Cucumber beetles are major pests of cucurbit crops throughout the United States. They cause direct feeding damage to plants and transmit bacterial wilt and viruses. Organic and biorational integrated pest management strategies include monitoring beetle populations, using trap crops and row covers, and encouraging natural enemies like parasitic organisms and predatory insects to help control beetle numbers. Cultural practices such as delayed planting can also help avoid damage from cucumber beetles.
Biochar and its use in plant disease managementBISWAJITJENA64
This document discusses biochar and its potential use in plant disease management. It provides background on biochar production through pyrolysis and discusses several proposed mechanisms by which biochar may suppress plant diseases. These include inducing systemic resistance in plants, enhancing beneficial microbes, modifying soil quality, direct fungitoxic effects, and sorption of allelopathic compounds. The document reviews experimental evidence supporting these mechanisms from studies on various plant pathogens. It also summarizes research on biochar sorption of agrochemicals and phytotoxic compounds. Overall, the document examines the promising role of biochar as a tool for controlling plant diseases through multiple proposed mechanisms.
An overview on role of signal transduction in inducing plant innate immunity which includes both systemic acquired resistance as well as induced systemic resistance.
RNAi – Mechanism and Its Application In Crop Improvementkundan Jadhao
This document summarizes an RNAi presentation on crop improvement using RNA interference. The 3-sentence summary is:
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by small RNA molecules. The presentation described the RNAi pathway and various applications of RNAi technology in crop improvement, including increasing nutrient levels, developing virus and pest resistance, and reducing anti-nutritional compounds. Several case studies were provided that demonstrated how RNAi has been used to successfully modify traits in different crops like maize, cotton, coffee, and banana.
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, regulate growth and development in plants. There are five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and differentiation, as well as apical dominance. Gibberellins promote stem elongation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and differentiation. Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and inhibits stem elongation. Abscisic acid induces seed dormancy. Plant hormones have potential medical applications, as some can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
This document provides an overview of strigolactones, a recently identified class of plant hormones. Strigolactones are signaling compounds that play roles in plant development and symbiotic interactions with microbes. They stimulate seed germination of root parasitic plants and promote hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Strigolactones are derived from carotenoids and their biosynthesis involves carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase enzymes. They act as branching inhibitors to control shoot architecture and help plants adapt to stressful conditions like low phosphate availability by altering growth patterns.
Pieces of the phytobiome: multitrophic and environmental influences on plant ...CIAT
Speaker: Jan Leach, Associate Dean for Research in the College of Agriculture and Distinguished Professor at Colorado State University. Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Event: Robert D. Havener Seminar on “Innovations for Crop Productivity”. http://ciat.cgiar.org/event/robert-d-havener-seminar-on-innovations-for-crop-productivity/
This document discusses pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins found in plants. It begins with definitions, noting that PR proteins are produced when plants are infected by pathogens and act to decrease susceptibility. It then describes 17 types of PR proteins classified into families based on their properties, with examples like chitinase and glucanase. Mechanisms of action are discussed, such as degrading fungal cell walls. The document concludes by outlining applications for transferring PR protein genes to transgenic plants to engineer resistance against pathogens like fungi and bacteria.
CLASE 10. Mutación en el Fitomejoramiento 2022 Ia.pdfOxalJayos
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de mutación y poliploidía que pueden ocurrir en plantas. Explica que las mutaciones son cambios en el material genético y pueden ser causadas por agentes como la radiación. También describe cómo se pueden inducir mutaciones y poliploidía artificialmente usando colchicina. Finalmente, explica cómo identificar tejidos poliploidizados y algunos usos de poliploidía en el fitomejoramiento.
Biochar and its use in plant disease managementBISWAJITJENA64
This document discusses biochar and its potential use in plant disease management. It provides background on biochar production through pyrolysis and discusses several proposed mechanisms by which biochar may suppress plant diseases. These include inducing systemic resistance in plants, enhancing beneficial microbes, modifying soil quality, direct fungitoxic effects, and sorption of allelopathic compounds. The document reviews experimental evidence supporting these mechanisms from studies on various plant pathogens. It also summarizes research on biochar sorption of agrochemicals and phytotoxic compounds. Overall, the document examines the promising role of biochar as a tool for controlling plant diseases through multiple proposed mechanisms.
An overview on role of signal transduction in inducing plant innate immunity which includes both systemic acquired resistance as well as induced systemic resistance.
RNAi – Mechanism and Its Application In Crop Improvementkundan Jadhao
This document summarizes an RNAi presentation on crop improvement using RNA interference. The 3-sentence summary is:
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by small RNA molecules. The presentation described the RNAi pathway and various applications of RNAi technology in crop improvement, including increasing nutrient levels, developing virus and pest resistance, and reducing anti-nutritional compounds. Several case studies were provided that demonstrated how RNAi has been used to successfully modify traits in different crops like maize, cotton, coffee, and banana.
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, regulate growth and development in plants. There are five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and differentiation, as well as apical dominance. Gibberellins promote stem elongation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and differentiation. Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and inhibits stem elongation. Abscisic acid induces seed dormancy. Plant hormones have potential medical applications, as some can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
This document provides an overview of strigolactones, a recently identified class of plant hormones. Strigolactones are signaling compounds that play roles in plant development and symbiotic interactions with microbes. They stimulate seed germination of root parasitic plants and promote hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Strigolactones are derived from carotenoids and their biosynthesis involves carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase enzymes. They act as branching inhibitors to control shoot architecture and help plants adapt to stressful conditions like low phosphate availability by altering growth patterns.
Pieces of the phytobiome: multitrophic and environmental influences on plant ...CIAT
Speaker: Jan Leach, Associate Dean for Research in the College of Agriculture and Distinguished Professor at Colorado State University. Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Event: Robert D. Havener Seminar on “Innovations for Crop Productivity”. http://ciat.cgiar.org/event/robert-d-havener-seminar-on-innovations-for-crop-productivity/
This document discusses pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins found in plants. It begins with definitions, noting that PR proteins are produced when plants are infected by pathogens and act to decrease susceptibility. It then describes 17 types of PR proteins classified into families based on their properties, with examples like chitinase and glucanase. Mechanisms of action are discussed, such as degrading fungal cell walls. The document concludes by outlining applications for transferring PR protein genes to transgenic plants to engineer resistance against pathogens like fungi and bacteria.
CLASE 10. Mutación en el Fitomejoramiento 2022 Ia.pdfOxalJayos
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de mutación y poliploidía que pueden ocurrir en plantas. Explica que las mutaciones son cambios en el material genético y pueden ser causadas por agentes como la radiación. También describe cómo se pueden inducir mutaciones y poliploidía artificialmente usando colchicina. Finalmente, explica cómo identificar tejidos poliploidizados y algunos usos de poliploidía en el fitomejoramiento.
The document discusses transgenic and herbicide resistant crops. It defines transgenic crops as plants modified through genetic engineering by transferring genes between organisms. Herbicide resistant crops are made resistant to herbicides either through genetic engineering or cell/tissue culture mutations. The document discusses how glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides work, mechanisms of resistance in crops, benefits and risks of herbicide resistant crops, and management strategies to address herbicide resistant weeds.
physiolgical & biological aspects of herbicidess.pptxRamnathPotai
This document classifies herbicides based on their mechanism of action and discusses various herbicide groups. It describes 15 herbicide groups (A through P) that act through different modes of action such as inhibiting lipid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, photosynthesis, cell membrane disruption, pigment inhibition, and as plant growth regulators. Each group is described in terms of the active ingredients, their mechanism of action in plants, and typical symptoms caused. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding herbicide physiology to tackle resistance, prevent and manage resistance, plan effective weed management programs, and improve herbicide performance.
This presentation is about herbicide resistant . How the crop plants become resistance to herbicides so that it can only be effective to the weeds which harm the main crops and compete with them for its growth and development. So removal of those unwanted plants are very important but without affecting the main crop. As those weedicide and herbicide are the chemicals which stop the plants growth so the main crop needed to make resistant to these chemicals so that it wont affect them it only affect the unwanted weeds so it is name as WEEDICIDE.
So this presentation shows the process by how using genetic engineering techniques the main crop plant's genes are manipulated and make it resistant from those particular chemicals.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Vegetative compatibility refers to the ability of fungal hyphae from different individuals of the same fungal species to fuse and form a stable heterokaryon. It is governed by multiple vegetative incompatibility or heterokaryon incompatibility loci. Vegetative compatibility testing involves using nitrate non-utilizing mutants that are unable to use nitrate as a nitrogen source. These mutants allow classification of fungal strains into vegetative compatibility groups based on their ability to form viable heterokaryons. Conidial anastomosis tubes, which are short, thin hyphae, mediate the initial contact and fusion between conidia or germlings.
Detection of plant pathogens using non pcr based techniquesPuja41124
This document discusses various molecular techniques for detecting and identifying plant pathogens, beginning with conventional techniques like visual observation, culture-based methods, and microscopy. It then covers several antibody-based techniques like serological methods, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. Hybridization methods like Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and DNA microarrays are also introduced. Biochemical approaches involving fatty acid analysis, Biolog identification systems, and volatile compound analysis are briefly covered. The document concludes by discussing the surface plasmon resonance technique for pathogen detection. In summary, it provides an overview of conventional, antibody-based, hybridization-based, and biochemical molecular techniques for plant pathogen detection and identification.
This document discusses advance portable tools for on-site detection of plant pathogens. It covers various disease detection tools including visual observation, cultural techniques, and the Foldscope microscope. It also discusses indirect detection methods like thermography, fluorescence imaging, hyperspectral techniques, and gas chromatography. Biosensor approaches for plant pathogen detection are also presented, including antibody-based biosensors, optical immunosensors, fluorescent approaches using quantum dots, and surface plasmon resonance systems. Loop mediated isothermal amplification is also discussed as a rapid detection method. The document emphasizes the importance of early detection in plant disease management and hopes that more portable detection devices will be developed to support efficient on-site diagnosis.
Breeding for disease resistence In cucurbitesAlok Thapliyal
1. The document discusses breeding for disease resistance in cucurbits. It outlines important diseases that affect cucurbits like downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and fusarium wilt.
2. It describes different mechanisms and types of disease resistance, as well as sources of resistance found in cultivated species and related wild species.
3. Tables show results of screening various cucurbit genotypes for resistance to different diseases like downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and fusarium wilt, under field conditions or artificial inoculation. The best sources of resistance are identified.
RNA silencing is an ancient eukaryotic pathway in which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers destruction of related RNAs in the cell.This study focuses on the currently known plant virus encoded suppressors of silencing and the functional assays used to identify these proteins. Because they interfere with silencing at different points in the pathway, these viral suppressors are powerful tools to help unravel the mechanism of RNA silencing in plants.
This ppt is made by Basant kumar pradhan, Student of B.Sc. 6th Semester, in Department of botany Guru ghasidas vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur. This presentation mainly focuses on following aspects :-
1. History
2.Introduction of Bt-cotton
3. Why Bt-cotton is produced?
4. What is Bt?
5. What is Bt-cotton?
6. How Bt-cotton is developed?
7. Mode of action of Cry toxin.
This document discusses the structural and biochemical defense mechanisms in plants against pathogens. It begins by introducing that plants lack an immune system like animals but have developed defenses to detect and prevent extensive damage from invading organisms. It then describes structural defenses like waxes, thick cuticles and cell walls that act as pre-existing barriers, as well as post-infection responses like cork layer formation. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors and phenolic compounds, as well as induced responses like phytoalexins - toxic antimicrobial substances produced after infection. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key physical and chemical defenses plants have evolved to protect against various fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.
