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Insect Pest Control Methods
- 2. Integrated Pest Management • Set Action Thresholds • Identification • Prevention • Control
- 4. Monitoring
- 5. Management • Cultural Control • Pick trees suited to location • Avoid excess nitrogen • Add supplemental water during drought • Avoid stock‐piling cut lumber • Avoid injuring trees • Look for resistant varieties
- 7. Management • Physical Control • washing foliage • Barriers such as sand, salt, copper shields.
- 8. Natural Enemies • Parasites • Pathogens • Predators • Birds • Lizards
- 9. Insecticides • Biological • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) • Nematodes
- 10. Insecticides • Botanicals • D‐limonene • Pyrethrum • Neem Oil
- 11. Insecticides • Inorganics • Diatomaceous earth • Sulfur • Borate (boric acid)
- 12. Insecticides • Insecticidal Soaps • Effective against soft bodies insects • Can cause damage to delicate plants
- 13. Insecticides • Oils • Foliar sprays • Delayed‐dormant applications • Can be mixed with soaps
- 14. Insecticides • Carbamates, Organophosphates, Pyrethroids • Synthesized from petroleum products • Kills when directly applied or pest contacts residue • Also kills beneficials • Cause of pollution
- 15. Insecticides • Neonicotinoids • Systemic pesticide; translocates within the plant • Can be absorbed by plant roots, bark, or foliage • Can control for specific types of pests • May impact beneficials
- 16. Argentine Ant • Workers are all the same size, small, 1/8‐inch long • Uniformly dull brown • Feed on sweets, fresh fruit, and buds of some plants • Tend honeydew‐producing species • Distinctive trails along branches of trees and shrubs • Outdoors in soil, under wood, slabs, debris, mulch, or in branches and cavities of trees and shrubs • Shallow, 1‐ to 2‐inch deep mounds in open, often disturbed habitats, either moist or dry
- 17. Aphids • Pear, shaped insects. • Can be green, brown, black, or white. • Suck plant juices out of young, tender plant tips. • Excrete a sticky honeydew. • Honeydew leads to black sooty mold. • Ants may protect them.
- 18. Bagrada Bugs • Stink bug that attacks plants within the mustard family (Brassicaceae) • First found in Los Angeles County in 2008. • By 2011, the pest had disseminated throughout Southern California to include San Diego, Imperial, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura counties. • Often confused with the native Harlequin bug
- 19. Gold Spotted Oak Borer • Introduced to San Diego County, California, in the late 1990s or early 2000s • Likely brought into the state on oak firewood collected and transported from the insect’s native range in southeastern Arizona or northern Mexico. • Prefers mature oak trees, but it occasionally attacks smaller oaks with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of about 10 inches. • Cause crown thinning and dieback, bark staining on the main stem, bark injury from woodpecker foraging, and D‐shaped emergence holes on the main stem and larger branches of the tree, eventual tree death.
- 20. Glassy‐winged Sharpshooter • Introduced to southern California in the early 1990s. • Large leafhopper that feeds on plant fluids in the xylem • Feeding rarely causes significant damage • Can spread the disease‐causing bacterium Xylella fastidiosa from one plant to another • This bacterium is the causal agent of devastating plant diseases such as: • Pierce’s grape disease • Oleander leaf scorch • Almond leaf scorch • Mulberry leaf scorch • Sweet gum dieback • Cherry plum leaf scorch
- 22. Mealybugs • Soft, oval, wax‐covered insects • Feed on many plants. • Piercing‐sucking insects • Like soft scales, they can produce abundant honeydew and are often associated with black sooty mold. • Favored by warm weather
- 23. Psyllids • Flattened, round insects related to aphids. • Nymphs suck plant juices leaving a round pit on the leaf. • Adults have wings & jump when disturbed. • Eugenias, pepper trees, mallows.
- 24. Asian Citrus Psyllid • Mottled brown insects. • Feeds on all varieties of citrus • Vector for fatal huanglongbing (HLB) disease • HLB can kill a citrus tree in as little as five years, and there is no known cure
- 25. Scale • Round, turtle shaped insects with a waxy covering. • Have long piercing mouth parts that suck plant juices. • Soft and armored scales exist.
- 26. Cottony Cushion Scale • Soft, sticky scale insect with distinctive rippled body. • Sucks plant saps from leaves and stems. • Slowly kills leaves and branches. • Produces honeydew.
- 27. Snails • Belly‐footed organisms. • Feed on live plants and decaying matter. • Live in dark moist locations. • Young seedlings are very susceptible.
- 28. Spider Mite • Small, almost microscopic organisms related to ticks and spider. • Pierce and suck out plant juices. • Cause stippling of the leaf surface, it looks dull and “sandblasted”
- 29. Thrips • Slender, 1/16” long insects that rasp at the leaf surface. • Can be white, yellow, or black. • Leave behind shiny fecal matter on leaf • Turn leaf silvery or bronzy.
- 30. Whitefly • Tiny, sap‐sucking insects • May become abundant in vegetable and ornamental plantings, especially during warm weather. • They excrete sticky honeydew and cause yellowing or death of leaves. • Outbreaks often occur when the natural biological control is disrupted. • Management is difficult once populations are high.