This document discusses insulin, including what it is, its discovery, and how it is manufactured. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that allows the body to use glucose from carbohydrates for energy or storage. It was originally obtained from cows and pigs but this posed issues. In 1955, human insulin was discovered and can now be produced through genetically engineered bacteria. The bacteria are grown in large sterile vessels and produce human insulin, which is then purified and packaged. Strict precautions are taken to ensure sterility and quality throughout the manufacturing process.

2. Outline
What is Insulin?
Discovery
How to create?
Manufacturing
Precautions

3. INSULIN
 Peptide Hormone
 Made by Pancreas Islet.
 It allow your body to use
sugar ( glucose ) from
carbohydrates.
• And store glucose for
further use.
 Control the sugar level in
body.

4. INSULIN
 It helps to keep your blood sugar level from
getting too high ( Hyperglycemia )
Lack of INSULIN causes a form
of Diabetes Mellitus

5. Discovery
 For many years.
 Insulin was obtain by the Pancreas of Cows and pigs
slaughtered for food.
 This was expensive , difficult and could causes many
allergic reactions.

6. Human insulin had been found in 1955.
Cow & Pig insulin could be chemically
modified by Genetically-Engineered
microbes.
• These microbes are like Bacteria etc.
These microbes produce insulin in a
pure form that is less likely to cause
allergic reaction.

7. How to create ?
 Human insulin is produced in a very
controlled and clean environment.
 Genetically engineered bacteria are grown in
large stainless fermentation vessels.
 The vessel contain all the nutrients needed
for bacteria growth.

8. Manufacturing
Culturing the bacteria for
procedure which are using for
insulin production.

9. Isolate the insulin gene from any
source and insert it to the isolated
bacteria plasmid.

10. This recombinant plasmid
inserted in bacteria just like
seen below.

11.  This recombinant DNA replicate and
bacteria divided into multiple copies and
insulin are also produced.

13.  In the vessels fermentation is complete
and the mixture containing the
bacteria is harvested.
Bacteria are filtered off an broken open
to release the insulin they have
produced.
It is then purified and packed in the
bottle for distribution.

15. Precaution.
 All the equipments is kept sterile so that
contaminations cannot get into the medicine .
 Regular checks make sure that all process are working
properly and the insulin meets the required quality.

17. Any
Question ?