Role of Gibberellins, mode of action and external applications.pptxjana861314
Gibberellins are a class of plant hormones that were discovered in 1926 when a fungus was found to cause abnormal tall growth in rice. The active substance was isolated in 1935 and named gibberellin. Gibberellins promote seed germination, stem elongation, flowering, and fruit development. They are synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in plastids and undergo oxidation reactions on the endoplasmic reticulum to form bioactive gibberellins. External applications of gibberellins such as GA3 can promote seed germination, induce flowering, increase yield and quality traits in various vegetable crops.
FERTILITY RESTORATION IN MALE STERILE LINES AND RESTORER DIVERSIFICATION PROG...Rachana Bagudam
1. FERTILITY RESTORATION IN MALE STERILE LINES AND RESTORER DIVERSIFICATION PROGRAMMES.
2. CONVERSION OF AGRONOMICALLY IDEAL GENOTYPES INTO MALE STERILES.
3. GENERATING NEW CYTONUCLEAR INTERACTION SYSTEM FOR DIVERSIFICATION OF MALE STERILES.
This document summarizes the presentation of Adithya P Balakrishnan on MAGIC (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross) populations. It discusses how MAGIC populations are constructed using multiple parental lines that are intercrossed and selfed over multiple generations. This results in a population with increased genetic diversity and higher mapping resolution compared to biparental populations. The document provides examples of MAGIC populations developed in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. It describes the phenotypic evaluation and genetic analysis, including QTL mapping, that has been carried out on these MAGIC populations.
it cover almost all content in cis/intragesis, right from introduction definition, explanation, production of marker free transgenic, intragenic vector construction, regulatory guide lines, current and future status, limitation, advantage over existing technique, swot analysis etc
its very useful for your seminar and presentations. it contain lot of picture, table, figure for your easy understanding
thank you
Mahesh
Burkholderia glumae es una bacteria Gram-negativa que causa la enfermedad del añublo bacteriano de la panícula en el arroz, lo que puede ocasionar pérdidas de hasta el 80% de la cosecha. Se transmite principalmente a través de semillas infectadas y florece a temperaturas altas. Sus factores de virulencia incluyen la toxina toxoflavina y un sistema de secreción tipo III. El mejor control reportado es el tratamiento de semillas y plantas con quinolonas antibióticas.
It is a group including, newly emerged plant hormones with some identified functions like:-
- Growth stimulant of parasitic plants,
- Plant architecture determinant,
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis promoter,
- Other developmental and environmental cues.
- Despite of their immense developmental potential, the strigolactone research in the last few years has established their significance in adverse environmental conditions including under DROUGHT, SALINITY, NUTRIENT STARVATION, TEMPERATURE, and PATHOGENIC ASSAIL, etc.
The document discusses plant disease resistance and the gene-for-gene hypothesis. It states that a plant's inherent ability to resist or withstand pathogens is called resistance. The gene-for-gene hypothesis proposes that for each resistance gene in the plant, there is a corresponding gene in the pathogen that determines if the pathogen can infect the plant. Resistance can be vertical, involving major genes, or horizontal, involving polygenes that provide broader resistance to multiple pathogen races.
Transgenic crops expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been successfully used to manage important insect pests. Global adoption of Bt cotton, maize, and other crops has increased rapidly since 1996. While Bt crops targeting Lepidoptera pests predominate, genes like Vip3A show potential for resistance management. Beyond Bt genes, other strategies utilize plant-derived protease inhibitors and amylase inhibitors to damage insect digestion. Transgenic crops expressing these genes have shown effectiveness against pests in field tests.
Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational Integrated Pest ManagementGardening
This document provides information on organic and biorational integrated pest management strategies for controlling cucumber beetles, a major pest of cucurbit crops. It begins by describing the six species of cucumber beetles found in the US and their life cycles. It then discusses the damage caused by cucumber beetles and organic control methods including cultural practices, trap crops, predators/parasites, and botanical/biorational insecticides. The document emphasizes using a combination of these methods within an integrated pest management approach to control cucumber beetles organically.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, two major pests of cucurbits. It presents the life cycles and characteristics of each pest, including that squash bugs suck plant juices and inject toxins while squash vine borer larvae burrow into and destroy plant stems. The publication covers various organically approved control levels including systems-based practices, mechanical and physical controls, and material controls. Row covers, cultural practices, and experimental approaches are also addressed. Recommended strategies include preventive management and exclusion using row covers between planting and flowering.
The document discusses transgenic and herbicide resistant crops. It defines transgenic crops as plants modified through genetic engineering by transferring genes between organisms. Herbicide resistant crops are made resistant to herbicides either through genetic engineering or cell/tissue culture mutations. The document discusses how glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides work, mechanisms of resistance in crops, benefits and risks of herbicide resistant crops, and management strategies to address herbicide resistant weeds.
physiolgical & biological aspects of herbicidess.pptxRamnathPotai
This document classifies herbicides based on their mechanism of action and discusses various herbicide groups. It describes 15 herbicide groups (A through P) that act through different modes of action such as inhibiting lipid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, photosynthesis, cell membrane disruption, pigment inhibition, and as plant growth regulators. Each group is described in terms of the active ingredients, their mechanism of action in plants, and typical symptoms caused. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding herbicide physiology to tackle resistance, prevent and manage resistance, plan effective weed management programs, and improve herbicide performance.
This presentation is about herbicide resistant . How the crop plants become resistance to herbicides so that it can only be effective to the weeds which harm the main crops and compete with them for its growth and development. So removal of those unwanted plants are very important but without affecting the main crop. As those weedicide and herbicide are the chemicals which stop the plants growth so the main crop needed to make resistant to these chemicals so that it wont affect them it only affect the unwanted weeds so it is name as WEEDICIDE.
So this presentation shows the process by how using genetic engineering techniques the main crop plant's genes are manipulated and make it resistant from those particular chemicals.
Abiotic stress management in vegetable cropsLabiba Shah
Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies limit crop productivity worldwide. The document discusses various abiotic stresses and their effects on plants. It provides details on injury mechanisms caused by each stress and tolerance mechanisms that have evolved in plants. It also discusses methods for screening and selecting stress-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs, including the use of wild relatives as sources of tolerance traits. Drought is estimated to account for over 50% of worldwide crop losses, while other stresses like salinity and high temperatures also significantly reduce yields. Breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties through selection and hybridization is important for sustainable agriculture.
Vegetative compatibility refers to the ability of fungal hyphae from different individuals of the same fungal species to fuse and form a stable heterokaryon. It is governed by multiple vegetative incompatibility or heterokaryon incompatibility loci. Vegetative compatibility testing involves using nitrate non-utilizing mutants that are unable to use nitrate as a nitrogen source. These mutants allow classification of fungal strains into vegetative compatibility groups based on their ability to form viable heterokaryons. Conidial anastomosis tubes, which are short, thin hyphae, mediate the initial contact and fusion between conidia or germlings.
Detection of plant pathogens using non pcr based techniquesPuja41124
This document discusses various molecular techniques for detecting and identifying plant pathogens, beginning with conventional techniques like visual observation, culture-based methods, and microscopy. It then covers several antibody-based techniques like serological methods, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. Hybridization methods like Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and DNA microarrays are also introduced. Biochemical approaches involving fatty acid analysis, Biolog identification systems, and volatile compound analysis are briefly covered. The document concludes by discussing the surface plasmon resonance technique for pathogen detection. In summary, it provides an overview of conventional, antibody-based, hybridization-based, and biochemical molecular techniques for plant pathogen detection and identification.
This document discusses advance portable tools for on-site detection of plant pathogens. It covers various disease detection tools including visual observation, cultural techniques, and the Foldscope microscope. It also discusses indirect detection methods like thermography, fluorescence imaging, hyperspectral techniques, and gas chromatography. Biosensor approaches for plant pathogen detection are also presented, including antibody-based biosensors, optical immunosensors, fluorescent approaches using quantum dots, and surface plasmon resonance systems. Loop mediated isothermal amplification is also discussed as a rapid detection method. The document emphasizes the importance of early detection in plant disease management and hopes that more portable detection devices will be developed to support efficient on-site diagnosis.
Breeding for disease resistence In cucurbitesAlok Thapliyal
1. The document discusses breeding for disease resistance in cucurbits. It outlines important diseases that affect cucurbits like downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and fusarium wilt.
2. It describes different mechanisms and types of disease resistance, as well as sources of resistance found in cultivated species and related wild species.
3. Tables show results of screening various cucurbit genotypes for resistance to different diseases like downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and fusarium wilt, under field conditions or artificial inoculation. The best sources of resistance are identified.
RNA silencing is an ancient eukaryotic pathway in which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers destruction of related RNAs in the cell.This study focuses on the currently known plant virus encoded suppressors of silencing and the functional assays used to identify these proteins. Because they interfere with silencing at different points in the pathway, these viral suppressors are powerful tools to help unravel the mechanism of RNA silencing in plants.
This ppt is made by Basant kumar pradhan, Student of B.Sc. 6th Semester, in Department of botany Guru ghasidas vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur. This presentation mainly focuses on following aspects :-
1. History
2.Introduction of Bt-cotton
3. Why Bt-cotton is produced?
4. What is Bt?
5. What is Bt-cotton?
6. How Bt-cotton is developed?
7. Mode of action of Cry toxin.
This document discusses the structural and biochemical defense mechanisms in plants against pathogens. It begins by introducing that plants lack an immune system like animals but have developed defenses to detect and prevent extensive damage from invading organisms. It then describes structural defenses like waxes, thick cuticles and cell walls that act as pre-existing barriers, as well as post-infection responses like cork layer formation. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors and phenolic compounds, as well as induced responses like phytoalexins - toxic antimicrobial substances produced after infection. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key physical and chemical defenses plants have evolved to protect against various fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.
Role of Gibberellins, mode of action and external applications.pptxjana861314
Gibberellins are a class of plant hormones that were discovered in 1926 when a fungus was found to cause abnormal tall growth in rice. The active substance was isolated in 1935 and named gibberellin. Gibberellins promote seed germination, stem elongation, flowering, and fruit development. They are synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in plastids and undergo oxidation reactions on the endoplasmic reticulum to form bioactive gibberellins. External applications of gibberellins such as GA3 can promote seed germination, induce flowering, increase yield and quality traits in various vegetable crops.
