Insuline
•Download as PPT, PDF•
4 likes•2,325 views
information about insulne, how it is formed, how it works, if function, diabetic conditions and forms in which it is available
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Insulin presentation
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin including its history, structure, biosynthesis, transport, degradation, effects, and clinical correlations. It describes how insulin was first extracted from dog pancreases in 1921. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that are held together. It regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin increases glucose uptake and storage while decreasing gluconeogenesis. Clinically, insufficient insulin production can lead to symptoms of diabetes like frequent urination.
Fluconazole
You can follow me for more knowledgeable slides related to pharmacy.
Fluconazole is an antifungal medicine. It's used to treat infections caused by different kinds of fungus. The most common cause of fungal infections is a yeast called candida.
Fluconazole interacts with 14-demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. [4] As ergosterol forms a critical part of the fungal cell membrane, fluconazole inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol to increase cellular permeability.
Hormonal Drugs
This document discusses hormonal drugs and hormones, focusing on insulin and diabetes mellitus. It describes the sources and types of hormones in the body. It provides details on how insulin affects metabolism, the symptoms of insufficient insulin, and complications of diabetes. It discusses classifications of diabetes, types of insulin delivery, rules for mixing insulin drugs, and indications for insulin usage. It also summarizes traditional and intensive insulin therapy and the treatment of hyperglycemic ketoacidic coma.
Insulin presentation
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains of amino acids that is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels. Insulin binds to receptors on cells and signals the translocation of glucose transporters to cell membranes, allowing glucose uptake. It also stimulates the synthesis of enzymes involved in glycolysis. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin signal, resulting in high blood glucose levels. The document provides details on the structure, function, biosynthesis and role of insulin.
Anti diabetic drugs by Sanan Edrees
1) There are several classes of anti-diabetic drugs that treat diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels, including insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
2) Insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones improve target cell response to insulin without increasing secretion.
3) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevent carbohydrate digestion and absorption, reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes. DPP-4 inhibitors prolong incretin hormone activity, increasing insulin release and reducing glucagon levels in response to meals.
Omeprazole
This document provides information on the drug Omeprazole including its indications, dosage, administration instructions, drug interactions, and safety. It can be used by healthcare professionals and patients to understand how to safely use Omeprazole to treat conditions like ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Key details include that Omeprazole is available as capsules, tablets, and suspensions, is usually taken once daily with food, and common side effects include hypomagnesaemia and allergic reactions. Medical advice should be sought for any questions or concerns about use.
Antihelminthics
Helminths are parasitic worms that infect humans. The major types are nematodes (roundworms and pinworms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms). Antihelminthic drugs work by killing the worms or causing them to be expelled. Common antihelminthics include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, niclosamide, and praziquantel. They have different mechanisms of action and are used to treat different specific helminth infections. Albendazole and praziquantel are often used as first-line treatments
Pharmacology of drugs used in Endocrine Disorders
Get information about drugs used in endocrine disorders with their classifcation,mechanism of action and their clinical uses.
Recommended
Insulin presentation
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin including its history, structure, biosynthesis, transport, degradation, effects, and clinical correlations. It describes how insulin was first extracted from dog pancreases in 1921. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that are held together. It regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin increases glucose uptake and storage while decreasing gluconeogenesis. Clinically, insufficient insulin production can lead to symptoms of diabetes like frequent urination.
Fluconazole
You can follow me for more knowledgeable slides related to pharmacy.
Fluconazole is an antifungal medicine. It's used to treat infections caused by different kinds of fungus. The most common cause of fungal infections is a yeast called candida.
Fluconazole interacts with 14-demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. [4] As ergosterol forms a critical part of the fungal cell membrane, fluconazole inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol to increase cellular permeability.
Hormonal Drugs
This document discusses hormonal drugs and hormones, focusing on insulin and diabetes mellitus. It describes the sources and types of hormones in the body. It provides details on how insulin affects metabolism, the symptoms of insufficient insulin, and complications of diabetes. It discusses classifications of diabetes, types of insulin delivery, rules for mixing insulin drugs, and indications for insulin usage. It also summarizes traditional and intensive insulin therapy and the treatment of hyperglycemic ketoacidic coma.
Insulin presentation
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains of amino acids that is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels. Insulin binds to receptors on cells and signals the translocation of glucose transporters to cell membranes, allowing glucose uptake. It also stimulates the synthesis of enzymes involved in glycolysis. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin signal, resulting in high blood glucose levels. The document provides details on the structure, function, biosynthesis and role of insulin.
Anti diabetic drugs by Sanan Edrees
1) There are several classes of anti-diabetic drugs that treat diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels, including insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
2) Insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones improve target cell response to insulin without increasing secretion.
3) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevent carbohydrate digestion and absorption, reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes. DPP-4 inhibitors prolong incretin hormone activity, increasing insulin release and reducing glucagon levels in response to meals.
Omeprazole
This document provides information on the drug Omeprazole including its indications, dosage, administration instructions, drug interactions, and safety. It can be used by healthcare professionals and patients to understand how to safely use Omeprazole to treat conditions like ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Key details include that Omeprazole is available as capsules, tablets, and suspensions, is usually taken once daily with food, and common side effects include hypomagnesaemia and allergic reactions. Medical advice should be sought for any questions or concerns about use.
