The document discusses materials for 3D printing. It begins by outlining the demands materials must meet for 3D printing processes including forming a proper feedstock, being processable by the fabrication method, being post-processable if needed, and having acceptable service properties. It then categorizes the main 3D printing processes and lists over 3000 common material types including plastics, metals, and ceramics. Specific polymers like thermoplastics and thermosets are discussed. The document concludes by discussing challenges for materials in additive manufacturing like achieving quality, consistency, a wide diversity of compositions, superior structures and properties, and low costs.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the industrial production name for 3D printing, a computer controlled process that creates three dimensional objects by depositing materials, usually in layers,is a transformative approach to industrial production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems. ... As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the industrial production name for 3D printing, a computer controlled process that creates three dimensional objects by depositing materials, usually in layers,is a transformative approach to industrial production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems. ... As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object.
Definition, need, raw materials, types of processes
Photo polymerization
Binder jetting, material extrusion
Powder bed fusion
Sheet lamination, direct energy deposition
Limitations, strengths
Programming methods.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a new and exciting way to make parts. However, traditional manufacturing rules do not always apply when designing for AM. Both beginners and professionals can benefit from understanding how to make this technology work for them. Here you will learn the four ways you can design or redesign your parts for AM in order to maximize their potential.
Supports / Overhangs
Each technology deals with this differently. Generally, there is a critical angle (typically 45 degrees) that allows no support to be needed such as in the letter Y. Some need supports for all bridges of a certain length such as the middle of a capital H. Others need supports for overhangs such as at the ends of a capital T. How supports are designed or generated and removed needs to be thought of in the design process.
Orientation
Two factors come into play for orientation. First is material properties can differ depending on the direction they are built. This shows some test bars I printed to test how build orientation affects the electrical resistivity of a metal alloy. Strength can differ depending on build orientation so if you have a part that needs to have a certain strength in a certain direction, you will need to know how the orientation affects the strength of the part. The second is that printed features can come out looking differently depending on orientation. If you have a circle you want to print and have it come out circular, you will need to orient the part so that the circle is in the XY plane and not chopped up by the layers.
Minimum feature size / Resolution
This greatly depends on the process you use, and especially the machine you use. Just because two machines from different manufacturers use the same technology, they may not have the same feature specifications. There are also many factors that play into minimum features, and each are different. Here you can see some of the minimum sizes for a typical SLS process in Nylon. This is where you need to find out the machine and material specific specifications if you want to be designing features in the sub millimeter range.
Post Processing
There are many different ways post processing can affect how you design. If the process relies on supports, they will need to be removed manually, or potentially semi-automatically. If attached to a build plate, the parts will need to be removed. If there is excess powder or liquid trapped, it will need to be removed. If you want uniform or enhanced material properties, a heat treatment or post infusing of a secondary material may be needed. If you have critical surfaces that assemble, post machining will be required including custom part holding jigs or fixtures. All of these need to be taken into consideration when designing in order to gain the greatest benefits from AM.
Method 1: Send directly for AM
Method 2: Modify for AM
Method 3: Combine and redesign for AM
Method 4: Rethink and redesign for AM
On July 10th Innovate UK and the KTN held a business innovation day to showcase 30 of the Innovate UK projects that are currently active in the area of Additive Manufacturing. The presentations and pitches made on the day are now available to download. Topic 3 focuses on Post Processing
Simulation can help in both design and process optimization for additive manufacturing industry by getting the product right the first time. Cost saving by reducing print iterations can be tremendous. The presentation covers some overview of the AM industry and specifically discusses both metal and polymer AM simulation solutions.
ExOne Direct Material Printing - Binder Jetting TechnologyRicardo Toledo
Unique binder-based 3D printing technology was developed at MIT.
ExOne uses Binder Jetting technology to 3D print complex parts in industrial-grade materials. Binder Jetting is an additive manufacturing process in which a liquid binding agent is selectively deposited to join powder particles. Layers of material are then bonded to form an object. The printhead strategically drops binder into the powder. The job box lowers and another layer of powder is then spread and binder is added. Over time, the part develops through the layering of powder and binder.