FERTILITY RESTORATION IN MALE STERILE LINES AND RESTORER DIVERSIFICATION PROG...Rachana Bagudam
1. FERTILITY RESTORATION IN MALE STERILE LINES AND RESTORER DIVERSIFICATION PROGRAMMES.
2. CONVERSION OF AGRONOMICALLY IDEAL GENOTYPES INTO MALE STERILES.
3. GENERATING NEW CYTONUCLEAR INTERACTION SYSTEM FOR DIVERSIFICATION OF MALE STERILES.
This document summarizes the presentation of Adithya P Balakrishnan on MAGIC (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Intercross) populations. It discusses how MAGIC populations are constructed using multiple parental lines that are intercrossed and selfed over multiple generations. This results in a population with increased genetic diversity and higher mapping resolution compared to biparental populations. The document provides examples of MAGIC populations developed in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. It describes the phenotypic evaluation and genetic analysis, including QTL mapping, that has been carried out on these MAGIC populations.
it cover almost all content in cis/intragesis, right from introduction definition, explanation, production of marker free transgenic, intragenic vector construction, regulatory guide lines, current and future status, limitation, advantage over existing technique, swot analysis etc
its very useful for your seminar and presentations. it contain lot of picture, table, figure for your easy understanding
thank you
Mahesh
Burkholderia glumae es una bacteria Gram-negativa que causa la enfermedad del añublo bacteriano de la panícula en el arroz, lo que puede ocasionar pérdidas de hasta el 80% de la cosecha. Se transmite principalmente a través de semillas infectadas y florece a temperaturas altas. Sus factores de virulencia incluyen la toxina toxoflavina y un sistema de secreción tipo III. El mejor control reportado es el tratamiento de semillas y plantas con quinolonas antibióticas.
It is a group including, newly emerged plant hormones with some identified functions like:-
- Growth stimulant of parasitic plants,
- Plant architecture determinant,
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis promoter,
- Other developmental and environmental cues.
- Despite of their immense developmental potential, the strigolactone research in the last few years has established their significance in adverse environmental conditions including under DROUGHT, SALINITY, NUTRIENT STARVATION, TEMPERATURE, and PATHOGENIC ASSAIL, etc.
The document discusses plant disease resistance and the gene-for-gene hypothesis. It states that a plant's inherent ability to resist or withstand pathogens is called resistance. The gene-for-gene hypothesis proposes that for each resistance gene in the plant, there is a corresponding gene in the pathogen that determines if the pathogen can infect the plant. Resistance can be vertical, involving major genes, or horizontal, involving polygenes that provide broader resistance to multiple pathogen races.
Transgenic crops expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been successfully used to manage important insect pests. Global adoption of Bt cotton, maize, and other crops has increased rapidly since 1996. While Bt crops targeting Lepidoptera pests predominate, genes like Vip3A show potential for resistance management. Beyond Bt genes, other strategies utilize plant-derived protease inhibitors and amylase inhibitors to damage insect digestion. Transgenic crops expressing these genes have shown effectiveness against pests in field tests.
Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational Integrated Pest ManagementGardening
This document provides information on organic and biorational integrated pest management strategies for controlling cucumber beetles, a major pest of cucurbit crops. It begins by describing the six species of cucumber beetles found in the US and their life cycles. It then discusses the damage caused by cucumber beetles and organic control methods including cultural practices, trap crops, predators/parasites, and botanical/biorational insecticides. The document emphasizes using a combination of these methods within an integrated pest management approach to control cucumber beetles organically.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, two major pests of cucurbits. It presents the life cycles and characteristics of each pest, including that squash bugs suck plant juices and inject toxins while squash vine borer larvae burrow into and destroy plant stems. The publication covers various organically approved control levels including systems-based practices, mechanical and physical controls, and material controls. Row covers, cultural practices, and experimental approaches are also addressed. Recommended strategies include preventive management and exclusion using row covers between planting and flowering.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, two major pests of cucurbits. It presents the life cycles and characteristics of each pest, including that squash bugs overwinter as adults and lay eggs in masses on undersides of leaves, while squash vine borer larvae burrow into plant stems. The publication covers various organically approved control levels including systems-based practices, mechanical controls like row covers, and material controls such as alternative insecticides. It also discusses cultural practices like host preference and genetic resistance.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsGardening
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, which are major pests of cucurbit crops. It describes the life cycles and characteristics of each pest. It outlines a three-level approach to organic pest management according to the USDA National Organic Program standards. Level 1 involves cultural and systems-based practices like crop rotation and field sanitation. Level 2 includes mechanical controls like row covers and traps. Level 3 uses biological and botanical pesticides allowed on the National Organic List. The document discusses various organic controls for each pest, including row covers, host plant resistance, and biological controls. It provides details on planning, monitoring, and integrating multiple control strategies to manage these pests organically
This document summarizes integrated pest management strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and biorational pesticides like insecticidal soaps, oils, and fungi. It provides tables with information on specific biological control agents like green lacewings and parasitic wasps, as well as biorational pesticide options and their suppliers. The strategies aim to control aphids in a sustainable way while minimizing risk to humans, other animals, and beneficial insects.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It describes the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It discusses the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
Companion Planting: The Real Story - Montgomery County Master Gardeners, Univ...Fairlee3z
The document summarizes the concept of companion planting, which involves growing plants near each other to provide benefits. It discusses the limited scientific evidence but notes some potential benefits like nitrogen fixation, pest trapping, and attracting beneficial insects. It recommends experimenting with methods that have evidence like the Three Sisters garden of corn, beans, and squash. The summary cautions that many companion planting claims lack scientific proof but encourages trying some techniques and having fun in gardens.
This document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling greenhouse whiteflies. It discusses monitoring whiteflies, using biological controls like the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa and other beneficial organisms. It also discusses the use of biopesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus and insect growth regulators. Maintaining controlled atmospheres with higher carbon dioxide can also help control whitefly populations. The appendices provide lists of available biological control organisms and biorational pesticides.
This document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling greenhouse whiteflies. It discusses monitoring whiteflies, using biological controls like the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa and other beneficial organisms. It also discusses the use of biopesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus and insect growth regulators. Maintaining controlled atmospheres with higher carbon dioxide can also help control whitefly populations. The appendices provide lists of available biological controls and biopesticides.
This document provides information on integrated pest management strategies for controlling greenhouse whiteflies, which are a serious pest for greenhouse vegetable and ornamental crops. It discusses monitoring whitefly populations, using biological controls like the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa, applying biopesticides and insect growth regulators, and employing controlled atmosphere techniques. Appendices provide details on beneficial organisms and biorational pesticides that can be used as part of an IPM approach to sustainable whitefly management.
This document provides an overview of organic pear production, covering key pests and diseases, and their organic management. Pear trees have fewer pest problems than other tree fruits. Fireblight is the most serious disease, but can be managed through resistant cultivars and preventative sprays of antibiotics like streptomycin. Other important pests include pear psylla, which transmits diseases and weakens trees, and can be controlled with dormant oil sprays or sulfur. True bugs also feed on pears and cause damage, and populations can be reduced with trap crops and biological controls. Overall, pears are relatively easy to produce organically with proper cultivar selection and integrated pest management.
This document provides an overview of organic pear production, covering key pests and diseases, and their organic management. Pear trees have fewer pest problems than other tree fruits. Fireblight is the most serious disease, but can be managed through resistant cultivars and preventative sprays of antibiotics like streptomycin. Other important pests include pear psylla, which transmits diseases and weakens trees, and can be controlled with dormant oil sprays or sulfur. True bugs also feed on pears and cause damage, and populations can be reduced with trap crops and biological controls. Overall, pears are relatively easy to produce organically with proper cultivar selection and integrated pest management.
This is the pest of Brinjal, Leucinodes arbonalis which is commonly known as shoot or fruit borer. It cause severe damage to the brinjal and other solanaceous plants and decline the crop productivity.
Biological and Cultural Control of Weeds and NematodesKarl Obispo
The document discusses various biological and mechanical methods for controlling weeds and nematodes. It describes how the head smut fungus Sporisorium ophiuri provides biological control of Rottboellia cochinchinensis by infecting seedlings. Mechanical control of R. cochinchinensis involves burning, tilling, and leaving fields fallow. Several Aphtona flea beetle species provide biological control of leafy spurge by feeding on roots and foliage. Tagetes erecta releases chemicals from its roots that are toxic to root-knot nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne. Higher organic matter and good soil care can also help minimize nematode damage.
The document discusses the giant whitefly pest, including its identification, life cycle, damage to plants, and management strategies. It was first discovered in California in 1992 and has since spread rapidly, severely infesting many ornamental plants. It can be identified by its large size and wax spirals deposited on leaves. Management includes removing infested leaves, washing leaves with water, and using biological controls like parasitic wasps.
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
This document provides information on 4 major pests of tomato crops: 1) Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), 2) Defoliator (Spodoptera litura), 3) Serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), and 4) Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). It describes the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies for each pest. Common natural enemies are also listed. The management approaches emphasized include cultural controls, use of tolerant varieties, pheromone traps, biological control agents, and targeted application of chemical pesticides when needed.
This document provides information on organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It discusses cultural, physical, biological and alternative pesticide controls. Cultural controls include providing optimal growing conditions, crop rotation, trap cropping, and sanitation. Physical controls are row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides, insecticidal soap, diatomaceous earth, and Surround. Regular monitoring is important to determine if and when pesticidal applications are needed.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It outlines cultural, biological and alternative pesticide approaches. Cultural controls include using crop rotation, trap cropping with Chinese Southern Giant Mustard or radishes, and row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites that naturally suppress flea beetle populations. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides like neem, rotenone and pyrethrins, as well as insecticidal soap, garlic extracts, and diatomaceous earth.
Similar to Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational Integrated Pest Management (20)
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
Sistemas Avícolas Alternativos con Acceso a PasturaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe y compara sistemas avícolas alternativos y convencionales. Los sistemas alternativos incluyen aves con acceso a pasturas a través de casas fijas, casas portátiles, corrales de pastura u otros diseños que permiten a las aves expresar su comportamiento natural al aire libre. Estos sistemas son comúnmente a pequeña escala e integrados a granjas diversificadas. El acceso al exterior es una parte importante del bienestar de las aves y permite producción extensiva en comparación con los sistem
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
Este documento cubre el procesamiento de aves a pequeña escala, ya sea en la granja o en plantas pequeñas. Describe las etapas clave del procesamiento, como la inmovilización, matanza, sangrado, desplume, evisceración, enfriamiento y empaque. También compara el procesamiento a pequeña, mediana y gran escala, y explica cómo el acceso a instalaciones de procesamiento es crucial para los pequeños productores avícolas.
Planeando la Plantación de Vegetales para una Cosecha ContinuaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento ofrece consejos para planificar plantaciones sucesivas de vegetales con el fin de lograr una cosecha continua a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento. Explica que es importante mantener registros de plantaciones y cosechas anteriores para determinar las fechas óptimas de siembra. También destaca que el clima y las condiciones de la tierra afectan el crecimiento de los cultivos, por lo que es útil considerar las temperaturas ideales de germinación de cada vegetal. El documento incluye una tabla con esta información y un
Este documento trata sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en pastoreo. Explica que los rumiantes como vacunos, ovinos y caprinos pueden convertir plantas no comestibles para humanos en alimentos mediante la digestión de la celulosa. También destaca que la mayoría de las tierras son aptas solo para pastoreo, no para cultivo, y que el pastoreo es una forma eficiente de convertir la biomasa vegetal en alimentos como carne y leche. Además, resalta la importancia de entender la nutrición de los rumiantes considerando fact
Este documento trata sobre los requerimientos nutricionales para aves de pastura y cómo cubrirlos a través de diferentes ingredientes alimenticios comunes y poco comunes. Explica el valor nutritivo de ingredientes como el maíz, trigo, avena, harina de pescado y frijol soya, y discute consideraciones como la molienda, la formulación de raciones y la nutrición aplicada para diferentes tasas de crecimiento y estilos de alimentación.