Antihelminthics
Helminths are parasitic worms that infect humans. The major types are nematodes (roundworms and pinworms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms). Antihelminthic drugs work by killing the worms or causing them to be expelled. Common antihelminthics include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, niclosamide, and praziquantel. They have different mechanisms of action and are used to treat different specific helminth infections. Albendazole and praziquantel are often used as first-line treatments
Pharmacology of drugs used in Endocrine Disorders
Get information about drugs used in endocrine disorders with their classifcation,mechanism of action and their clinical uses.
Insulin
1) Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that is secreted by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels.
2) Insulin secretion is regulated through chemical, hormonal, and neural mechanisms in response to glucose levels and other factors. It acts to promote glucose and lipid uptake and utilization and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
3) There are various insulin preparations including regular human insulin, lente/NPH insulin, and analogues like lispro, glargine, and detemir with different onset/duration profiles. Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis.
Oral hypoglycaemic drugs
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used to treat type 2 diabetes and work by lowering blood glucose levels. There are 5 classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs currently used: sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Sulfonylureas like glipizide stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas. Biguanides like metformin reduce glucose production and absorption. Meglitinides and sulfonylureas both stimulate insulin secretion but meglitinides have a faster onset and shorter duration. Thiazolidinediones like pioglitazone increase insulin sensitivity. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Anti emetics
1) Anti-emetic drugs are used to prevent or suppress vomiting. They are classified into different categories including anti-cholinergics, anti-histamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5HT antagonists, and adjuvent anti-emetics.
2) Common anti-emetic drugs include cyclizine, dicyclomine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, and ondansetron. They work through different mechanisms such as blocking neurotransmitters or receptors.
3) Anti-emetics are used to treat nausea and vomiting from conditions like cancer chemotherapy, motion sickness, and post-operative vomiting. Adverse effects can include
Anthelmintic drugs.pptx
This document discusses various anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It defines anthelmintics as drugs that eradicate worms and helminth parasites from the body. The document then classifies helminth parasites and describes various anthelmintic drug classes including piperazines, benzimidazoles, heterocyclics, amides, nitroderivatives, imidazothiazoles, natural products and vinyl pyrimidines. It provides examples of drugs from each class and summarizes their mechanisms of action, uses, and common adverse drug reactions.
Routes of drug administration
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
Antidiabetic Drugs
This document summarizes different types of drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It discusses insulin, the main types of which include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It also discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs that help control blood sugar levels, including sulfonylureas that stimulate insulin secretion, biguanides that overcome insulin resistance, and others such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. New drug classes are also mentioned, like GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors that enhance the body's own insulin response after meals. The document provides details on the mechanisms and examples of specific drugs within each class.
pharmacology of peptic ulcer disease
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers as open sores that develop in the stomach or upper small intestine. The main causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by tumors that produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, triggering overproduction of gastric acid. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcers, including antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections and acid-reducing drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers.
First pass metabolism- Buddhabhushan dongre
First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
Diabetes mellitus - Pharmacology
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its treatment. It describes the four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other causes. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the different types. The document also describes various insulin preparations including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It discusses oral hypoglycemic agents that increase insulin secretion like sulfonylureas.
Anti diuretic drugs
This document discusses anti-diuretic drugs, which reduce urine volume by affecting the reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules. It describes how anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) acts on collecting duct cells in the kidney to increase water permeability and diffusion of water into the interstitum. Example drugs that are anti-diuretic include ADH and desmopressin, which are used to treat conditions like diabetes insipidus and nocturia. Nurses should monitor patients taking these drugs for electrolyte imbalances, vital signs, and signs of adverse effects like nasal irritation or fluid retention.
Hypoglycemic agents
The document discusses hypoglycemic agents, which are drugs used to lower blood sugar levels and treat diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a condition characterized by hyperglycemia and glucosuria due to abnormal carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The main types of hypoglycemic agents discussed are insulin, sulfonylureas like chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, biguanides like phenformin, and their mechanisms of action, formulations, and uses in treating diabetes.
Antiasthmatic drugs
The document discusses drugs used to treat asthma. It describes asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and reversible airflow obstruction. It outlines the classification of asthma drugs into short-term relievers for acute symptoms and long-term controllers to reduce symptoms and prevent attacks. Short-term relievers include beta-2 adrenergic agonists, methylxanthines, and antimuscarinic agents. Long-term controllers include inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene pathway antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers.
Macrolides
The document discusses macrolide antibiotics. It describes macrolides as a class of antibiotics that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring attached to deoxy sugars. They are bacteriostatic and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Macrolides are classified based on the number of carbons in their lactone ring and examples include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Macrolides are absorbed orally and distributed widely throughout the body, metabolized in the liver, and excreted primarily in bile. Their mechanisms of action, resistance, spectrum of activity, indications, contraindications and adverse effects are also summarized.
Introduction to pharmacology
. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs.