Binder Jetting is capable of printing a variety of materials including metals, sands and ceramics. Some materials, like sand, require no additional processing. Other materials are typically cured and sintered and sometimes infiltrated with another material, depending on the application. Hot isostatic pressing may be employed to achieve high densities in solid metals.
What do you know about the eight additive manufacturing processes?Design World
When it’s time to print your part, which additive manufacturing/3D printing (AM / 3DP) process will work the best for you?
In this webinar, you will learn:
- How each AM/3DP process works
- The pros and cons of each of the present additive manufacturing/3D printing processes.
- Surface finish expectations and other dimensional information
- Who offers which process
Presented by Leslie Langnau, Managing Editor, Design World, WTWH Media
Leslie is the managing editor at Design World magazine and also manages the Make Parts Fast website, which is devoted to providing you news, analysis, and educational information on the additive manufacturing industry.
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is maturing rapidly as a viable solution of make optimized parts for “real engineering” applications. The freedom of design that is achievable using AM process is un parallel in terms of reducing structural weight, reducing material cost, generating complex shapes and connections and introducing directional properties in a component. However, understanding of AM process and utilizing process parameters to optimize a design comes with many challenges. Currently, one of the emphasize is to use physics based realistic simulation to replicate the AM process numerically and relate process parameters to the concept of functional generative design that relates design with manufacturing process.
Current work, through a typical build example, discusses an integrated numerical solution on a digital platform that involves the following.
Generative Design involving topology optimization that creates parts in context of the manufacturing process and automatically generate variants of conceptual and detailed organic shapes that helps make informed business decisions based on physics-based analytic tools. Process planning that defines and customizes manufacturing environment including nesting parts automatically on the build tray, designing and generating optimal support structures, and creating machine specific slicing and scan path which is ready for print. Process simulation that automatically includes machine inputs for energy, material and supports into the simulation at layer, part and build levels for any additive manufacturing process and accurately predicts part distortions, residual stresses and as-built material behavior. Finally, the platform involves post processing to perform shape optimization where simulation is used to guide support-structure strategy for enhanced build yield, compensate distortion effects without the need to redesign the product tooling, produce high-quality morphed surface geometry with unchanged topology, and perform final in-service performance validations of manufactured part.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Definition, need, raw materials, types of processes
Photo polymerization
Binder jetting, material extrusion
Powder bed fusion
Sheet lamination, direct energy deposition
Limitations, strengths
Programming methods.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a new and exciting way to make parts. However, traditional manufacturing rules do not always apply when designing for AM. Both beginners and professionals can benefit from understanding how to make this technology work for them. Here you will learn the four ways you can design or redesign your parts for AM in order to maximize their potential.
Supports / Overhangs
Each technology deals with this differently. Generally, there is a critical angle (typically 45 degrees) that allows no support to be needed such as in the letter Y. Some need supports for all bridges of a certain length such as the middle of a capital H. Others need supports for overhangs such as at the ends of a capital T. How supports are designed or generated and removed needs to be thought of in the design process.
Orientation
Two factors come into play for orientation. First is material properties can differ depending on the direction they are built. This shows some test bars I printed to test how build orientation affects the electrical resistivity of a metal alloy. Strength can differ depending on build orientation so if you have a part that needs to have a certain strength in a certain direction, you will need to know how the orientation affects the strength of the part. The second is that printed features can come out looking differently depending on orientation. If you have a circle you want to print and have it come out circular, you will need to orient the part so that the circle is in the XY plane and not chopped up by the layers.
Minimum feature size / Resolution
This greatly depends on the process you use, and especially the machine you use. Just because two machines from different manufacturers use the same technology, they may not have the same feature specifications. There are also many factors that play into minimum features, and each are different. Here you can see some of the minimum sizes for a typical SLS process in Nylon. This is where you need to find out the machine and material specific specifications if you want to be designing features in the sub millimeter range.
Post Processing
There are many different ways post processing can affect how you design. If the process relies on supports, they will need to be removed manually, or potentially semi-automatically. If attached to a build plate, the parts will need to be removed. If there is excess powder or liquid trapped, it will need to be removed. If you want uniform or enhanced material properties, a heat treatment or post infusing of a secondary material may be needed. If you have critical surfaces that assemble, post machining will be required including custom part holding jigs or fixtures. All of these need to be taken into consideration when designing in order to gain the greatest benefits from AM.