Nuevos Mercados para Su Cosecha (audio version)ElisaMendelsohn
Pedro quiere vender sus productos agrícolas pero no puede vender todo en el mercado local y los comerciantes le ofrecen precios bajos. José le sugiere vender a instituciones como escuelas, hospitales y asilos de ancianos. José introduce a Pedro con el comprador de alimentos del hospital local. El comprador está interesado en comprar productos de la granja de Pedro y pide detalles sobre sus productos, precios y disponibilidad. Pedro comienza a vender lechuga al hospital y el comprador pide un volumen mayor, pero Pedro no puede
Los Escarabajos del Pepino: Manejo Integrado de Plagas — MIP Orgánico y Biora...ElisaMendelsohn
Los escarabajos del pepino son plagas importantes de cultivos de cucurbitáceas en los Estados Unidos. Transmiten enfermedades bacterianas y virales y causan daño directo al alimentarse de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos. Sus ciclos de vida y las medidas orgánicas de control como plantación tardía, cobertores flotantes, cultivos trampa e insecticidas botánicos deben ser comprendidos para implementar estrategias de manejo integrado efectivas.
Las Crónicas Orgánicas No. 1: No Tenga Pánico Vuélvase OrgánicoElisaMendelsohn
Este documento presenta la historia de Pedro, un agricultor, que aprende sobre los beneficios de la agricultura orgánica a través de una visita a una granja orgánica y conversaciones con agricultores orgánicos. Pedro descubre que la agricultura orgánica fomenta la biodiversidad en el suelo y los cultivos, lo que ayuda a controlar plagas de forma natural. Aprende que el uso de pesticidas químicos puede dañar a los organismos benéficos en el suelo y los cultivos. Finalmente, Pedro decide convertir
La Certificación para Granjas Orgánicas y el Programa Orgánico NacionalElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe los requisitos para la certificación orgánica de granjas y el Programa Orgánico Nacional de los EE.UU. Los agricultores que quieran vender sus productos como orgánicos deben obtener la certificación de un agente acreditado. La certificación asegura a los consumidores que los productos cumplen con las normas orgánicas. El Programa Orgánico Nacional estableció normas uniformes para la certificación y acredita agentes certificadores. Los agricultores deben cumplir con las normas de producción e
Jardinería Comercial: Consideraciones para Producción de Frutas y VerdurasElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona consideraciones para iniciar un negocio de jardinería comercial. Explica que se debe desarrollar un plan de negocios que incluya un plan de marketing enfocado en los mercados. También discute opciones de mercado como mercados de productores, ventas directas, restaurantes e instituciones. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de aprender técnicas de producción a través de talleres, conferencias u observando otros productores.
Guía Ilustrada para la Producción de Ovinos y CaprinosElisaMendelsohn
Este documento es una guía ilustrada para la producción de ovinos y caprinos. Proporciona información sobre la selección de animales, la alimentación y el pastoreo, el cuidado de animales jóvenes y de cría, la sanidad, el equipo y el manejo, y la comercialización de productos de ovinos y caprinos. La guía describe las características deseables para una buena conformación en ovinos y caprinos, y ofrece consejos sobre cómo proveer una dieta y pastoreo saludables para estos animales.
Este documento proporciona una guía sobre métodos orgánicos para producir fresas. Cubre técnicas como el control de malezas mediante acolchado de plástico negro, fertilización orgánica, y control biológico de plagas. También discute sistemas de producción como la plantación en camellones con plástico y la producción en túneles, y provee recursos adicionales sobre certificación orgánica y recomendaciones de variedades por estado. La producción orgánica de fresas puede requerir más esf
Este documento describe el equipamiento básico necesario para una pequeña granja avícola, enfocándose en los sistemas de bebederos y comederos. Explica que los bebederos son cruciales para el bienestar de las aves y deben proveer agua limpia de manera confiable para prevenir enfermedades y la muerte de los pollos. También discute brevemente consideraciones para cercos, perchas y cajas nido.
Este documento describe el proceso de certificación orgánica según las normas del Programa Nacional Orgánico del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Explica que la certificación permite vender, representar y etiquetar productos como orgánicos, y que involucra inspecciones anuales realizadas por un certificador acreditado para verificar el cumplimiento de las normas. También destaca algunos de los beneficios de la certificación, como mantener mejores registros que ayudan a identificar y resolver problemas de producción con mayor facilidad.
Este documento trata sobre el manejo sostenible de suelos. Explica las propiedades básicas del suelo y los pasos para mejorar y mantener la calidad del suelo de manera sostenible. Cubre temas como la importancia de la materia orgánica y los organismos del suelo, técnicas para mejorar el suelo como el compost y la labranza reducida, y ejemplos de agricultores que han tenido éxito mejorando la calidad de sus suelos.
El Manejo de Gallineros para la Producción AlternativaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona información sobre el manejo del medio ambiente en la producción avícola alternativa. Explica que tanto el área interior como el exterior son importantes para el bienestar de las aves. Detalla la importancia de la ventilación, temperatura, iluminación y lecho dentro del gallinero. Además, enfatiza que la producción alternativa a menudo ocurre a pequeña escala y puede ser certificada orgánica, requiriendo ciertas prácticas especiales en comparación con la avicultura convencional.
Este documento describe los cuatro pasos que los productores y procesadores orgánicos deben seguir para prepararse adecuadamente para su inspección de certificación orgánica anual. El primer paso es leer las secciones pertinentes de las Normas Orgánicas Nacionales según el tipo de operación. El segundo paso es revisar su Plan de Sistema Orgánico. El tercer paso es revisar la comunicación de la agencia certificadora del año pasado. El cuarto paso es organizar todos los registros requeridos usando las listas proporcionadas. La public
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
3. Notes on terms used in organic production
Organic production of crops and live- organic certification should check with stimulation, as well as for weed, insect
stock in the United States is regulated an accredited certifying agent before and disease control. Manufacturers sub-
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s using any pest control material men- mit product data, ingredients and related
National Organic Program. The program tioned in this publication, whether it is proprietary information to the institute
is an organic certification and market- described as organic or biorational, to for evaluation of suitable materials
ing program that ensures food and verify approved status. according to standards established by
food products labeled as organic meet the USDA National Organic Program.
standard guidelines. Land must be free Biorational products include botani-
of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers cals, horticultural oils, insecticidal soaps, The OMRI Products List is a directory
for three years before it can be certifiedbiopesticides (biofungicides and micro- of products reviewed and approved by
organic. After that, producers can only bial antagonists), mineral-based prod- the institute for use in organic crop pro-
use approved organic pest control strat- ucts, parasitic nematodes, anti-feedants, duction. These products may display the
egies and fertilizers. plant extracts and pheromones. Organic OMRI Listed seal on labels and in adver-
farmers commonly use biorational prod- tising literature. The OMRI Products List is
Producers who want to label or market uct formulations of natural origin. a convenient way for farmers to identify
their produce as organic need to gain which biorational pest control products are
certification through a USDA-accredited Biorational pest controls also include approved for use in organic production.
certifying agent. This process involves reduced-risk pesticides and insect growth
the development of an organic sys- regulators that are not allowed in organic Resources:
tem plan describing details about soil production. In addition, organic farmers
fertility planning, seeds and seedlings, are not allowed to use certain botanical The National Organic Program
weed and pest management practices insecticides like nicotine and rotenone or USDA – Agricultural Marketing Service
including materials the grower plans to specific formulations of biorational pes- www.ams.usda.gov/nop/indexNet.htm
use, and storage and handling routines ticides. For example, the commercially The OMRI Products List
(Kuepper, 2002). A recordkeeping sys- available Entrust formulation of spinosad Organic Materials Review Institute
tem and an annual farm inspection are is allowed, but many other spinosad for- www.omri.org
also required. mulations are not.
Organic regulation, certification,
For more information, see the ATTRA The Organic Materials Review Institute transition and history
publication Organic Farm Certifica- is a nonprofit organization that reviews ATTRA – National Sustainable
tion and the National Organic Program. products used in organic crop produc- Agriculture Information Service
Please note that farmers involved with tion for the purpose of fertility and plant www.attra.ncat.org/organic.html
Life cycle of the cucumber Applications of biorational insecticides are
most effective and least costly when based
beetle on knowledge of:
Understanding the life cycle of an insect
pest is critical to using control measures • The pest’s life cycle
effectively. Integrated pest management • The life stage(s) of the pest that will
pest-control strategies require knowledge of
damage the crop plant
the pest’s life cycle to:
• The life stage(s) of the crop plant
• Adjust planting times so crops are
not in a susceptible growth stage most susceptible to the pest
when the pest is most active • The life stage of the pest that is
• Distract insects from susceptible crops easiest to control
by using pheromones or trap crops • Local climate and ecological con-
• Disrupt the pest’s ability to repro- ditions and how they affect plant
duce or grow growth and insect movement
Refer to the ATTRA publication Biointensive Integrated Pest Management for an
introduction to integrated pest management concepts and practices.
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 3
4. Cucumber beetles overwinter as unmated on a wide range of plants in the cucurbit,
adults in bordering vegetation, plant debris, rose, legume and mustard families. Banded
woodlots and fence rows. Cucumber bee- cucumber beetles can produce up to seven
tles are active in spring when temperatures generations per year in the Deep South.
reach 55 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit and feed
After feeding and mating on cucurbit seed-
on alternate host plants until cucurbit plants
lings, female cucumber beetles oviposit eggs
appear in vegetable fields. in the soil near the base of plants. Egg produc-
Striped cucumber beetles are monophagous tion ranges from 200 to 300 eggs per female,
during the larval stage, meaning the bee- laid in clusters over the course of several
tles only feed on roots of cucurbit plants. weeks, for the spotted cucumber beetle and
Overwintering adults feed on the pollen, up to 1,500 eggs per female for the striped
petals and leaves of early blooming plants, cucumber beetle. Eggs usually hatch in five
especially flowering plants in the rose fam- to 10 days with larval development from 11
ily, in spring before migrating to cucurbit to 45 days. Pupae reside in the soil for four
fields. Adults also feed on the leaves and to seven days and then emerge as adults.
flowers of corn, beans and peas during the Depending on weather and temperature, peak
H
growing season and on goldenrods, sunflow- activity can spike every 30 to 60 days as new
igh-
ers and asters later in the season. However, generations emerge. Adults can live up to 60
altitude days or more (Capinera, 2001).
both species of striped cucumber beetles
currents are known as specialist feeders because
can carry striped the beetles highly prefer cucurbit plants Damage to plants by
cucumber beetles up and fruits. The beetles produce one or two
generations per growing season in north-
cucumber beetles
to 500 miles in three Cucumber beetles injure cucurbit crops
ern regions and two or three generations in
to four days.
southern regions. directly and indirectly. Direct feeding by
larvae can injure crop roots and disrupt
Spotted cucumber beetles are polyphagous plant growth. Direct feeding by adults can
during the larval stage, meaning the beetles stunt seedlings and damage maturing fruits.
feed on the roots of multiple host plants. The Cucumber beetles transmit bacterial wilt,
larvae are commonly known as rootworms which causes plants to quickly wilt and die.
because they are injurious feeders on roots Bacterial wilt is a major problem for many
of corn, peanuts, small grains and grasses. vegetable growers.
