1. Colouration in animals can serve defensive purposes like crypsis (camouflage), warning colouration, and mimicry. Crypsis makes animals difficult to see by matching their background colour. Warning colouration involves bright colours that signal unprofitability through chemicals or sting.
2. Mimicry involves one species resembling another. Batesian mimicry involves a harmless species mimicking a harmful one. Mullerian mimicry involves two harmful species sharing warning signals.
3. Colouration can also function offensively through aggressive mimicry, where predators imitate potential prey. Automimicry involves parts of an organism resembling other parts for deflection of attacks.
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
A brief presentation of how colour works and the types of colour there are, for Arts & Crafts 3rd grade students.
Based on Lucía Alvarez's presentation: "El color. Características generales" http://www.slideshare.net/luciaag/el-color-caracteristicas-generales
Pigment is derived from word “pigmentum” means coloring matter.
“Pigments are organic and inorganic materials which are practically insoluble in medium in which they are incorporated
It is about the scientific Classification of Tapinoma sessile, its unique structures, sytems, growth, reproduction, habitat, way of living ,how they communicate and its role in the ecosystem
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
two types of mimicry are discussed here that are batesian and mullerian mimicry. these types are well adapted in animal for their survival in environment.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Colourational Defense
• I am some one
else
• I am not tasty
• I am
dangerous
• I am not here
Cryptic
colouration
Revealing
colouration
Mimicry
Warning
colouration
3. 1. Crypsis
Colouration that makes animals difficult to distinguish
against their background
Crypsis works only if the animal is resting on the appropriate
background and usually only when the animal is not moving
HomotypismHomomorphismHomochromism
4. Homochromism
• Similarity of animals to the colour of inanimate objects
• These insects are often the same colour as the leaves or
twigs on which they rest
5. Homomorphism
Similarity of animals to the form of inanimate objects
These insects are often the same form as the leaves or twigs
on which they rest
6. Homotypism
• Similarity of animals to the colour & form of inanimate
objects
• Same colour & form as the leaves or twigs on which they rest
The South Indian Blue Oakleaf
Kallima horsfieldii, Nymphalidae
7. 2. Revealing colouration
Deimatic behavior
Any pattern of threatening or startling behavior
such as,
suddenly displaying conspicuous eye spots - to scare
off or momentarily distract a predator thus giving the prey
animal an opportunity to escape
8. Deimatic behavior
• Dynamic, frightening or startle behavior
• Display of some conspicuous colour or structure
• Static display
• Deep red or black hind wing
• Praying mantids & Phasmids
• Phymateus sp, Smerinthus ocellatus, Aglais io
21. 4. Mimicry
• Resemblance of one
species to another
• I am someone else
• Related to Camouflage
Defensive
Aggressive
Auto/Self
22. Defensive/ Protective
mimicry
• It takes place when organisms are able to avoid an
encounter that would be harmful to them by deceiving an
enemy into treating them as something else
Batesian mimicry
Mullerian mimicry
Martensian/ Emsleyan mimcry
Wasmannian mimicry
23. Batesian mimicry
• A harmless mimic poses as harmful
A sheep in wolf’s clothing
• Also known as Parasitic mimicry
• Mimic - emits signals similar to model but does not possess
the attributes that makes it unprofitable to predators
Henry Walter Bates
25. Mullerian mimicry
• Two harmful species share similar perceived
characteristics
• Mutualistic mimicry or Convergence
• Predation on any one species is reduced
• When two poisonous species have similar markings; fewer
insects need to be sacrificed in order to teach the predators
not to eat these unpalatable animals
Fritz Muller
27. Wasmannian mimicry
• The mimic resembles a model along with which it lives as
an inquiline in a nest or colony
• Most of the models here are social insects such as ants,
termites, bees & wasps
Erich Wasmann
Araeoschizus sp Reichenbachia spatulifer
28. Mertensian/ Emsleyan
mimicry
• Named after M. G. Emsley & German herpetologist Robert
Mertens
• A deadly mimic resembles a less harmful but lesson-
teaching model
Robert Mertens
29. Aggressive mimicry
• Also known as Peckhamian mimicry after George &
Elizabeth Peckham
• Predators or parasites which share characteristics with a
species harmless to their prey, allowing them to avoid
detection by the latter
• Mimic may resemble the prey or host itself
• The model may be affected –vely, +vely or neutral
30.
31. Automimicry/ Interspecific
mimicry
• The species relationship between model & mimic
• Occurs within a single species one case being where one
part of an organism’s body resembles another part
• Mimic imitates other morphs within the same species
• Deflection marks in Lycaneid butterfly
32. Deflection
marks
Deflection marks are those which divert the attack of a
predator away from the most vulnerable part of an animal
to where it will do minimal damage
34. References
Chapman, R. F. (2011). Visual signals: Colour and light
production. The insects structure & function (4th edition), pp.
657-679.
Robert K. Robbins, The American Naturalist. The “False Head”
Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of
Lycaenid Butterflies. Vol. 118, No. 5 (Nov., 1981), pp. 770-775