4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
The document summarizes the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. It describes two main mechanisms - tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic autoregulation. Tubuloglomerular feedback senses sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa and controls afferent and efferent arteriole diameter to maintain GFR. Myogenic autoregulation involves the vascular smooth muscle sensing changes in arterial pressure to resist vessel stretching and regulate resistance. These mechanisms help keep GFR and renal blood flow relatively constant despite changes in blood pressure, preventing extreme fluctuations in renal excretion.
Anti-Diabetic drugs
This document discusses anti-diabetic drugs and normoglycemia according to WHO guidelines. It defines normal, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes based on fasting glucose levels and HbA1c. Worldwide, over 500 million people have diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells while type 2 is predominantly insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Management goals include normoglycemia to reduce complications like nephropathy and retinopathy. Various oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin are used to treat diabetes including sulfonylureas, metformin, and newer analog insulins.
Drugs affecting uterine motility
Oxytocics (oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, prostaglandins) stimulate uterine contractions and are used to induce or augment labor. Oxytocin is the preferred drug as it produces normal contractions. Tocolytics (ritodrine, nifedipine, atosiban, magnesium sulfate) relax the uterus and are used to arrest premature labor. While oxytocics increase uterine motility, tocolytics decrease it.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas that helps the body use glucose from carbohydrates for energy. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce insulin, and in type 2 diabetes the body does not properly use insulin. High blood glucose levels over long periods can damage blood vessels and organs. Different types of insulin have varying onsets and durations of action to maintain normal blood glucose. Nurses must properly administer insulin subcutaneously, monitor blood glucose levels, and document care to safely manage diabetes.
Insulin
This document discusses insulin, including what it is, its discovery, and how it is manufactured. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that allows the body to use glucose from carbohydrates for energy or storage. It was originally obtained from cows and pigs but this posed issues. In 1955, human insulin was discovered and can now be produced through genetically engineered bacteria. The bacteria are grown in large sterile vessels and produce human insulin, which is then purified and packaged. Strict precautions are taken to ensure sterility and quality throughout the manufacturing process.
Emetics and antiemetics
This document discusses drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) and prevent vomiting (antiemetics). It lists common emetics like apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha, and their mechanisms and uses. Common antiemetics classes include prokinetics like metochlorpramide, antimuscarinics like hyoscine, antihistamines like cyclizine, neuroleptics like chlorpromazine, and 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron. Nursing considerations for antiemetic administration include assessing for contraindications, monitoring for side effects, and instructing patients on proper use.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows glucose in the bloodstream to enter cells and be used for energy. Without insulin, blood sugar builds up and cells are deprived of energy, leading to serious health issues. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin. Historically, insulin was purified from animals but is now commonly produced through recombinant DNA technology using modified bacteria. This process involves isolating the human insulin gene, inserting it into bacterial DNA, and causing the bacteria to express and mass produce human insulin.
Insulin and its mechanism of action
Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.
More Related Content
What's hot
Insulin
1) Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that is secreted by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels.
2) Insulin secretion is regulated through chemical, hormonal, and neural mechanisms in response to glucose levels and other factors. It acts to promote glucose and lipid uptake and utilization and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
3) There are various insulin preparations including regular human insulin, lente/NPH insulin, and analogues like lispro, glargine, and detemir with different onset/duration profiles. Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis.
Oral hypoglycaemic drugs
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used to treat type 2 diabetes and work by lowering blood glucose levels. There are 5 classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs currently used: sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Sulfonylureas like glipizide stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas. Biguanides like metformin reduce glucose production and absorption. Meglitinides and sulfonylureas both stimulate insulin secretion but meglitinides have a faster onset and shorter duration. Thiazolidinediones like pioglitazone increase insulin sensitivity. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Anti emetics
1) Anti-emetic drugs are used to prevent or suppress vomiting. They are classified into different categories including anti-cholinergics, anti-histamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, 5HT antagonists, and adjuvent anti-emetics.
2) Common anti-emetic drugs include cyclizine, dicyclomine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, and ondansetron. They work through different mechanisms such as blocking neurotransmitters or receptors.
3) Anti-emetics are used to treat nausea and vomiting from conditions like cancer chemotherapy, motion sickness, and post-operative vomiting. Adverse effects can include
Anthelmintic drugs.pptx
This document discusses various anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It defines anthelmintics as drugs that eradicate worms and helminth parasites from the body. The document then classifies helminth parasites and describes various anthelmintic drug classes including piperazines, benzimidazoles, heterocyclics, amides, nitroderivatives, imidazothiazoles, natural products and vinyl pyrimidines. It provides examples of drugs from each class and summarizes their mechanisms of action, uses, and common adverse drug reactions.
Routes of drug administration
The document discusses the different routes of drug administration including topical, oral, parenteral, rectal, and inhalation. It provides details on the classification, advantages, and disadvantages of each route. The oral route is the most common due to convenience and low cost but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and food interactions. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide precise dosing but carry risks while topical routes only produce local effects. The inhalation route provides a fast onset due to the lungs' large surface area.