Adult spotted cucumber beetles feed on
the pollen, petals and leaves of more than Feeding damage
200 alternate host plants. Adult spotted
Cucumber beetles infl ict feeding damage
cucumber beetles overwinter in southern
three times during their life cycle:
states and migrate into northern states in
June and July, appearing two to four weeks • Overwintering adults feed on emerg-
later than striped cucumber beetles. Adults ing cucurbit plants in the spring.
are strong fl iers and disperse rapidly from These adults can kill or severely stunt
field to field during summer. High-altitude young plants by feeding on stems and
currents can also carry striped cucumber cotyledons. Adult cucumber beetles
beetles up to 500 miles in three to four also transmit bacterial wilt.
days. (EPPO, 2003). Spotted cucumber • Larvae from eggs laid by overwin-
beetles produce two or three generations in tering adults feed on plant roots.
a growing season. Larval tunneling can stunt crop
The banded cucumber beetle is polyph- plants, especially seedlings, and
agous during the larval stage and can be predispose the plant to soilborne
an injurious feeder on roots of soybeans diseases such as fusarium wilt.
and sweet potatoes in addition to cucur- • Second- and third-generation adults
bits. Adult banded cucumber beetles feed emerging from pupae during the
Page 4 ATTRA Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational IPM
5. growing season or migrating into
the area at mid-season feed on foli- Some varieties of a cucurbit species are more attractive to
age, flowers, stems and fruit. These cucumber beetles than others. For example, cucumber beetles
preferentially feed on muskmelon varieties in the following
adults damage maturing fruits order, from greatest to least (Foster et al., 1995):
and transmit bacterial wilt. Feed-
ing damage is less serious to plants 1. Makdimon 6. Galia
that are already leafed out. Dam- 2. Rocky Sweet 7. Pulsar
age to fruits results in scarring and
3. Cordele 8. Passport
decreases the marketability and
storage life of the crop. 4. Legend 9. Super Star
Cucumber beetles preferentially feed on 5. Caravelle 10. Rising Star
different cucurbit species. The approximate See Table 1, "Ranking of cucurbits by cucumber beetle feeding preference,"
order of susceptibility to feeding damage for susceptibility ratings of other cucurbit species.
may vary with geographical regions.
Vegetable Insect Management with Jude Boucher from the University of Connecticut ranks
Emphasis on the Midwest (Foster et al., susceptibility in the northeast from greatest to least as:
1995) lists susceptibility, from greatest
to least as: 1. Bitter gourds
2. Winter squash (C. maxima) such as Turk’s Turban, Blue
1. Cucumber Hubbard, etc.
2. Cantaloupe 3. Cucumbers
3. Honeydew 4. Summer squash
4. Casaba melon 5. Cantaloupe
5. Winter squash 6. Honeydew
6. Pumpkins 7. Butternut winter squash
7. Summer squash 8. Casaba melon
8. Watermelon 9. Watermelon
Table 1. Ranking of cucurbits by cucumber beetle feeding preference (Jarvis, 1994).
Higher ranking numbers indicate more preferred varieties by cucumber beetles. Rankings: 1 to 14 means not
preferred, greater than 45 means highly preferred.
Summer squash Winter squash
Variety Ranking Variety Ranking
Yellow Acorn
Sunbar 1 Table Ace 6
Slender Gold 2 Carnival 7
Early Prolific Staightneck 20 Table King (bush) 12
Goldie Hybrid 32 Tay Belle (bush) 14
Sundance 33 Butternut
Straightneck Zenith 13
Seneca Prolific 4 Butternut Supreme 16
Goldbar 5 Early Butternut 25
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 5
6. Table 1. Continued
Higher ranking numbers indicate more preferred varieties by cucumber beetles. Rankings: 1 to 14 means not
preferred, greater than 45 means highly preferred.
Summer squash Winter squash
Multipik 37 Waltham 28
Crookneck Buttercup
Yellow Crookneck 8 Honey Delight 43
Sundance 34 Buttercup Burgess 44
Scallop Ambercup 55
Peter Pan 9 Pumpkins
Zucchini Baby Pam 10
Gold Rush 39 Munchkin 11
Zucchini Select 40 Seneca Harvest Moon 15
Ambassador 41 Jack-Be-Little 17
President 45 Jackpot 18
Black Jack 46 Tom Fox 19
Green Eclipse 50 Baby Bear 21
Seneca Zucchini 51 Howden 22
Senator 52 Spirit 23
Super Select 54 Wizard 24
Dark Green Zucchini 56 Ghost Rider 26
Embassy Dark Green Zucchini 57 Big Autumn 27
Other summer squash Autumn Gold 29
Scallop 3 Jack-of-All Trades 30
Cocozelle 48 Rocket 31
Caserta 58 Frosty 35
Melon Spookie 36
Classic 59 Connecticut Field 38
Happy Jack 42
Big Max 47
Baby Boo 53
Bacterial wilt While horticultural literature commonly
In addition to direct feeding on plants, explains that bacterial wilt overwinters in
cucumber beetles are vectors for bacte- the intestinal tract of adult cucumber bee-
rial wilt caused by the bacterium Erwinia tles, plant pathologists now believe the
tracheiphila. While foliage-feeding adult Erwinia bacterium overwinters in the sap of
cucumber beetles can injure crops, espe- alternate host plants. These plants remain
cially seedlings, the transmission of bacte- asymptomatic, or do not exhibit symptoms
rial wilt disease is a more serious concern of the disease (Latin, 2000). Adult cucum-
because the disease causes rapid wilting ber beetles feed on these alternative host
and death of cucurbit plants. crops, become infected with bacterial wilt
Page 6 ATTRA Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational IPM
7. and then transmit the disease to squash, Squash mosaic virus
melons or cucumbers by feeding on the
The western striped cucumber beetle and the
crop plants or through fecal contamination
spotted cucumber beetle are alternate vectors
of wounded leaves and stems.
for another disease: squash mosaic virus.
Following infection, the Erwinia bacterium Aphid insects are the primary vector. While
spreads throughout the vascular system of the virus is seed-borne, the incidence of this
the plant, causing blockage of xylem ves- disease is enhanced through cucumber bee-
sels. The formation of bacterial-exuded tle feeding and transmission. Squashes and
gums and resins results in restricted move- melons are particularly susceptible to this
ment of water and nutrients and the plant disease because of a greater occurrence of
starts to wilt. The incubation period from infected seeds in these species.
time of infection to expression of wilting The symptoms of squash mosaic virus vary
symptoms ranges from several days to sev- according to host species and cultivar, but
eral weeks. Young, succulent plants are include mosaic patterns, leaf mottling,
more susceptible to cucumber beetle feed- ring spots, blisters and fruit deformation
ing and disease transmission than older, (Provvidenti and Haudenshield, 1996).
B
mature plants. Besides the use of certified virus-free acterial
To determine if a plant is infected with seeds, control measures are aimed at min- wilt is most
bacterial wilt, use the following diagnos- imizing the presence of cucumber beetles. severe on
tic tests: (Provvidenti and Haudenshield, 1996 and
cantaloupe and
Davis et al., 1999).
• Squeeze sap from a wilted stem cut cucumber, less dam-
near its base. Press a knife against
the stem and slowly pull it away
Organic control measures aging on squash and
about a centimeter. The appearance Organic control measures for cucumber pumpkin and rarely
of fine, shiny threads indicates bac- beetles fall into five categories, each dis- affects established
terial wilt (Snover, 1999). cussed in detail in the following sections: watermelon plants.
• Population monitoring
• Immerse a newly cut stem in a glass • Cultural practices
of water. If the plant has bacterial
• Trap crops, trap baits and sticky
wilt, milky strands of bacterial ooze
traps
will leak from the stem in five to 10
minutes. • Predators and parasites
• Botanical and biorational insecticides
• Cut the stem with a knife and then Population monitoring methods like crop
push the cut ends together and scouting and sticky traps are commonly
slowly pull them apart. Sticky, vis- used as monitoring tools to help growers
cous strands of bacterial slime indi- detect insect pest populations and make
cate bacterial wilt (Latin, 2000). informed and timely pest management deci-
The sap of a healthy plant is watery and will sions. Growers can use threshold data estab-
not exhibit stringing and bacterial oozing lished by university Extension entomologists
(Snover, 1999). to determine when control measures, like a
knock-down insecticide, prevent crop dam-
Bacterial wilt is most severe on cantaloupe
age and disease transmission.
and cucumber, less damaging on squash
and pumpkin and rarely affects established Cornell University recommends crop
watermelon plants. Wilt-resistant varieties scouting twice a week, with emphasis on
are available for some cucurbits, but still the inspection of young cucurbit plants
lacking for others. For example, County with fewer than fi ve leaves. Monitoring
Fair 83 and Saladin are resistant variet- should involve thorough inspection of five
ies of cucumber, but resistant varieties of plants at each of five locations in a field.
muskmelon are not developed. Pay special attention to the undersides
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 7
8. of leaves and plants at field edges. These Pheromone Technologies, Inc., the ISCA
population counts are used to calculate yellow sticky card from ISCA Technolo-
the average number of beetles per plant gies, Inc. and the Olson yellow sticky card
(Petzoldt, 2008). from Olson Products, Inc. These products
are listed under the Products section of
Economic thresholds for cucumber bee-
Resources at the end of this publication.
tle control depend on the type of cucur-
bit, age of plants and susceptibility to Researchers at Southwest-Purdue Agricul-
bacterial wilt. Once cucurbit vines are well- tural Center in Vincennes, Ind., determined
established, plants can tolerate a 25 to 50 that 20 striped or spotted cucumber bee-
percent loss of foliage without a reduction in tles per trap during a 48-hour period cor-
yield. However, seedling cucurbits can be respond to one beetle per plant. That is the
seriously injured or killed by heavy feed- threshold for treating cucurbits in the Mid-
ing from cucumber beetles. When bacterial west, especially with melons and cucum-
wilt is present, risk is greater among cucur- bers, to prevent excessive loss from bacte-
bit varieties that are most susceptible. Ento- rial wilt (Lam and Foster, 2005). If fewer
mologists in the Midwest use a threshold of than 20 beetles are found on the traps, it
one beetle per plant for insecticidal control means that beetle populations are not at an
when bacterial wilt disease is present. economic threshold and treatment is not
Growers can use homemade yellow sticky warranted. Growers should repeat this mon-
traps or purchase commercial yellow sticky itoring procedure through critical parts of
cards for detection of cucumber beetles. the growing season.
