pest density at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from
reaching the Economic injury level
EIL - The lowest population density of a pest that will cause economic damage or the amount of pest Injury which
will justify the cost of control.”

7. Integration of pest control tactics
Proper choice of compatible tactics and blending them so that each component complements the other.
The strategy of applying pest management tactics is similar to that of human medicine i.e. Preventive
practice Curative practice.
PEST CONTROL METHODS
QUARANTINE CONTROL
CULTURAL CONTROL
PHYSICAL CONTROL
MECHANICAL CONTROL
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
GENETIC CONTROL
CHEMICAL CONTROL

8. QUARANTINE CONTROL
Exclusion Principle
prevent the introduction of pest in the locality or in the country
Inspection and seed certification- seed certification and inspection will ensure that the seedling materials are
free from any pest organisms.
Use of pathogen free- propagating materials- this ensure that the tools and equipment use in the propagation
are sterilized and sanitized to avoid pest contamination as well as, the stock and scion to be use ensure to be
free from pathogens it also include the certification clearance of the source.

9. CULTURAL CONTROL
Land Preparation
Optimal row spacing
Intercropping
Crop Rotation
Field Sanitation
Mulching
Fertilizer management
Trap crop

10. Mechanical Control
1. Hand destruction
2. Exclusion by screen, barriers
3. Trapping, suction devices, collecting machine
4. Crushing and grinding
Physical Control
1. Heat (hot water treatment, hot vapor treatment,solarization and irradiation)
2. cold- cold storage
3. Energy- light, irradiation
4. Sound- for avian pest

11. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
This control method will be using living organism to combat the pest, it includes insect, pathogens (bacteria,
nematodes, fungus, protozoa, virus)