Method 1: Send directly for AM
Method 2: Modify for AM
Method 3: Combine and redesign for AM
Method 4: Rethink and redesign for AM
On July 10th Innovate UK and the KTN held a business innovation day to showcase 30 of the Innovate UK projects that are currently active in the area of Additive Manufacturing. The presentations and pitches made on the day are now available to download. Topic 3 focuses on Post Processing
Simulation can help in both design and process optimization for additive manufacturing industry by getting the product right the first time. Cost saving by reducing print iterations can be tremendous. The presentation covers some overview of the AM industry and specifically discusses both metal and polymer AM simulation solutions.
ExOne Direct Material Printing - Binder Jetting TechnologyRicardo Toledo
Unique binder-based 3D printing technology was developed at MIT.
ExOne uses Binder Jetting technology to 3D print complex parts in industrial-grade materials. Binder Jetting is an additive manufacturing process in which a liquid binding agent is selectively deposited to join powder particles. Layers of material are then bonded to form an object. The printhead strategically drops binder into the powder. The job box lowers and another layer of powder is then spread and binder is added. Over time, the part develops through the layering of powder and binder.
Binder Jetting is capable of printing a variety of materials including metals, sands and ceramics. Some materials, like sand, require no additional processing. Other materials are typically cured and sintered and sometimes infiltrated with another material, depending on the application. Hot isostatic pressing may be employed to achieve high densities in solid metals.
What do you know about the eight additive manufacturing processes?Design World
When it’s time to print your part, which additive manufacturing/3D printing (AM / 3DP) process will work the best for you?
In this webinar, you will learn:
- How each AM/3DP process works
- The pros and cons of each of the present additive manufacturing/3D printing processes.
- Surface finish expectations and other dimensional information
- Who offers which process
Presented by Leslie Langnau, Managing Editor, Design World, WTWH Media
Leslie is the managing editor at Design World magazine and also manages the Make Parts Fast website, which is devoted to providing you news, analysis, and educational information on the additive manufacturing industry.
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is maturing rapidly as a viable solution of make optimized parts for “real engineering” applications. The freedom of design that is achievable using AM process is un parallel in terms of reducing structural weight, reducing material cost, generating complex shapes and connections and introducing directional properties in a component. However, understanding of AM process and utilizing process parameters to optimize a design comes with many challenges. Currently, one of the emphasize is to use physics based realistic simulation to replicate the AM process numerically and relate process parameters to the concept of functional generative design that relates design with manufacturing process.
Current work, through a typical build example, discusses an integrated numerical solution on a digital platform that involves the following.
Generative Design involving topology optimization that creates parts in context of the manufacturing process and automatically generate variants of conceptual and detailed organic shapes that helps make informed business decisions based on physics-based analytic tools. Process planning that defines and customizes manufacturing environment including nesting parts automatically on the build tray, designing and generating optimal support structures, and creating machine specific slicing and scan path which is ready for print. Process simulation that automatically includes machine inputs for energy, material and supports into the simulation at layer, part and build levels for any additive manufacturing process and accurately predicts part distortions, residual stresses and as-built material behavior. Finally, the platform involves post processing to perform shape optimization where simulation is used to guide support-structure strategy for enhanced build yield, compensate distortion effects without the need to redesign the product tooling, produce high-quality morphed surface geometry with unchanged topology, and perform final in-service performance validations of manufactured part.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Synthesis of composite polymer for industrial applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract The Method of Fused Deposition Modelling is most popular rapid prototyping process producing parts layer by layer which is mainly made up of polymer. But the use of these parts is restricted because of low strength of plastic. To achieve efficient mechanical properties, metal composite polymer can be used which has not been used as feedstock material in FDM. Plastic component are most commonly produced by injection molding process. Wide variety of shapes and sizes of thin walled plastic parts are manufactured by this method . The aim of present study was to fabricate new metal composite and to investigate the effect of addition of metal powder on strength of polymer. As both FDM and Injection moulding are similar process the feasibility of metal composite feedstock was checked in injection moulding process. Experiments were carried out on parts produces by injection moulding process with different composition of metal and polymer. Six specimens with different proportions of aluminum and copper in polymer by weight were prepared as per the ASTM standard for Tensile and Flexural test. It can be concluded that addition of copper increases tensile strength of parts and aluminum increases bending strength of parts produced by Injection Moulding process. Key Words: Rapid Prototyping, Metal Composite polymer, Injection Moulding
Everything has to be made out of something. What is the best material for a given application? How can designers know what material properties to use in a simulation? How does processing influence a material’s performance? How can failure analysis provide insights for better designs? Materials expertise can inform decision-making at all stages of the product development cycle. How can materials engineers best support the needs of their organizations? How can organizations get the best value from their materials engineers? This discussion will focus on how materials engineering can provide a key supporting role in design and analysis, simulation, testing, production, and process optimization.