Homemade and commercial insect attrac- Volatile chemicals known as kairomones
tants can enhance the trapping effect. attract diabroticine beetles. Kairomones
Cucumber beetles and most insets are include cucurbatacins, indoles and floral
attracted to the color yellow. volatiles as well as specific kairomonal ana-
To make a simple sticky trap, coat an 8- logs like 2,3-benzopyrrole and 1,2,4-trime-
ounce yellow plastic cup with insect glue, thoxybenzene. Since each species of cucum-
like commercially available Stickum Special ber beetle responds to unique kairomones,
or Tangle-Trap. Invert the cup and secure it separate commercial lures are available
on a 2-foot wooden stake (Levine and Met- for each type of cucumber beetle. There
calf, 1988). Eugenol, a naturally occurring are two manufacturers of kairomone lures:
insect attractant found in clove oil (82 to Trece, Inc., which sells the Pherocon CRW
87 percent eugenol), allspice oil (65 to 75 series, and Advanced Pheromone Technolo-
percent eugenol) and bay oil (40 to 45 per- gies, Inc., which sells the APTLure series.
cent eugenol), lures diabroticine beetles Cultural practices are land and crop
(Peet, 2001 and The Scientific Commu- management practices that affect the repro-
nity on Cosmetic and Non-food Products, duction of pests or the time and level of
2000). Cinnamaldehyde, found in cassia exposure crops have to pests. Cultural prac-
oil and cinnamon bark oil, functions as an tices that can protect against cucumber
insect attractant and natural cucumber bee- beetles include:
tle bait (Environmental Protection Agency,
• Delayed planting
2007). Attach a cotton swab soaked in these
aromatic oils to increase the sticky trap’s • Floating row covers
trapping effect. • Mulching
• Cultivation and residue removal
Integrated pest management suppliers sell
rectangular yellow sticky cards imprinted • Insect vacuuming
with grid patterns for detection of diabroti- Crop rotation within a field, a well-known
cine beetles. These include the Phero- pest management tool for disease control,
con AM trap card from Trece, Inc., the is ineffective to control cucumber bee-
Intercept AM trap card from Advanced tles since the beetles migrate from areas
Page 8 ATTRA Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational IPM
9. surrounding the fields. Since these insects seedlings in bare, moist soil. Row covers
survive on a number of wild hosts, the create a favorable environment for the ger-
removal of alternative hosts from the farm mination and growth of weeds. Periodic
would be difficult and ineffective because of removal of row covers for mechanical cul-
immigration. A two-year study in Massachu- tivation to stir the soil and disrupt weed
setts compared the effectiveness of synthetic seedlings is not very practical. Row cov-
and biorational insecticides on the control ers are normally used for the fi rst 30 to 40
of striped cucumber beetles and the occur- days of vine growth until the onset of flow-
rence of bacterial wilt in direct-seeded and ering. This corresponds to the critical weed-
transplanted pumpkin using the susceptible free period for cucurbit plant growth, when
Merlin variety. Results of the trial indicate weeds should be controlled and excluded
the need for long-distance crop rotation for as much as possible. In organic production,
insecticides to be most effective. Rotation to row covers are commonly used in combi-
an adjacent field close to the pervious year’s nation with weed-suppressive mulches like
cucurbits did not reduce beetle numbers plastic mulch, geotextile weed barriers,
(Andenmatten et al., 2002). straw, hay and paper.
I
Delayed planting is an effective pest man- Mulching can deter cucumber beetles from n regions with
agement strategy in some regions and crop- laying eggs in the ground near plant stems. established
ping systems. Growers can avoid the fi rst Mulches can also function as a barrier
cucumber beetle
generation of cucumber beetles by keeping to larval migration and feeding on fruits
fields cucurbit-free until the establishment (Cranshaw, 1998 and Olkowski, 2000). populations, row
of summer cucurbits like cucumbers, pump- Tunneling larvae need moist soil to damage covers can make the
kins and squash intended for fall harvest. ripening fruit. Limiting irrigation at this difference between
Delayed planting is an especially useful cul- time can minimize damage (Cranshaw, a harvestable crop
tural strategy in cucurbits because this tech- 1998). Mulches are known to harbor squash and crop failure.
nique also bypasses fi rst-generation squash bugs, however, and mulches do not deter
bugs. However, this method is not relevant beetles from feeding on leaves, flowers and
for plantings of early-market spring cucur- fruits of cucurbits.
bits like cucumbers, squash and melons or
Researchers at Virginia Tech showed a dra-
in regions with short growing seasons.
matic reduction in the occurrence of striped
Floating row covers physically exclude both cucumber beetles in a Meteor cucumber
cucumber beetles and squash bugs during crop and similar reductions in both striped
the seedling stage of plant growth. Provid- and spotted cucumber beetles in a General
ing a bug- and beetle-free period allows Patton squash crop by comparing alumi-
the plants to thrive and develop a mass of num-coated and aluminum-striped plastic
leaf and vine growth by the time row covers mulches to black plastic mulch (Caldwell
are removed at bloom. At this stage of veg- and Clarke, 1998). On various sampling
etative growth, plants can withstand mod- dates, yellow sticky traps located next to the
erate pest attacks. In regions with estab- aluminum-coated plastic mulches had two,
lished cucumber beetle populations, row four and six times less cucumber beetles
covers can make the difference between a than stick traps located next to black plas-
harvestable crop and crop failure. Row cov- tic mulch. Researches, after correlating the
ers are removed at the onset of flowering to number of beetles found on sticky traps to
allow for bee pollination and to release vine the integrated pest management threshold,
growth. Applying botanical and biorational concluded that reflective mulches reduced
pesticides provides season-long protection, cucumber beetle populations to below treat-
depending on location and pest pressure, ment levels.
after row covers are removed.
The Virginia Tech research article con-
Weed control is a special consideration tains a brief economic comparison between
when using floating row covers over cucurbit costs of production and prices received for
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 9
10. organic squash versus conventional squash Dietrick (Dietrick et al., 1995). Insect vacu-
gown on reflective mulches. Researchers uming combined with perimeter trap crops
emphasized the ability of reflective mulches is an appealing non-chemical control strat-
to reduce bacterial wilt and virus transmis- egy. Researchers have employed this dual
sion by cucumber beetles and aphids. technique in attempts to control flea bee-
tles in brassica fields (Smith, 2000). This
Cultivation and residue removal can help
dual technique has also been suggested
reduce over-wintering populations of cucum-
ber beetles. Cornell University research sug- for mass trapping of cucumber beetles fol-
gests deep tillage and clean cultivation fol- lowed by vacuuming as a pest reduction
lowing harvest (Petzoldt, 2008). However, strategy and as an alternative to insecticide
an organic farming sequence that shreds applications (Olkowski, 2000). The next
crop residues, incorporates fall-applied section explains how pheromones attract
compost or manure and establishes a win- cucumber beetles to perimeter trap crops
ter cover crop will facilitate decomposition where beetles congregate in great numbers.
of above- and below-ground residues. The efficacy of this dual technique for con-
trol of cucumber beetles is not verified in
Insect vacuuming is a form of pneumatic field trials and is mentioned here as an
insect control that dislodges insects from experimental approach that organic market
plants through high-velocity air turbulence farmers may wish to explore.
and suction. Large, mechanized bug vacs
gained notoriety in the 1980s for control Trap crops, trap baits and sticky traps,
of the lygus bug in California strawberry if positioned correctly, can intercept bee-
fields. Hand-held and backpack vacuuming tles through the use of smell, color and
equipment is available through integrated pheromonal attraction.
pest management suppliers. Market farms Trap crops release chemicals known as
use the equipment to collect beneficial kairomones, which are highly attractive to
insects and control pest insects in combina- insects. Kairomones produced by cucurbits
tion with perimeter trap cropping. include cucurbitacin, the characteristic bit-
The D-Vac, a commercially available vac- ter substance in cucurbitacae that stimulates
uum, evolved from insect sampling research compulsive feeding behavior in diabroticine
by the biological control pioneer Everett beetles, and a mixture of floral volatiles that
lure adult beetles from some distance.
Cucurbit trap crops are designed to lure and
concentrate cucumber beetles where control
measures using insecticides or vacuuming
can be focused, reducing the need for field-
scale insecticide applications.
Pioneering research in the 1970s and 1980s
by Robert L. Metcalf (Ferguson et al., 1979)
in Illinois, as well as more recent research
in Texas, Oklahoma, Maine, Connecticut and
Virginia, shows that certain species and vari-
eties of cucurbits can serve as trap crops next
to larger fields of cucurbits (Stroup, 1998,
Suzkiw, 1997, Radin and Drummond, 1994,
Boucher and Durgy, 2004 and Caldwell and
Stockton, 1998). Diabroticine beetles prefer-
entially congregate, feed and mate on these
Entomologist Sam Pair inspects squash plants for cucumber beetles and squash
kairomone-effusive trap crops. Table 1 ranks
bugs lured to this trap crop and away from developing melons. the feeding preference of cucumber beetle
Photo by Scott Bauer, USDA-ARS 2008. on different varieties of cucurbits.
Page 10 ATTRA Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational IPM
11. Researchers at Cornell University found where border rows encompass all four sides
cucumber beetles highly prefer the fol- of the field, is a pragmatic and an effective
lowing varieties of Cucurbita maxima and approach (Boucher and Durgy, 2004 and
Cucurbita pepo squash and pumpkin types Boucher and Durgy, 2005).
(Grubinger, 2001):
To deter entry into the field by cucumber bee-
Black Jack zucchini tles and minimize the spread of bacterial wilt:
Big Max pumpkin
• Plant trap crops on the perimeter of
Cocozelle summer squash
the field as border strips. Plant multi-
Green Eclipse zucchini
ple rows if beetle pressure is extreme.
Seneca zucchini
Senator zucchini • Plant trap crops a week or two
Baby Boo pumpkin earlier than the primary cucurbit
Super Select zucchini acreage since insects migrate to the
Ambercup buttercup squash earliest emerging cucurbit plants in
Dark Green zucchini the field.
Embassy Dark Green zucchini • In organic production, apply botan-
Caserta summer squash ical and biorational insecticides
Classic melon to the trap crop before the beetles
Researchers elsewhere used Lemondrop migrate into the cucurbit patch. In
summer squash, Peto 391 summer squash, integrated pest management produc-
NK530 squash, Blue Hubbard squash and tion, several synthetic insecticides
Turk's Turban squash. However, experi- can be applied to the trap crop for
ence shows that cucurbit varieties highly beetle control. Vacuuming is a novel
susceptible to bacterial wilt, such as Turk's approach to controlling beetles that
Turban, should be avoided as a trap crop congregate on the trap crop.
(UMass Extension, 2002). • Use yellow sticky ribbons in com-
bination with trap crops to enhance
Early research in Maine examined the per- the attractant effect and perform
centage of land devoted to the trap crop. mass trapping.