Antidiabetic Drugs
This document summarizes different types of drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It discusses insulin, the main types of which include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It also discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs that help control blood sugar levels, including sulfonylureas that stimulate insulin secretion, biguanides that overcome insulin resistance, and others such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. New drug classes are also mentioned, like GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors that enhance the body's own insulin response after meals. The document provides details on the mechanisms and examples of specific drugs within each class.
pharmacology of peptic ulcer disease
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers as open sores that develop in the stomach or upper small intestine. The main causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by tumors that produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, triggering overproduction of gastric acid. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcers, including antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections and acid-reducing drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers.
First pass metabolism- Buddhabhushan dongre
First-pass metabolism refers to the process where a drug administered orally is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and transported to the liver via the portal vein, where it is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. As a result, only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the intended target tissue. Notable drugs like morphine, propranolol, and lidocaine experience significant first-pass metabolism through the liver. Administering drugs via routes other than oral can bypass first-pass metabolism and increase bioavailability.
Diabetes mellitus - Pharmacology
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its treatment. It describes the four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other causes. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the different types. The document also describes various insulin preparations including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It discusses oral hypoglycemic agents that increase insulin secretion like sulfonylureas.
Anti diuretic drugs
This document discusses anti-diuretic drugs, which reduce urine volume by affecting the reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules. It describes how anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) acts on collecting duct cells in the kidney to increase water permeability and diffusion of water into the interstitum. Example drugs that are anti-diuretic include ADH and desmopressin, which are used to treat conditions like diabetes insipidus and nocturia. Nurses should monitor patients taking these drugs for electrolyte imbalances, vital signs, and signs of adverse effects like nasal irritation or fluid retention.
Hypoglycemic agents
The document discusses hypoglycemic agents, which are drugs used to lower blood sugar levels and treat diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a condition characterized by hyperglycemia and glucosuria due to abnormal carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The main types of hypoglycemic agents discussed are insulin, sulfonylureas like chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, biguanides like phenformin, and their mechanisms of action, formulations, and uses in treating diabetes.
Antiasthmatic drugs
The document discusses drugs used to treat asthma. It describes asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and reversible airflow obstruction. It outlines the classification of asthma drugs into short-term relievers for acute symptoms and long-term controllers to reduce symptoms and prevent attacks. Short-term relievers include beta-2 adrenergic agonists, methylxanthines, and antimuscarinic agents. Long-term controllers include inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene pathway antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers.
Macrolides
The document discusses macrolide antibiotics. It describes macrolides as a class of antibiotics that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring attached to deoxy sugars. They are bacteriostatic and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Macrolides are classified based on the number of carbons in their lactone ring and examples include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Macrolides are absorbed orally and distributed widely throughout the body, metabolized in the liver, and excreted primarily in bile. Their mechanisms of action, resistance, spectrum of activity, indications, contraindications and adverse effects are also summarized.
Introduction to pharmacology
. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2. Pharmacology Greek pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug) Modern Latin: Pharmacologia 18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.
3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs.
4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
The document summarizes the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow. It describes two main mechanisms - tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic autoregulation. Tubuloglomerular feedback senses sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa and controls afferent and efferent arteriole diameter to maintain GFR. Myogenic autoregulation involves the vascular smooth muscle sensing changes in arterial pressure to resist vessel stretching and regulate resistance. These mechanisms help keep GFR and renal blood flow relatively constant despite changes in blood pressure, preventing extreme fluctuations in renal excretion.
Anti-Diabetic drugs
This document discusses anti-diabetic drugs and normoglycemia according to WHO guidelines. It defines normal, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes based on fasting glucose levels and HbA1c. Worldwide, over 500 million people have diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells while type 2 is predominantly insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Management goals include normoglycemia to reduce complications like nephropathy and retinopathy. Various oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin are used to treat diabetes including sulfonylureas, metformin, and newer analog insulins.
Drugs affecting uterine motility
Oxytocics (oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, prostaglandins) stimulate uterine contractions and are used to induce or augment labor. Oxytocin is the preferred drug as it produces normal contractions. Tocolytics (ritodrine, nifedipine, atosiban, magnesium sulfate) relax the uterus and are used to arrest premature labor. While oxytocics increase uterine motility, tocolytics decrease it.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas that helps the body use glucose from carbohydrates for energy. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce insulin, and in type 2 diabetes the body does not properly use insulin. High blood glucose levels over long periods can damage blood vessels and organs. Different types of insulin have varying onsets and durations of action to maintain normal blood glucose. Nurses must properly administer insulin subcutaneously, monitor blood glucose levels, and document care to safely manage diabetes.
Insulin
This document discusses insulin, including what it is, its discovery, and how it is manufactured. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that allows the body to use glucose from carbohydrates for energy or storage. It was originally obtained from cows and pigs but this posed issues. In 1955, human insulin was discovered and can now be produced through genetically engineered bacteria. The bacteria are grown in large sterile vessels and produce human insulin, which is then purified and packaged. Strict precautions are taken to ensure sterility and quality throughout the manufacturing process.