NAMRC 2015_Scanning speed effect on mechanical properties of ti-6al-4v alloy ...Xiaoqing Wang
Full Paper:
Xiaoqing Wang, Xibing Gong, Kevin Chou, Scanning Speed Effect on Mechanical Properties of Ti- 6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing, Procedia Manufacturing 1 (2015) 287–295. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.026.
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/29967143/Scanning_Speed_Effect_on_Mechanical_Properties_of_Ti-_6Al-4V_Alloy_Processed_by_Electron_Beam_Additive_Manufacturing
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Plenary lecture of the XVIII B-MRS Meeting given by Prof. Alan Taub (University of Michigan, USA) on September 26, 2019 at Balneário Camboriú (Brazil).
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Experimental Verification and Validation of Stress Distribution of Composite ...Journal For Research
Now a day in all sector weight reduction is most important criteria for lowering the cost & high performance. For weight reduction composite material is good option to solve weight related problems. In this paper we describe analysis of composite glass fibre material with mild steel material comparison. For analysis purpose we can use FEA software. The objective of this paper is compare things like different loading conditions stress distribution etc.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A356 BASED COMPO...sathish sak
Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective tool for enhancing sheet metal properties through microstructure modification. Significant grain refinement and homogenization can be achieved in a single FSP pass leading to improved formability, especially at elevated temperatures.
FSP is a solid-state process where the material within the processed zone undergoes intense plastic deformation resulting in dynamically recrystallized grain structure.
Most of the research conducted on FSP focuses on aluminum alloys. Despite the potential weight reduction that can be achieved using Titanium dioxide(B4C) alloys.
In this work, we examine the possibility of using FSP to modify the microstructure and properties of commercial A356-B4C alloy particles. The effect of various process parameters on thermal histories, resulting microstructure and properties to be investigated.
Study on laser hardening parameters of ASTM Grade 3 pure titanium on an angle...Premier Publishers
This research paper includes the laser transformation hardening of commercially pure titanium sheet of 1.6mm thickness is investigated using CW Nd:YAG laser. Commercially pure titanium has prevalent application in various fields of industries including the medical, nuclear, thermal, marine, defense, automobile aerospace and pharmaceutical industries. A FFD with RSM is employed to establish, optimize and to investigate the relationships of three laser transformation hardening process parameters: laser power, scanning speed, and focused position on laser hardened bead profile parameters such as angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density. RSM is used to develop pseudo-closed-form models from the computational parametric studies. Adequacies of developed models were analyzed by ANOVA. Effects of laser process parameters on an angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density were also carried out using RSM. The laser power and scanning speed consecutively have a positive and significant effect on angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density respectively as compared to the focal point position among all laser hardening process parameters. The optimum laser hardening conditions are identified sequentially to minimize an angle of entry of hardened profile, power density. The validation results demonstrate that the developed models are accurate with low percentages of error.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique used for the enhancing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material and also to make composites of the material. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize the composites of AA6063 and tungsten carbide particles with 5 µm particle size were added reinforcement. The tool shoulder is varied from 16 mm to 20 mm. The other parameters such as tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and transverse speed of 50 mm/min are kept constant. The friction stir processing tool is made of high chromium high carbon steel with a pin length of 4 mm and pin diameter of 6 mm is used. The 18 mm shoulder diameter produces much finer grain size with tungsten carbide reinforced particles rather than the tools having shoulder 16 mm and 20 mm diameter. The maximum tensile strength and micro hardness achieved is 260 N/mm2 and 135 Hv respectively. In case of the tool having 16 mm diameter produces less amount of heat due to lesser contact with the workpiece material and the tool having 20 mm diameter, over heat the workpiece material due to more contact area with the workpiece and causes no proper plastization and flow of the material within the processed zone by friction stir processing and produces courser grain size.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
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Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
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3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
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⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
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B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
5 Things You Need To Know Before Hiring a Videographer
Inside3DPrinting_DavidBourell
1. Materials for 3D Printing
D.L. Bourell
Temple Foundation Professor
The University of Texas at Austin
Inside 3D Printing – San Jose
September 17, 2013
2. Material Demands for 3D Printing
• Form Proper Feedstock
• Fabricator Processability
• Post-Processability as Needed
• Acceptable Service Properties
3. Categories of 3DP Processes (ASTM F2792)
binder jetting, n—an additive manufacturing process in which a liquid bonding
agent is selectively deposited to join powder materials.