When researchers grew NK530 squash as
a trap crop on 15 percent and 50 percent of • Remove and destroy diseased
the cucumber crop acreage, the trap crop plants from border strips and the
attracted 90 percent of the cucumber bee- main field.
tles (Radin and Drummond, 1994). The Trap baits for cucumber beetles contain
researchers concluded that strategically insect-attracting kairomones, floral volatiles,
placed strips of squash plants could be buffalo gourd root powder, eugenol, cinna-
more advantageous. maldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol mixed
with small amounts of insecticides. Metcalf
In Oklahoma, Lemondrop and Blue Hub-
and coworkers pioneered the identification
bard squash planted as trap crops and
of cucurbitacin analogs used in attracticidal
occupying just 1 percent of the total crop
baits (Metcalf and Lampman, 1991).
area highly attracted cucumber beetles in
cantaloupe, squash and watermelon crops Trap baits on field borders intercept beetles
(Pair, 1997). The Oklahoma researchers as beetles migrate into cucurbit fields early
also showed that small squash plants in the in the season. Great numbers of beetles
four- to six-leaf stage are vastly more effective die when they are lured into these attrac-
as trap crops than large squash plants in the ticidal baits in a feeding frenzy. Cidetrak
more-than-six- to 12-leaf stage, which cor- CRW is a commercially available gustatory
roborates findings that cucurbitacin occurs stimulant for diabrotica that growers can
in higher concentrations in young leaves. mix with synthetic or biorational insecti-
Recent integrated pest management field cides in a trap bait. It is available through
trials suggest that perimeter trap cropping, Trece, Inc., a company that specializes in
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 11
12. pheromone traps. See the Products section to 12 inches wide by several hundred feet
listed under Resources for Trece, Inc. con- in length. In cucurbits, yellow sticky ribbon
tact information. While most of the field tri- can be used for mass trapping of cucum-
als and commercial applications with attrac- ber beetles when placed with cucurbit trap
ticidal baits employed systemic insecticides, crops. Kairomone lures, available through
Michael P. Hoffman at Cornell University commercial integrated pest management
investigated the use of trap baits in combi- suppliers, can enhance the trapping effect.
nation with botanical and biorational insec-
William Olkowski, co-founder of the Bio-
ticides and cultural controls (1998).
Integral Resource Center, conducted an
Hoffmann's field trials in New York were Organic Farming Research Foundation-
part of a USDA Sustainable Agriculture funded study on mass trapping of cucum-
Research and Education research project ber beetles using six different framed and
to reduce insecticide use in cucurbit crop strip traps.
production (Hoffman, 1998). Employing a
The Bio-Integral Resource Center Trap, a
mass-trapping technique, Cornell research-
wooden-legged trap that held upper and
ers reduced cucumber beetle populations
lower strips of yellow sticky ribbon 10 feet
R
by 65 percent in pumpkin fields using trap
esearchers long and oriented parallel to the ground,
baits containing a mixture of cucurbit blos-
found posi- was highly effective in trapping cucumber
som volatiles and very small amounts of
beetles. The 6-inch wide yellow sticky rib-
tioning trap insecticide. Researchers found positioning
bon is mounted on a spool and requires
baits with a highly trap baits with a highly preferred Seneca
periodic uptake to expose fresh sticky
preferred Seneca zucchini squash trap crop enhanced trap
tape. Since the upper strip, located 20 to
baits, achieving 75 percent control with this
zucchini squash trap 26 inches above the ground, captured far
dual method.
crop enhanced trap more cucumber beetles than the lower strip,
baits, achieving 75 In support of organic production, the proj- located 12 to 18 inches above the ground,
percent control with ect examined the effectiveness of botanical researchers discontinued the lower strip in
and biorational pesticides. The researchers later trials. The trap is mobile and can be
this dual method.
used buffalo gourd root powder as a feeding placed in cucurbit trap crops.
stimulant in trap baits laced with neem and
The OFRF Information Bulletin No. 8, pub-
full or half rates of rotenone (botanical) and
lished in the summer of 2000, is available
cryolite (sodium aluminoflouride). Neem
as a Web download and is useful to develop
had little effect on beetle survival or mor-
an understanding of how to design and use
tality, but its antifeedant trait significantly
the trap (Olkowski, 2000).
reduced plant damage caused by beetles.
Rotenone and cryolite were both effective. Predators and parasites that prey on
cucumber beetles include hunting spiders,
Overall, researchers favored the half-rate
web-weaving spiders, soldier beetles, cara-
of rotenone mixed with buffalo gourd root
bid ground beetles, tachinid fl ies, braconid
powder treatment. However, in the interim
wasps, bats and entomopathogenic fungi
period since Hoffmann's research in 1999,
and nematodes. Braconid wasps (Centisus
both of these biorational products were pro-
diabrotica, Syrrhizus diabroticae) and tach-
hibited in organic production under the
inid fl ies (Celatoria diabroticae, C. setosa)
National Organic Program. Neither is listed
are important natural enemies of cucumber
with the Organic Materials Review Institute.
beetles, with parasitism rates reaching 22
It seems reasonable that other biorationals
percent and 40 percent, respectively (Cap-
approved for organic production might be
inera, 2001 and Kuhlmann and van der
effectively used in a trap bait.
Burgt, 1998). Carabid beetles (Scarites spp.
Yellow sticky traps are commonly used to and Evarthrus sodalis) consumed all three
monitor insect pests. Yellow sticky ribbon is life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) of spotted
available from commercial integrated pest cucumber beetle, striped cucumber beetle
management suppliers in dimensions of 2 and squash bugs in a laboratory feeding
Page 12 ATTRA Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational IPM
13. trial (Snyder and Wise, 1999). Biological
control from natural enemies varies widely
between locations and is not dependable
as the only control strategy in commercial
cucurbit production. Providing beneficial
insect habitat can enhance cumulative bio-
control results in organic farming systems.
David H. Wise and co-workers in the
department of entomology at the University
of Kentucky thoroughly investigated spi-
der predation of cucumber beetles (Snyder
and Wise, 2000, Williams et al., 2001 and Male wolf spider. Photo by Patrick Edwin Moran,
Williams and Wise, 2003). Wise found that Courtesy of Creative Commons.
both striped and spotted cucumber beetles
reduce their feeding rate and emigrate from stinkbugs in one season. Assuming that half
cucurbit plants in the presence of the large of the cucumber beetles were female, and
wolf spiders Hogna helluo and Rabidosa using a value of 110 eggs per female, this
rabida. Spider presence reduced plant occu- means the potential destruction of 33 mil-
pancy of diabroticine beetles by 50 percent. lion diabrotica larvae (Whitaker, 1995).
Curiously, adult female beetles are far more An April-June 2006 article in California
responsive to the presence of wolf spiders Agriculture evaluated the best way to attract
and alter their behavior to avoid capture. bats to farms through the placement, shape,
Consequently, males were 16 times more size and color of bat houses (Long et al.,
likely than females to be killed by R. rabida 2006). For more information about creating
in one experiment; only 5 percent of males on-farm bat habitat and the use of insec-
survived a two-day exposure to H. helluo tary plantings to attract beneficial insects,
in a second experiment. In general, popu- see the ATTRA publication Farmscaping to
lations of predaceous spiders and ground Enhance Biological Control.
beetles can be enhanced through habitat
modification using straw mulch (Snyder and Entomopathogenic fungi, commonly grouped
Wise, 1999), straw shelters (Halaj et al., among biopesticides, produce infective
2000) and beetle banks (Master, 2003). spores that attach to the larval host and then
germinate and penetrate. The fungi multiply
Bats are voracious eaters of insects and inside the host, acquiring nutrient resources
more farmers are erecting bat houses to and producing conidial spores. This causes
enhance biological control of crop pests. the infected larvae to reduce their feeding
John O. Whitaker, Jr., a vertebrate ecolo- and die, releasing fungal spores into the
gist at Indiana State University, used data soil environment and further distributes the
partly derived from studies on the eve- entomopathogen.
ning bat (Nycticeius humeralis) to estimate
that a typical Midwestern colony of 150 big The two fungal organisms most widely used
brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) might consume as biopesticides, Beauveria bassiana and
38,000 cucumber beetles, 16,000 June Metarhizium anisopliae, have been evaluated
bugs, 19,000 stink bugs and 50,000 leaf- for suppression of diabroticine larvae with
hoppers in one season (Whitaker, 1993). varying levels of biocontrol. Mycotrol-O is a
commercially available, Organic Materials
In a detailed follow-up study where he dis- Review Institute-approved biopesticide con-
sected fecal pellets of big brown bats from taining Beauveria bassiana and cucumber
Indiana and Illinois, Whitaker calculated beetle is listed as a target pest on the label.
that a colony of 150 bats might consume See the section on botanical insecticides
600,000 cucumber beetles, 194,000 scar- below with notes from Reggie Destree for
abaeids, 158,000 leafhoppers and 335,000 foliar mixtures containing Mycotrol-O.
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 13
14. Entomopathogenic nematodes, commonly Botanical and biorational insecticides
known as parasitic nematodes, actively find like azadarachtin, an extract from the neem
and penetrate soil-dwelling larvae of insect tree, have anti-feedant and insecticidal
pests. The nematodes release toxins and properties. Alone, azadarachtin is not effec-
transmit bacteria that is lethal to the larval tive against adult cucumber beetles. How-
host. Both species of commercially available ever, recent studies by Reggie Destree, a
parasitic nematodes, Steinernema spp. and crop consultant, indicate that a mixture of
Heterorhabditis spp., are effective in biologi- neem with karanja oil derived from the tree
cal control of diabroticine beetle larvae. Pongamia glabra, which grows in India,
can reduce cucumber beetle populations
Researchers in Pennsylvania obtained a
by 50 to 70 percent overnight (personal
50-percent reduction in striped cucumber
communication). Alone, neem oil applied
beetle larvae using Steinernema riobravis in
as a soil drench acts as an ovicide and is
organic and conventionally managed plots
effective against larval damage (Destree,
of cucumbers under field conditions (Ellers-
2006). Please see the Products section in
Kirk et al., 2000). The decrease in cucum-
Resources below for sources of commer-
ber beetle larval populations resulted in
cial neem and karanja products.
N
ematodes superior root growth under both soil man-
agement systems. Destree recommends a three-part manage-
release
ment regime for cucumber beetles:
toxins and The researchers suggested delivery of para-
transmit bacteria sitic nematodes through drip irrigation in • The neem blend described above
combination with plastic mulch, since ear- has a dual mode of action. It is a
that are lethal
lier studies showed that plasticulture pro- systemic product that will suppress
to insect pests’ vides an environment conducive to nema- insects that feed on the plant and it
larvae. tode survival while increasing effective has fungicidal properties.
control of cucumber beetle larvae. • Use 1 pint Cedar ACT cedar oil to
The Insect Parasitic Nematode Web site, 10 gallons water as a repellent or
developed and maintained by the department pheromone disruptor during the first
of entomology at The Ohio State University, fl ight of the cucumber beetle in May
contains information on the biology and ecol- and the second fl ight in September.
ogy of nematodes and how to use them for pest Exact dates depend on location.
control in different crops (Grewal, 2007). Destree advises applying the mix-
It features an extensive list of commercial ture every five to seven days when
suppliers of parasitic nematodes. the fields are square or short rect-
angles. Pheromone disruption does
Based on results from seven published
not work well for long, narrow fields.
studies, Dr. David Shapiro-Ilan, a research
Adding Cedar ACT to the weekly
entomologist with the USDA Agricultural
foliar program works well.