Emetics and antiemetics
This document discusses drugs used to induce vomiting (emetics) and prevent vomiting (antiemetics). It lists common emetics like apomorphine, mustard, and ipecacuanha, and their mechanisms and uses. Common antiemetics classes include prokinetics like metochlorpramide, antimuscarinics like hyoscine, antihistamines like cyclizine, neuroleptics like chlorpromazine, and 5-HT3 antagonists like ondansetron. Nursing considerations for antiemetic administration include assessing for contraindications, monitoring for side effects, and instructing patients on proper use.
What's hot (20)
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood
Viewers also liked
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows glucose in the bloodstream to enter cells and be used for energy. Without insulin, blood sugar builds up and cells are deprived of energy, leading to serious health issues. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin. Historically, insulin was purified from animals but is now commonly produced through recombinant DNA technology using modified bacteria. This process involves isolating the human insulin gene, inserting it into bacterial DNA, and causing the bacteria to express and mass produce human insulin.
Insulin and its mechanism of action
Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.
Insuline injectable
Insulin is used to treat diabetes mellitus.
Controlling high blood sugar helps prevent heart disease, strokes, kidney disease, circulation problems, and blindness.
Insulin resistance and pcos
The document summarizes key findings from a review of literature on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It finds that the most consistent predictors of PCOS are hyperandrogenemia (high levels of "male" hormones) in 60-80% of cases, hirsutism (excess hair growth) in 60% of cases, and polycystic ovaries in 75% of cases. It also discusses debates around definitions of PCOS and relationships with insulin resistance.
2003 18th idf
This study examined insulin resistance and cytokine levels in overweight women with breast cancer before and after chemotherapy. Before chemotherapy, patients had higher insulin resistance, insulin levels, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 levels compared to controls. After 6 months of successful chemotherapy, patients' post-meal insulin levels were significantly lower, suggesting chemotherapy reduced the malignancy's effect on insulin resistance. Higher BMI was also correlated with greater insulin response both before and after chemotherapy, revealing chemotherapy did not alter the relationship between BMI and insulin resistance.
Critical Illness Presentation 1
Critical illness insurance provides a lump sum cash payment if an insured person is diagnosed with a covered critical illness. It can help cover high medical costs and bills during recovery. Common critical illnesses include cancer, heart attack, and stroke. The costs of critical illness insurance policies vary based on a person's age, health, tobacco use, and the size of the lump sum benefit. Getting quotes from an insurance professional can help find the most coverage available at the lowest cost.
Exposicion insulina y_glucagon
El documento resume las funciones de la insulina y el glucagón, dos hormonas producidas por el páncreas. La insulina ayuda a controlar los niveles de glucosa en la sangre al almacenar glucosa en las células. Un déficit de insulina causa diabetes, mientras que un exceso causa hiperinsulinismo e hipoglucemia. El glucagón, por otro lado, es una hormona catabólica que eleva los niveles de glucosa en la sangre al liberar glucosa de los depósitos corporales. Ambas
Role of insulin in human body
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is responsible for several roles in the body. It binds to insulin receptors on target cells and activates a cascade of phosphorylation events. This leads to the biological effects of insulin, which include increasing glucose uptake by tissues, stimulating glycogen and lipid synthesis, and inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Rabies
This Slide is Short and most of Topics are covers about Rabies.may it is easy to learn as well as presenting.
Glucose regulation
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin and glucagon regulation of blood glucose levels. It discusses that insulin and glucagon are polypeptide hormones secreted by the pancreas that have opposing functions. Insulin is produced in response to high blood glucose to promote glucose uptake and storage. Glucagon is produced in response to low blood glucose to promote glucose release from stores. The document also summarizes the different types of diabetes, their causes and treatments.
Insulina
El documento resume brevemente la insulina, incluyendo que se produce en las células beta del páncreas, se libera en respuesta a los niveles de glucosa en la sangre, y juega un papel clave en la regulación de los niveles de azúcar en la sangre.
Anaemia
Anemia is a major health problem in India, especially among women. Some key points about anemia from the document include:
- Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- The main types of anemia are microcytic (small RBCs), macrocytic (large RBCs), and normocytic (normal sized RBCs). Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and aplastic anemia.
- Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of anemia but can include pal
Basics of Insulin
- Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism. It promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, muscle, and fatty tissue.
- Insulin was first isolated in 1922 which revolutionized treatment for diabetes. It binds to insulin receptors on cells and triggers effects like increasing glucose uptake and glycogen/lipid synthesis while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis.
- Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood glucose levels after eating to promote storage of excess glucose. Multiple factors affect its secretion including hormones like glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine.
Inpatient Management of Hyperglycemia
The document discusses inpatient management of hyperglycemia. It provides an overview of studies showing associations between hyperglycemia and poor outcomes in hospitalized patients. It then reviews interventional studies demonstrating that intensive insulin therapy targeting tighter glucose control can improve outcomes. The document discusses strategies for glucose management in the hospital, barriers to control, and different insulin regimens that can be used.
Insulina
La insulina es producida por las células beta del páncreas y ayuda al cuerpo a usar y almacenar la glucosa de los alimentos para producir energía. Regula los niveles de glucosa en la sangre al estimular la captación de glucosa por las células. Una falta de producción de insulina puede causar diabetes.