directed energy deposition, n—an additive manufacturing process in which
focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as they are
being deposited.
material extrusion, n—an additive manufacturing process in which material is
selectively dispensed through a nozzle or orifice.
material jetting, n—an additive manufacturing process in which droplets of build
material are selectively deposited.
powder bed fusion, n—an additive manufacturing process in which thermal
energy selectively fuses regions of a powder bed.
sheet lamination, n—an additive manufacturing process in which sheets of
material are bonded to form an object.
vat photopolymerization, n—an additive manufacturing process in which liquid
photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by light-activated polymerization.
4. Materials in General, over 3000 “Common” Types
Plastics (Polymers)
Weak
Deformable
Low Melting
Strong
Tough
High Melting
Wear Resistant
Brittle
Very High Melting
Source: Edupack Software, Granta Designs, 2012
Metals Ceramics
6. Thermoplastics
Amorphous
• Melts over a range of
temperature
• “Pasty”
• Good for Material
Extrusion (FDM)
• ABS, PLA, PES
Various Web Sources
• Melts at a single
temperature
• “Liquidy”
• Good for LS
• PA (nylon), PEEK
Crystalline
7. Materials for 3D Printing
“Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing: Identifying the Future of Freeform Processing”, D.L. Bourell, M.C. Leu, D.W.
Rosen, eds, The University of Texas at Austin, 2009, 92 pages.
SL
LS, FDM SLM, EBM,
DED
8. Material for Additive Manufacturing
• Composites
• Binders
Transient
Permanent
• Support Structures
• Graded Structures
• Multi-Materials
“Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing: Identifying the Future of Freeform Processing”, D.L. Bourell, M.C. Leu, D.W.
Rosen, eds, The University of Texas at Austin, 2009, 92 pages.
9. Materials Grand Challenge in AM
• Quality
• Process Consistency, Repeatability
• Reliability
• Wide Diversity of Compositions
• Superior Structure and Properties
• Low (Feedstock and Processing) Cost
10. Materials Grand Challenge in AM
• Quality
• Process Consistency, Repeatability
• Reliability
• Wide Diversity of Compositions
• Superior Structure and Properties
• Low (Feedstock and Processing) Cost
15. • Common 3DP materials are generally not patent
protected
• Material cost is high for consumers, but new
suppliers do not seem to be entering the
marketplace
• Perhaps the price will come down as material
usage volume increases due to adoption
• My impression is that there is little consumer
loyalty to a specific brand of material
Materials Perspectives
16. • Materials will be demanded in a quantity to justify
volume production with concomitant reduction in
unit cost for the user. Material cost will drop.
• Lower cost will increase usage, engendering
greater demand,…
• Several “mini-suppliers” or niche product
companies have appeared in the last 5-10 years
and seem to be surviving.
Materials Forecast
17. Stress or Strength [Take a load without failing]
Ductility [Permanent elongation at failure]
Stiffness [Measure of springiness]
Fracture Toughness [Ultra-strong or ultra-brittle]
Fatigue [Elastic cyclic loading]
Mechanical Properties
25. Summary of AM Mechanical Behavior
Metals Polymers Non-Metallics
Modulus of
Elasticity
Porosity Driven
(Power Law)
Porosity Driven
(Power Law)
Porosity Driven
Strength/Ductility Porosity Driven
Isotropic (High )
Porosity Driven
Anisotropic (Ductility)
Porosity Driven
Weibull Works
Fatigue e<0.5UTS or no e -
Fracture
Toughness
Less or equal to bulk -
1
th
26. Processing Effects on Porosity in SLM
Processed 17-4 Stainless Steel
A.B. Spierings, K. Wegener, G. Levy, “Designing Material Properties Locally with Additive Manufacturing
Technology SLM”, Proc. SFF Symposium (2012), pp. 447-455.