Research Service in Georgia, found that
parasitic nematodes provide approximately • Mycotrol-O is a commercially avail-
60 percent control of diabrotica larvae (Sha- able mycoinsecticide formulation
piro-Ilan, 2006 and Grewal et al., 2005). containing spores of the entomo-
Ilan added that it is important to put ento- pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassi-
mopathogens, whether fungi or nematodes, ana GHA strain. Use Mycotrol to
in perspective. Since diabroticine beetles suppress future populations. Destree
migrate in from surrounding borders, these found this program works well for
biological control measures have little effect all overwintering insects. A fall soil
on adult beetle feeding and disease trans- treatment of the Mycotrol-O added
mission. However, decreasing larval popu- to a fall residue program will insure
lations through the use of entomopathogens that the active ingredient, Beauvar-
can have a cumulative biocontrol effect in ria bassiana, will be reproducing in
organic farming systems. the soil and will eventually infect
Page 14 ATTRA Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational IPM
15. overwintering beetles in the soil former product representative for Surround
(Destree, 2006). WP, John Mosko of the Engelhard Corpora-
ATTRA note: Reggie Destree is a crop con- tion, kaolin clay provides good suppression
sultant and distributes the above products. of cucumber beetles. He recommends:
This information has not been validated by • Using an air blast sprayer to achieve
university-based research. good coverage
The botanical pesticides sabadilla, rotenone • Applying the product under the leaves
or pyrethrum have moderate effectiveness where cucumber beetles congregate
in controlling cucumber beetles (Caldwell
• Applying Surround WP early in the
et al., 2005). Sabadilla is toxic to bugs and
growing season before cucumber
honey bees, and sabadilla should not be
beetle populations increase. Sur-
applied when bees are present. Pyrethrum
round can provide remedial control
is also toxic to all insects, including benefi-
of cucumber beetles, but field trials
cial species. These botanical pesticides are
also highly toxic to fish until degraded (King show early applications deter bee-
County Hazardous Waste Program, 1997). tles from initially entering the field
and are more effective
One way to enhance the effectiveness of these For more information
• Reapplying after a heavy rain
materials while reducing overall manage- on biorational insecti-
ment costs is to combine the materials with • Continually agitating the solution cides, or formulations
perimeter trap cropping so that sprays can while applying it with little or no long-
be concentrated on the border. See the above lasting environmental
• Cleaning harvested fruits with a impact, see ATTRA's
section on trap cropping for more on this moist cloth or a post-harvest rinse to online Biorationals:
topic. Some growers use pyrethrum or rote- remove any film residue of the kaolin Ecological Pest Man-
none in combination with the commercially clay left on the crop after harvest agement Database,
available particle film barrier Surround WP http://attra.ncat.org/
Crop Protectant (Grubinger, 2001). Note that Ruth Hazzard with the University of Massa- index.html.
rotenone is currently not approved by the chusetts Extension recommends using Sur-
National Organic Program. round WP Crop Protectant in combination
with other tactics like rotation, row cover,
Results of a two-year study comparing the using transplants so plants are bigger when
effectiveness of insecticides on management beetles arrive, and delaying planting until
of striped cucumber beetles and bacterial late June to avoid beetles. Surround can be
wilt in direct seeded and transplanted pump- applied to transplants before setting them
kin showed the need for long-distance crop in the field (Andenmatten et al., 2002). See
rotation for insecticides to be most effec- the Products section of Resources below for
tive. When the rotation was to an adjacent information on how to obtain this product.
field in different land, but close to the previ-
ous year’s cucurbits, it did not reduce beetle The timing and usage of either botanical
numbers and insecticide effectiveness tended or chemical insecticides should be based
to decline (Andenmatten et al., 2002). on observed population thresholds or mea-
sured risks of population build-up. Deter-
Particle fi lm barriers provide a promising mining when spring fl ight begins forecasts
new approach to insect control for organic the arrival of cucumber beetles in each geo-
producers. Surround WP acts as a repellent, graphical region.
mechanical barrier and irritant, and disrupts
the beetles’ host-finding abilities. The active Only treat hot spots or areas of high infes-
ingredient in this product is specially pro- tations if possible. Insecticide applications
cessed kaolin clay, an edible mineral used as made between dawn and dusk, when the
an anti-caking agent in processed foods and striped cucumber beetle is most active, may
products like toothpaste. According to the be more effective.
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 15
16. Resources Certis USA L.L.C.
9145 Guilford Road
Information: Suite 175
Columbia, MD 21046
Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) 800-847-5620
For a publications catalogue, contact: www.certisusa.com
P.O. Box 7414 Organic pest management products including neem,
Berkeley, CA 94707 parasitic nematodes and pheromones
510-524-2567
510-524-1758 fax Golden Harvest Organics, LLC
birc@igc.apc.org 404 N. Impala Drive
www.birc.org Fort Collins, CO 80521
The Bio-Integral Resource Center is a leader in the 970-224-4679
field of integrated pest management. BIRC publishes Fax: 413-383-2836
the IPM Practitioner and Common Sense Pest Quar- info@ghorganics.com
terly. They also publish a directory of IPM products www.ghorganics.com
and beneficial insects and offer booklets and reprints Organic pest management products, organic fertilizers
on least-toxic controls for selected pests. and heirloom seeds
Insect Parasitic Nematodes Home Harvest Garden Supply, Inc.
Sponsored by SARE and the Lindberg Foundation. 3807 Bank Street
Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University. Baltimore, MD 21224
www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes/default.htm 410-327-8403
This Web site provides information on the biology and 410-327-8411
ecology of parasitic nematodes, how to use nematodes ugrow@homeharvest.com
to control plant diseases and a comprehensive listing http://homeharvest.com
of companies that sell nematodes. Sabadilla and Safer soap
Hunter, C.D. 1997. Suppliers of Beneficial Organisms ISCA Technologies, Inc.
in North America. California Environmental P.O. Box 5266
Protection Agency. Department of Pesticide Riverside, CA 92517
Regulations Environmental Monitoring and Pest 951-686-5008
Management Branch 815-346-1722 Fax
1020 N Street, Room 161 info@iscatech.com
Sacramento, CA 95814-5624 www.iscatech.com
916-324-4100
www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/ipminov/bensup.pdf Neem Resource.Com
Contact: Usha Rao
952-943-9449
Products: www.neemresource.com
Advanced Pheromone Technologies, Inc. Sources of karanja oil and neem
P.O. Box 417
Marylhurst, OR 97036-0417 Olson Products, Inc.
315-299-2598 P.O. Box 1043
815-425-6149 fax Medina, OH 44258
aptsales@advancedpheromonetech.com 330-723-3210
http://advancedpheromonetech.com www.olsonproducts.com
BioWorks, Inc. Peaceful Valley Farm Supply
345 Woodcliff Dr.; First Floor P.O. Box 2209
Fairport, NY 14450 125 Springhill Blvd.
800-877-9443 Grass Valley, CA 95945
Mycotrol is available through Bioworks. Orders: 888-784-1722.
www.bioworksinc.com/mycotrol/mycotrol.html Questions: 530-272-4769
Page 16 ATTRA Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational IPM
17. contact@groworganic.com Caldwell, J. S. and P. Clarke. 1998. Aluminum-coated
www.groworganic.com/default.html plastic for repulsion of cucumber beetles. Commercial
Sabadilla and Safer soap and Eugenol, a pheromone Horticulture Newsletter, January–February 1998.
attractant for northern corn rootworm Virginina Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech.
www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/commhort/
Surround WP 1998-02/1998-02-01.html
Nova Source, a division of Tessenderlo Kerley, Inc.
Phone: 800-525-2803 Caldwell, J. S. and S. Stockton. 1998. Trap Cropping
Email: novasource@tkinet.com. in Management of Cucumber Beetles. Commercial
www.novasource.com/products Horticulture Newsletter, Virginia Tech, July-August
NovaSource is now the distributor of the kaolin clay- 1998.
based products Surround WP and Surround CF. www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/commhort/
1998-08/1998-08-04.html
Trece, Inc.
P.O. Box 129 Capinera, J. L. 1999. Banded Cucumber Beetle.
Adair, OK 74330 Featured Creatures. University of Florida, Department
918-785-3061 of Entomology and Nematology.
918-785-3063 Fax http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/veg/bean/banded_cucumber_
custserv@trece.com beetle.htm
www.trece.com Capinera, J. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests.
Also Source of CideTrak CRW Academic Press, New York.
Cranshaw, W. 1998. Pests of the West. Revised:
References: Prevention and Control for Today’s Garden and
Andenmatten, Hazzard, R, Howell, J. Wick, R. 2002. Small Farm. Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, CO.
Management strategies for Striped Cucumber Beetle Davis, R.M. et al. 1999. Squash mosaic virus. In:
and Bacterial Wilt in Pumpkin, 2001 & 2002. UMass M.L. Flint (ed.) U.C. IPM Pest Management Guide-
Extension Vegetable Program. lines: Cucurbits. University of California, Division of
www.umassvegetable.org/soil_crop_pest_mgt/pdf _ files/ Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland.
management_strategies_ for_striped_cucumber_beetle_
and_bacterial_wilt_in_pumpkin_2001_2002.pdf Destree, R. 2006. Organic Marketing by Reggie.
E-mail Communication August 2006.
Boucher, T. J. and R. Durgy. 2004a. Demonstrating a
Perimeter Trap Crop Approach to Pest Management on Dietrick, E. J., J. M. Phillips, and J. Grossman.
Summer Squash in New England. Journal of 1995. Biological Control of Insect Pests Using Pest
Extension, October 2004, Volume 42 Number 5. Break Strips, A New Dimension to Integrated Pest
www.joe.org/joe/2004october/rb2.shtml Management. California Energy Commission and
the Nature Farming Research and Development
Boucher, T. J. and R. Durgy, 2004b. Perimeter Trap Foundation, Lompoc, California. 39 p.
Cropping for Yellow and Green Summer Squash. Uni-
versity of Connecticut, Integrated Pest Management. Ellers-Kirk, C.D., S.J. Fleischer, R.H. Snyder and
www.hort.uconn.edu/Ipm/veg/htms/sumsqshptc.htm J.P. Lynch. 2000. Potential of entomopathogenic
nematodes for biological control of Acalymma
Boucher, T. J. and R. Durgy 2005. Directions for vittatum (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in cucumbers
Using a Perimeter Trap Crop Strategy to Protect grown in conventional and organic soil management
Cucurbit Crops. University of Connecticut, Integrated systems. Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 93,
Pest Management. www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/ No. 3. p. 605–612.
htms/directptc.htm
Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Floral
Caldwell, B. et al. 2005. Resource Guide for Organic Attractants, Repellents, and Insecticides Fact Sheet.
Insect and Disease Management. New York State www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/
Agricultural Experiment Station. factsheets/factsheet_ florals.htm
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18. EPPO. 2003. Diabrotica undecimpunctata. EPPO Kuepper, George. 2002. Organic Farm Certification
Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests, European and and the National Organic Program. ATTRA/ NCAT
Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Publication #IP222. National Center for Appropriate
www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Diabrotica_ Technology.
undecimpunctata/DIABUN_ds.pdf Kuhlmann, U. and W. A.C.M. van der Burgt. 1998.
Ferguson, J. E., Metcalf, R. L., Metcalf, E. R., Possibilities for biological control of the western corn
rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in
Rhodes, A.M. 1979. Bitter cucurbita spp. as
Central Europe. Biocontrol News and Information.
attractants for diabroticite beetles. Cucurbit
Vol. 19, No. 2. p. 59N–68N. www.pestscience.com/
Genetics Cooperative Report. Volume 2.
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Lam, W. and Foster, R. 2005. An Integrated Pest
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placed bat houses can attract bats to Central Valley
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Smith, R. 2000. Evaluating trap crops for controlling flea Sex-based differences in antipredator behavior in the
beetle in brassicas, and an organic pesticide trial. OFRF spotted cucumber beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
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