Insulin analogues ppt
This document discusses insulin analogues, which are genetically engineered versions of human insulin that have altered pharmacokinetic properties. It describes the classification of insulin analogues as either short-acting like lispro, aspart, and glulisine, or long-acting like glargine, detemir, and degludec. Insulin analogues were developed to overcome limitations of standard insulins like regular and NPH insulins in order to better mimic the body's natural insulin secretion and reduce risks of hypoglycemia. While analogues provide benefits like improved glucose control and flexibility, their higher cost is a drawback.
Dka pathphysiology & management 2014 - copy
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. It occurs most often in patients with type 1 diabetes but can also affect those with type 2 diabetes. Treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, intravenous insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement, and monitoring of glucose and acid-base levels until the condition is resolved. Complications can include hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema, and complications related to underlying illnesses. Strict diabetes management and patient education are needed to prevent DKA.
Insulinas
El documento describe el hexámero de insulina porcina y su procesamiento en el cuerpo, así como los diferentes tipos de insulina, sus usos, métodos de administración y ajustes posológicos para lograr un control glucémico óptimo.
Insulina
La insulina es una hormona polipéptidica producida por las células beta del páncreas. Se libera en respuesta a los niveles elevados de glucosa en la sangre y regula los niveles de azúcar. Existen diferentes tipos de insulina como la insulina regular, NPH e insulina analógica de acción rápida o prolongada. La dosis de insulina requerida varía según la edad, estado fisiológico y otros factores.
Insulin
Insulin is a protein synthesized and secreted by the beta-cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas.
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to Insuline
INSULIN
This presentation is just an overview/summary of the vast topic insulin , its biosynthesis , mechanism of action , effects of insulin on body , related diseases and marketed preparations of insulin.
DM.pdf
This document discusses antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes the two main types of diabetes and then focuses on insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Insulin is described in detail including its mechanism of action, types, administration, and potential complications. Oral hypoglycemic agents discussed include sulfonylureas, which stimulate insulin release, and biguanides like metformin, which lower hepatic glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity. The document provides information on the mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of these important antidiabetic medications.
Insulin secretion and it's role .pptx
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. In 1921, Dr. Frederick Banting and Charles Best successfully isolated insulin for the first time. Insulin is synthesized as preproinsulin in beta cells and processed to proinsulin and then insulin and C-peptide. Insulin binds to receptors on cells and triggers cellular effects that promote glucose uptake and storage, fat synthesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis. This helps regulate blood sugar levels after eating by storing excess glucose and releasing it between meals.
Insulin therapy
This document discusses insulin therapy, including its pharmacodynamics, mechanisms of action, types of insulin, insulin regimens, administration techniques, side effects, and patient education. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells. It acts on the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and other organs. Types include rapid, short, intermediate and long-acting insulins. Patient education focuses on proper administration, storage, monitoring, hypoglycemia treatment, and lifestyle factors.
ANTI-HYeeeeeeeeeesPERGLYCAEMIC DRUGS.pptx
Ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjjjj ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjjjj
Antidiabetic drugs
Three types of anti-diabetic drugs are discussed:
1) Drugs that enhance insulin secretion like sulfonylureas and meglitinide analogues.
2) Biguanides like metformin that overcome insulin resistance.
3) Miscellaneous drugs that include alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors.
The document provides details on the mechanisms of action, examples of drugs, and side effects of the different classes of anti-diabetic medications.
antidiabeticdrugs-150825103952-lva1-app6892.pdf
Three types of anti-diabetic drugs are discussed:
1) Drugs that enhance insulin secretion like sulfonylureas and meglitinide analogues.
2) Biguanides like metformin that overcome insulin resistance.
3) Miscellaneous drugs that include alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors.
The document provides details on the mechanisms of action, examples of drugs, and side effects of the different classes of anti-diabetic medications.
Types of insulin & correction of hyperglycemia
Insulin therapy involves various types of insulin preparations that aim to mimic the body's natural insulin secretion. Short-acting insulins like regular insulin have an onset of 30-60 minutes while rapid-acting analogs like aspart and lispro have an onset of 5-15 minutes. Intermediate-acting NPH insulin has an onset of 2 hours. Long-acting basal insulins like glargine and detemir aim to provide consistent insulin levels and have onset times of 2 hours with durations of 12-24 hours. Newer ultra-long acting insulins like degludec last over 40 hours with the goal of reducing hypoglycemia risk and glycemic variability compared to earlier insulin types.
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada SelimBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It is produced by beta cells within clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells to be used for energy or stored as glycogen or fat. It also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver and promotes fat storage. A lack of sufficient insulin production or effectiveness leads to high blood sugar levels and diabetes.Insulin, glucagon and diabetes mellitus
The pancreas secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon, which play crucial roles in regulating glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin promotes the storage and use of glucose by stimulating its uptake into cells and its conversion to glycogen or fat. It also inhibits gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown. A lack of insulin has the opposite effects, increasing gluconeogenesis and fat breakdown for energy.