Power = 190 W
Vscan = 1.30 m/s
Tlayer = 50 m
Power = 190 W
Vscan = 0.80 m/s
Tlayer = 30 m
27. Examples of Porosity in EBM Ti-6Al-4V
Khalid Rafi, H., Karthik N.V., Thomas L. Starr, Brent E. Stucker, “Defect formation in EBM parts built in horizontal
orientation”, Proc. SFF Symposium (2012), pp. 456-467.
28. Khalid Rafi, H., Karthik N.V., Thomas L. Starr, Brent E. Stucker, “Defect formation in EBM parts built in horizontal
orientation”, Proc. SFF Symposium (2012), pp. 456-467.
Examples of Porosity in EBM Ti-6Al-4V
29. Strength
J.P. Kruth, et al., “Binding Mechanisms in Selective Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting”, SFF Symposium
Proceedings, Univ. Texas at Austin, 2004, pp. 44-58.
316L Stainless Steel
SLM, As Processed
27.5 ksi
70-100 ksi
32. Modulus of Elasticity
C.E. Majewski and N. Hopkinson, “Effect of section thickness and build orientation on tensile properties and
material characteristics of Laser Sintered nylon-12 parts”, SFF Symposium Proceedings, Univ. Texas at Austin, 2010,
pp. 422-34.
Nylon 12
200
400
600
0
Stiffness(ksi)
33. Modulus of Elasticity
S. Rüsenberg, L. Schmidt, and H.-J. Schmid, “Mechanical and Physical Properties – A Way to Assess Quality of Laser
Sintered Parts”, SFF Symposium Proceedings, Univ. Texas at Austin, 2011, pp. 239-51.
Virgin PA2200 (Nylon 12) DIN EN ISO 527-1 Test Method
200
400
0
Stiffness(ksi)
34. Strength and Ductility
R.S. Keicher, A.M. Christiansen and K.W. Wurth, “Electron Beam Melted (EBM) Co-Cr-Mo Alloy for Orthopaedic
Implant Applications”, SFF Symposium Proceedings, Univ. Texas at Austin, 2009, pp. 428-36.
66Co-28Cr-6Mo
EBM, HIP, Homogenized
(ksi) (ksi)
35. D.K. Leigh, Harvest Technologies, priv. comm., 2011.
LS Bulk*
Yield (MPa) 3280 8400
Tensile (MPa) 7250 8850
% Elongation 27 350
*CES Edupack Matl Selector, Version 7.0.0, Granta Ltd., 2011
Mechanical Behavior
of LS Nylon
36. Strength
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
-0.14 -0.12 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0
Log(H)
Log( )
E. Yasa, et al., “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Maraging Steel 300 after Selective Laser
Melting”, SFF Symp., 2010, pp. 383-396
SLM Maraging Steel 18Ni300
Various Layer Thicknesses
R.M. German, “Powder Metallurgy
and Particulate Materials
Processing”, MPIF, Princeton
NJ, 2005, p. 385.
37. Strength
M.K. Agarwala, D.L. Bourell, B. Wu, J.J. Beaman, “An Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Bronze-Ni
Composites Produced by Selective Laser Sintering”, SFF Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus, J.J. Beaman, J.W.
Barlow, D.L. Bourell and R.H. Crawford, eds., Austin TX, 193-203 (1993).
Room-Temperature Tensile Strength of Pre-Mixed SLS (90Cu-10Sn) Bronze and
Commercially Pure Nickel Powder as a Function of Relative Density = 1- . (a) As SLS
Processed, (b) SLS Processed and Sintered at 900-1100 C for 1 to 10 hr.
