. Introduction to Pharmacology Course Title: Pharmacology I Course No.: PHAR 2113 Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2. Pharmacology Greek  pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“. Greek: Pharmacon (Drug)  Modern Latin: Pharmacologia  18th Century: Pharmacology The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs. 3. Historic development of pharmacology Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few animal products Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms. Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.- use simple and efficacious drugs. 4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis. Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)-

1. Introduction to Pharmacology
Course Title: Pharmacology I
Course No.: PHAR 2113
Prepared by: Biswajit Biswas
Reference: Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics

2. Pharmacology
Greek  pharmakon : "drug“ ; and logia : "the study of“.
Greek: Pharmacon (Drug)  Modern Latin: Pharmacologia  18th Century: Pharmacology
The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs.

3. Historic development of pharmacology
Worlds oldest pharmacology - from India and China
Materia medica (2735 B.C.) by Pan Tsao- contained mainly Plant and metal with few
animal products
Ayurveda - described by Charaka accordig to Rigveda (3000 B.C.) - includes 300 vegetable
drugs , classified into 50 groups according to their effects on symptoms.
Papyrus (1500 B.C.) discovered by Eber -700 drugs
Modern medicine (from 450 B.C.) by Hippocrates- concept of disease as a pathologic
process and organize pharmacology on the basis of observation, analysis and deduction.-
use simple and efficacious drugs.

4. Allopathay (James gregory, 1753-1821) -treatment without any rational basis- use
symptomatic treatment with obnoxious remedis.
Homeopathy (Hanneman, 19th century)- likes cures like, and dilution potentiate the action of
drugs.
Modern Pharmacology (Francois Magendie and Claude Bernard)-helps to elucidate basic
physiological and pathological mechanisms in diseases. pharmacology provide scientific data
to form the basis of rational therapeutics depending on different animal experiments designed
to study the effect of drugs.

5. Division of pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Greek: Dynamis -- power
What drugs does to the body.
This includes physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanism of
action.
Pharmacokinetics
Greek: Kinesis – movement.
What body do to the drug.
Refers to movement of drug in the body and alteration of drug by the body. It includes
absorption, distribution, binding/localization /storage, biotransformation, and excretion
drug from the body.

6. Pharmacotherapeutics: Application of pharmacological information together with the
knowledge of drug for prevention, treatment, mitigation and cure of disease or ailments.
Clinical Pharmacology: Scientific study of drugs in human. Includes pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic investigation in healthy volunteers and in patients; evaluation of efficacy
and safety of drug.
Chemotheraphy: Treatment of systemic infection / malignancy with specific drugs that have
selective toxicity for the infective organism /malignant cell with no or minimal side effects on
the host cells
Pharmacy: Art and science of compounding and dispensing drugs or preparing suitable
dosage forms for administration of drugs to human or animals.
Toxicology: Study of poisonous effect of drugs and the other chemicals with emphasis on
detection, prevention and treatment of poisonings.

7. It is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of
compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or
pharmaceutical society.
It is an official code containing a selected list of the established drugs and medical preparations
with descriptions of their physical properties and tests for their identity, purity and potency. It
defines the standards which these preparations must meet and may mention their average doses
for an adult.
 British pharmacopoeia (B.P.)
 United states Pharmacopoeia (U.S.P.)
 Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P.)
Pharmacopoeia
National Formulary includes information on products available to prescribers in the respective
countries,
 B.N.F
 B.D.N.F

8. a) Chemical name: 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-( 1-napthyloxy) propane-2-ol.
b) Non- proprietary name (generic name): Name approved by a competent scientific
body such as US Adopted Name (USAN) council.
e.g. Propranolol.
c) Proprietary (Brand) Name: Name assigned by the manufacturer eg. Altol, Atcardil,
Atecore, Betacard, etc. to Atenolol.
Drug nomenclature
Drug
Substance/articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention
of disease.
According to W.H.O. " a drug is any substance or product that is used or intended to use to
modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient."

9. Sources of Drug
I. Mineral: liquid paraffin, magnesium sulfate
II. Animal: Insulin, heparin
III. Plant: morphine, digoxin
IV. Synthetic: Aspirin, procaine
V. Microorganisms: Antibiotics.
VI. Genetic engineering: gene transfer- mediated vaccination.

10. a) Alkaloids: Basic, contain cyclic nitrogen, insoluble in Water , Form salt with acids. E.g.
Morphine
b) Glycosides: Ether like combination of sugar with other organic materials.
Glycosides Heat Sugar + aglycon.
e.g. digoxin
c) Oils:
• Fixed oils: glycerides of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. E.g. peanut oil, castor oil etc.
• Volatile oils: Terpene or its polymers. Carminative, antiseptic, counterirritants , flavoring
agents, pain relieving agents.
• Mineral oils : liquid paraffin.
Nature of Plant products

11. d) Resins: Formed by oxidation or polymerization of volatile oils. Insoluble in water but
soluble in alcohol.
e)Oleoresins: Volatile oil + Resins
f)Tannins: Non nitrogenous plant constituents. Having astringent property.
g) Gums: Secratory product of plants. Dispersible in water.
h)Antibacterial substances: Derived from mold , fungus etc.

12. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold directly to a consumer
without a prescription from a healthcare professional, as compared to prescription
drugs, which may be sold only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.
A prescription (℞) is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other
medical doctors in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an
individual patient.
The word "prescription", from "pre-" ("before") and "script" ("writing, written"), refers to
the fact that the prescription is an order that must be written down before a compound
drug can be prepared.

13. Routes of drug administration

14. Commonly used Routs of drug administration
IV = intravenous;
IM = intramuscular;
SC = subcutaneous.

15. Factors governing the choice of route of drug administration
1. Physical and chemical properties of drugs- solid /liquid / gas/ solubility/ stability,
irritancy.
2. Site of desired action: localized and systemic
3. Rate and extent of absorption
4. Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism
5. Rapidity of response required.
6. Accuracy of dosages
7. Condition of the patient

16. Systemic
Enteral Parenteral
Oral Inhalational
Sublingual Injections
Rectal Transdermal
Local
Routes of drug administration
• Intravenous
• Intramuscular
• Subcutaneous
• Intra-dermal
• Topical
• Intra-arterial
• Intra-articular
• Intra-thecal

17. Advantages
•Safe
•Convenient
•Economical
•Usually good absorption
•Can be self administered
Disadvantages
•Slow absorption, so slow action
•Irritable and unpalatable drugs
•Unconscious patients
•Some drugs destroyed
•First-pass effect
Oral route

18. Advantages
•Economical
•Quick termination
•First-pass avoided
•Drug absorption is quick
•Can be self administered
Disadvantages
•Unpalatable & bitter drugs
•Irritation of oral mucosa
•Large quantities not given
•Few drugs are absorbed
Sublingual or Buccal Route

19. Advantages
 Used in children
 Little or no first pass effect
Used in vomiting/ unconscious
Higher concentrations rapidly
achieved
Disadvantages
Inconvenient
Absorption is slow and erratic
 Irritation or inflammation of
rectal mucosa can occur
Rectal route

20. Administration of drugs by
the parenteral route
Needle insertion for
parenteral drug:
(A) Intradermal
injection
(B) Subcutaneous
injection
(C) Intramuscular
injection
(D) Intravenous
injection

21. Intravenous route
Advantages
•Reach directly to the systemic circulation, no absorption is required.
•Rapid onset of action
•Mild irritants can be given
•First pass avoided
•Gastric factors can be avoided
•Injected as bolus dose or infused over a period of time
Disadvantages of Intravenous route
•Cannot be recalled by strategies such as emesis or by binding to activated charcoal.
• May also induce hemolysis or cause other adverse reactions by the too-rapid
delivery of high concentrations of drug to the plasma and tissues.
•Emergency route.

22. Advantages
•Absorption reasonably uniform
•Rapid onset of action
•Mild irritants can be given
•First pass avoided
•Gastric factors can be avoided
Disadvantages
•Only up to 10ml drug given
•Local pain and abscess
•Expensive
•Infection
•Nerve damage
Intramuscular route

23. Subcutaneous route
• Drug deposited into the loose subcutaneous tissue which is
highly supplied with nervous system (avoid irritant drug)
but less vascular system (slow absorption).
• Self injection possible
• Repository preparation or oily solution are applied for
prolong action
a. Dermojet.
b. Pellet implantation: e.g. Testosterone.
c. Non biodegradable and biodegradable implants.

24. Inhalation
Advantages
• Volatile liquid and gases
e.g. general anaesthesia,
• Absorption- from the vast surface of alveoli,
• Reach directly in the systemic circulation so rapid onset of action.
• On discontinuation- drug diffuse back and rapidly eliminate thus
control administration is possible.
Disadvantages
• Irritant vapor causes inflammation and enhance
secretion

25. •This route achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a
transdermal patch.
•This route is most often used for the sustained delivery of drugs, such as the
antianginal drug nitroglycerin, the antiemetic scopolamine.
Transdermal

26. Topical route
Skin
applied to the skin surface in the form of Ointments, creams, lotions and powders .
Local route

27. Topical route
Mucous membrane
• Mouth and pharynx: as a paint, gargle, lozenges, mouth wash etc.
• Eye, ear and nose: irrigation , spray.
• Gastrointestinal tract: non absorbable drugs given orally.
• Bronchi and lungs: inhaler (aerosol).
• Urethra – jelly, irrigating sol.
• Vagina – tablet, insert , cream , powders, and douches.
• Anal canal –ointments.

28. Deeper tissue:
Certain deep area can be approached by needle and syringe: no systemic
absorption.
e.g.
 Intra -arterial supply: angiography.
 Intra-articular: hydrocortisone inj.
 Intrathecal- lignocain inj.