Insulin presentation
Definition of hormones
Pancreas
Intro of insulin
Chemistry
Biosynthesis
Action of insulin
Metabolic effect on insulin
Factors effect insulin secretion
Disorders related to insulin hormone
Treatment
Brand name of insulin in market
Blood sugar homeostasis
Blood sugar homeostasis is maintained through a balance of hepatic glucose production and peripheral glucose uptake regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon. In the fasting state, low insulin and high glucagon promote gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to increase glucose production. After eating, high insulin and low glucagon stimulate glucose uptake in tissues and inhibit production. Disruptions can cause hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
2 diabetes drugs, naim kittana.pptx
This document discusses drugs used for diabetes, including insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. It provides details on:
- The types of insulin preparations and their mechanisms and durations of action, including rapid, short, intermediate and long-acting insulins.
- Factors affecting insulin secretion and the physiological effects of insulin.
- Classification of diabetes and treatment approaches, including standard versus intensive insulin therapy.
- Other anti-diabetic drugs like Amylin analogs, Incretin mimetics, Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, Biguanides and Thiazolidinediones.
Insulin therapy of Diabetes Mellitus
The document summarizes insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. It describes the cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin and other hormones. It details the discovery and purification of insulin in the 1920s which revolutionized treatment of diabetes. The document discusses different insulin formulations including short-acting and long-acting types. It explains factors that affect insulin absorption and common dosing regimens for insulin therapy.
Insulin therapy in children.pptx
This document discusses insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It begins with definitions, epidemiology, management, and types of insulin. It then discusses in detail the various types of insulin including regular, rapid-acting analogues, intermediate-acting, long-acting, and newer ultra-long acting insulins. It covers administration, storage, injection techniques, insulin requirements, regimens including basal-bolus, and monitoring therapy including dose adjustment and targets for glycemic control.
Endocrine pancreas
The pancreas contains both exocrine cells that secrete enzymes for digestion and endocrine cells clustered in islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones. The beta cells within the islets secrete insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin binds to receptors on cells to promote glucose uptake and storage and regulate metabolism. Glucagon from alpha cells has opposing actions, raising blood glucose. Precise balance of insulin and glucagon maintains normal glucose homeostasis, while diabetes results from insufficient insulin.
INSULI THERAPY.pptx
There are several types of insulin that differ in their onset of action, peak time, and duration. Rapid-acting insulin starts working within 15 minutes and has a duration of 3-4 hours. Regular or short-acting insulin starts within 30 minutes and lasts 6 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin starts within 2-4 hours and lasts 12 hours. Long-acting insulin starts within 2-4 hours and lasts up to 24 hours. Premixed insulin starts working within 15-30 minutes and lasts 12-16 hours. Inhaled insulin starts within 10 minutes and lasts 3 hours. The document also discusses the properties and uses of different insulin analogs and human insulins.
Antidiabetic drugs-Dr Noopur Verma
The document discusses various aspects of antidiabetic drugs including:
- Insulin is produced in the pancreatic beta cells and helps regulate blood glucose levels. It exists as two chains and is processed from proinsulin. Insulin secretion is stimulated by glucose and other factors.
- Other pancreatic hormones that regulate blood glucose include glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic peptide, and ghrelin.
- Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is not enough insulin or when cells ignore insulin signals. The main types are type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative deficiency.
- Common antidiabetic drug classes include insulin, sulfonylureas, me
production of recombinant proteins
Human growth hormone can be produced using recombinant DNA technology by inserting the gene for human growth hormone into microbial hosts like E. coli. This allows for large-scale production of the hormone which can then be purified and used as a treatment for growth disorders in children and adults. The conventional method of extracting growth hormone from human cadavers was inefficient. Recombinant technology overcame this by allowing microbial production of the hormone in pure form without relying on human sources.
Anti diabetic agents,Medicinal Chemistry,Mr.Jimmy Alexander ,Associate Profes...
This document discusses antidiabetic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes the three main types of diabetes and their causes. Treatment includes insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs. Insulin is produced naturally in the pancreas and can now also be produced through recombinant DNA technology. Various insulin preparations are discussed based on their onset and duration of action. Other classes of antidiabetic drugs mentioned include secretagogues, sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and peptide analogues; and their mechanisms of action are summarized.
Similar to Insuline (20)
Types of insulin & correction of hyperglycemia
Types of insulin & correction of hyperglycemia
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Anti diabetic agents,Medicinal Chemistry,Mr.Jimmy Alexander ,Associate Profes...
Anti diabetic agents,Medicinal Chemistry,Mr.Jimmy Alexander ,Associate Profes...
More from SaImoon QureShi
heart and DNA.pptx
Heart and its relation with your DNA.
causes of Heart issues.
how to get early detection of your heart condition?
cancer and DNA Test.pptx
How Cancer occur and it's types. How can you get early detection and can live a healthy life?
DNA testing is changing the world.
DNA test can tell you.pptx
This document discusses how DNA tests can provide information about various health, lifestyle, and personality traits. It explains that DNA tests can tell you about your likelihood of hair loss, memory performance, lifespan potential, risk taking tendencies, and whether you are a "night person" or "morning person." The document also discusses how DNA tests can reveal if certain traits, like a difficulty learning from mistakes or preference for seeking social support in stressful situations, may have genetic influences. Overall, the document promotes taking a DNA test to gain insights into one's unique genetic characteristics and predispositions.