38. Mechanical Properties of AM Parts
Ductility
Relative Ductility as a Function of Fractional
Porosity for Pure Iron. Various Particle Sizes and
Purity. [From Haynes, Powder
Met., 1977, 20, 17-20]
2/12
2/3
1
1
)0(
)0(
CDuctility
Ductility
39. Ductility
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Elongation
Relative Porosity
LS Polyamide 12
C = 4000
D.K. Leigh, D.L. Bourell, J.J. Beaman, “Basis for Decreased Mechanical Properties of Polyamide in Selective Laser
Sintering” Proc. SFF Symposium, Austin TX, 2011.
R. Haynes, “A Study of the Effect of
Porosity Content on the Ductility of
Sintered Metals”, Powder Metallurgy 20
(1977) pp. 17-20.
40. SLM Ti-6Al-4V Based on Post-Process
Anneals (Furnace Cooled)
Thöne, M., S. Leuders, A. Riemer, T. Tröster, H.A. Richard, “Influence of heat-treatment on Selective Laser Melting
products – e.g. Ti6Al4V”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, (2012), pp. 492-498.
41. Ti Ductility
Ti-6Al-4V
SLM, As
Processed
Compared to
Annealed and
Solution Treated
and Aged Ti64.
B. Vandenbroucke and J.P. Kruth, “Selective Laser Melting of Biocompatible Metals for Rapid Manufacturing of
Medical Parts”, SFF Symposium Proceedings, Univ. Texas at Austin, 2006, pp. 148-159.
42. Aging Effects on Mechanical Properties of SL Polymer
Karina Puebla, Karina Arcaute, Rolando Quintana, Ryan B. Wicker, “Effects of environmental
conditions, aging, and build orientations on the mechanical properties of ASTM type I specimens manufactured
via stereolithography”, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 18#5 (2012), pp. 374–388.
43. ASTM Standards wrt
Materials/Properties
Issued Standards
F2924-12 Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4
Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion
Standards Under Development
WK27752 New Specification for Powder Bed Fusion of Plastic Materials
WK33776 New Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N07718) with
Powder Bed Fusion
WK33833 New Specification for Additive Manufacturing Cobalt-28 Chromium-6
Molybdenum with Powder Bed Fusion
WK37654 New Practice for Machine Operation for Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
WK37658 New Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N06625) with
Powder Bed Fusion
WK37683 New Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium
with Extra Low Interstitials with Powder Bed Fusion
44. Summary of AM Mechanical Behavior
• Mechanical behavior is predictable based on the
traditional understanding of microstructure and
processing.
• Porosity has a strong influence on the mechanical
behavior.
• Anisotropy is not an issue if parts are built with low
porosity and good layer interface.
• Polymers produced using best practice have isotropic
strength and anisotropic ductility.
45. Overall Summary
• 3DP is hereto stay, and the market is developing
explosively
• Materials for 3DP offers an opportunity for business
venture
• Market timing is a factor for entry into 3DP materials
• 3DP fabricators will continue to proliferate driven by
expiration of founding patents over the next 1-5 years
• There is not much brand loyalty of materials among
users of 3DP materials
46.
47. Mechanical Properties of RM Parts
Fatigue/Fracture
•Strongly Influenced by Residual Porosity
•Morphology Important - Pore Volume Fraction, Size, Spacing, Especially on the
Surface
•Pores Generally Increase Threshold Stress Intensity for Crack Initiation
•Pores Generally Decrease the Resistance to Crack Propagation
•Fatigue Limits in Low-Porosity Materials are Generally 0.35(UTS) Compared to
0.5(UTS) for Fully Dense Materials
48. Fatigue
Reid, Fatigue of Fused Deposition Modeled (FDM) Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Stage Three individual
Project MEC 3098, Newcastle University School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering 2011.
Fatigue of FDM Processed ABS polymer
49. Fatigue
P.A. Kobryn and S.L. Semiatin, “Mechanical Properties of Laser-Deposited Ti-6Al-4V”, SFF Symposium
Proceedings, Univ. Texas at Austin, 2001, pp. 179-186.
LENS Processed Ti-6Al-4V, Stress Relieved or HIPped
50. Fracture Toughness
P.A. Kobryn and S.L. Semiatin, “Mechanical Properties of Laser-Deposited Ti-6Al-4V”, SFF Symposium
Proceedings, Univ. Texas at Austin, 2001, pp. 179-186.
LENS Processed Ti-6Al-4V, Stress Relieved or HIPped