Albinism
Albinism is a hereditary condition caused by a lack of melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. It results from a recessive gene and causes little to no pigmentation, making skin and hair very light in color and eyes often red or blue. Symptoms include light sensitivity, vision problems, and nystagmus. There are different types of albinism that vary in severity based on the amount of residual melanin present. Proper sun protection and sunglasses are important to manage health issues associated with albinism.
Autoimmunity
This document discusses autoimmunity and provides examples of several autoimmune diseases. It begins by defining autoimmunity as an inappropriate immune response directed against self-components. It then discusses how failure to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes during development can lead to autoimmunity. Several autoimmune diseases are described in detail, including the mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments. Animal models of autoimmune diseases are also discussed.
nanotechnology in agriculture
this is about the application of nanotechnology in agriculture. that how we can secure the growth of plants and crops and make our crops better. in this ppt the use of nano-particles has discussed to avoid different pests and diseases by ruining the crops.
More from SaImoon QureShi (6)
Recently uploaded
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
CLEAR ALIGNER THERAPY IN ORTHODONTICS .pptx
Dr. ZANAB FARHEEN FAYAZ ,MDS(ORTHODONTICS & DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS ).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.MERCURY GROUP.BHMS.MATERIA MEDICA.HOMOEOPATHY
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Recently uploaded (20)
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Outbreak management including quarantine, isolation, contact.pptx
Outbreak management including quarantine, isolation, contact.pptx
Insuline
- 2. •Insulin isahormonecentral regulating carbohydrateand fat metabolism in the body. •Insulin causesliver cells, musclecells and fat tissueto takeup glucosefrom the blood and storeit asglycogen in the liver and muscle.
- 3. •Insulin isapeptidehormonecomposed of 51 amino acidsand hasamolecular weight of 5808 Da. •Two chain polypeptide •A chain – 21 AA ; B chain – 30 AA •Held together by two disulfidebonds
- 4. • Insulin is produced and stored in the body as a hexamer , while the active form is the monomer. • Hexamer is more stable then the monomer, which is better for practical reasons. • Monomer is a much faster-reacting drug, it means that insulin injections do not have to precede mealtimes by hours.
- 6. •Facilitatesglucosetransport acrossthecell membrane •FacilitatesAA entry and synthesisof protein in muscle •Insulin and itsrelated proteins havebeen shown to beproduced insidethebrain, and reduced levelsof theseproteinsarelinked to Alzheimer’s disease.
- 7. •An all-encompassing term for hyperglycemiaor excessive blood sugar. ClassifiCation: •Type1/Insulin dependent diabetesmellitus(IDDM) •Type2/Non insulin dependent diabetesmellitus(NIDDM) •Gestational diabetes •Impaired glucosetoleranceand prediabetes
- 10. •Insulin isbeing produced biosynthetically using recombinant DNA technology. •Introducing thehuman insulin geneinto plantsand in producing insulin to reduce production costs.
- 11. Thefirst insulin injection wasmadeon January 11, 1922, Leonard Thomson, a14-year-old diabetic who lay dying at theToronto General Hospital. 1st dose: extract wasso impureand hesuffered a severeallergic reaction 2nd dose: after12 days, asecond dose– purified extract. Thesecond injection was - Successful - With no side-effects - Completely eliminating sign of diabetes.
- 12. •Beef & pork insulin – 10,000 ppm of other proteins. •By thedirect extraction from pancreatic tissuesof pigs and cattle. •Disadvantage Immunogenicity Availability
- 15. • Therearemany formsof insulin to treat diabetes. They areclassified by how fast they start to work and how long their effectslast. • types of insulin include: 1.Short-acting 2.Intermediate-acting (biphasic) 3.Long-acting • Addition of zinc • Addition of protein (protamine)
- 16. • Each typeof insulin hasan onset, apeak, and aduration time. • Theonset ishow soon theinsulin startsto lower your blood glucose after you takeit. • Thepeakisthetimetheinsulin isworking thehardest to lower your blood glucose. • Thedurationishow long theinsulin lasts-thelength of timeit keeps lowering your blood glucose • Routes Pulmonary: - Exubera Subcutaneous/ interamuscular -Humulin
- 17. •First recombinant insulin approved in USA(2006) •Given by pulmonary route •To curehyperglycemiadiabetes • Short acting insulin •Given within 10min of mealtime •Showsitsmax effect after 2hr of inhalation •Activity duration 6 h •Limitations: - Not given to patientshaving lungsdisaeses - Not to thesmokers
- 18. •Humalog (Insulin Lispro) isslow-acting insulin. •Chemically-modified, natural insulin. • Approved by theFDA in June, 1996 •Intramuscular route. •Morerapid onset of action •Earlier peak effect •Reachesto peak 0.5-2.5 h after injection •Injected 15 minutesbeforeameal ascompared to regular insulin which isinjected 30-60 minutesbeforeameal.
Editor's Notes
- Single fermentation step. with subsiquent purification.