This document discusses various types of oral pigmentation. It begins by defining pigmentation as the deposition of pigments in oral tissues. Pigmentation can be endogenous from increased melanin or melanocytes, or exogenous from introduced materials.
The document then classifies pigmentation and discusses specific types in detail. Endogenous pigmentation includes freckles and melanotic macules. Melanosis can be associated with systemic diseases or medications. Exogenous pigmentation may result from substances like tattoos, metals, or drugs deposited in tissues. Overall pigmentation can have many causes and determining the exact cause requires a thorough history, exam, and sometimes biopsy.
Pigmented lesions of oral cavity (Oral Medicine and Radiology)RupaliBham
This document discusses several types of pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by describing the causes of pigmentation, which can be due to deposition of endogenous or exogenous pigments. It then examines specific conditions in more detail, including melanin, hemangioma, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanotic macule, melanoma, Addison's disease, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome, amalgam tattoo, and acrodynia. For each condition, it provides information on etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.
This document discusses various mucocutaneous disorders of the oral cavity, including genodermatoses, infective causes, and non-infective conditions. It provides details on specific diseases such as erythema multiforme, pemphigus, and cicatricial pemphigoid. Erythema multiforme is characterized by target lesions that can involve the oral mucosa. Pemphigus is a chronic blistering disease caused by loss of cell adhesion, while cicatricial pemphigoid involves subepithelial blistering that results in scarring.
Oral Lichen Planus is a common chronic inflammatory disease that affects the oral mucosa. It is characterized by T-cell mediated apoptosis of epithelial cells that leads to inflammation. The cause is unknown but believed to be autoimmune in nature. It presents as white reticulated lesions that can be reticular, papular, plaque-like, atrophic, erosive, bullous or ulcerative. Histopathology shows saw-tooth rete pegs and Civatte bodies. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrates a fibrin band in the basement membrane. The erosive form has a risk of malignant transformation. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to reduce symptoms of pain and inflammation.
1) The document discusses several vesicular and bullous lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, including herpes simplex, varicella zoster, hand foot and mouth disease, and herpangina.
2) These lesions are generally characterized by fluid-filled vesicles or bullae that can be intra-epithelial or sub-epithelial in nature. They may present as singular lesions or in clusters.
3) The document covers the clinical features, causes, investigations and management of these common vesiculo-bullous conditions affecting the oral mucosa.
This document discusses various types of oral pigmentation. It defines pigmentation as the deposition of pigments in oral tissues. Pigmentation can be endogenous, arising from within the body due to increased melanin or melanocytes, or exogenous, arising from external sources. Endogenous pigmentation includes conditions like freckles and oral melanotic macules. Exogenous pigmentation includes amalgam tattoos. Other causes discussed include drug-induced melanosis, smoker's melanosis, melasma, and systemic diseases. Diagnosis, clinical features, pathology, and treatment are described for different conditions presenting as oral pigmentation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various types of pigmentation that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins with an introduction and classification of pigmentation as physiologic, pathologic, exogenous, or endogenous. It then describes several types of focal melanocytic pigmentation including freckles, oral melanotic macules, oral melanoacanthomas, melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanoma. It also discusses various types of multifocal and diffuse pigmentation including physiologic, smoker's melanosis, drug-induced melanosis, melasma, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Finally, it covers exogenous pigmentation sources, heavy metal pigmentation, hemoglobin and iron-associated pigmentation, and melanosis associated with
Pigmented lesions of oral cavity (Oral Medicine and Radiology)RupaliBham
This document discusses several types of pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by describing the causes of pigmentation, which can be due to deposition of endogenous or exogenous pigments. It then examines specific conditions in more detail, including melanin, hemangioma, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanotic macule, melanoma, Addison's disease, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome, amalgam tattoo, and acrodynia. For each condition, it provides information on etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.
This document discusses various mucocutaneous disorders of the oral cavity, including genodermatoses, infective causes, and non-infective conditions. It provides details on specific diseases such as erythema multiforme, pemphigus, and cicatricial pemphigoid. Erythema multiforme is characterized by target lesions that can involve the oral mucosa. Pemphigus is a chronic blistering disease caused by loss of cell adhesion, while cicatricial pemphigoid involves subepithelial blistering that results in scarring.
Oral Lichen Planus is a common chronic inflammatory disease that affects the oral mucosa. It is characterized by T-cell mediated apoptosis of epithelial cells that leads to inflammation. The cause is unknown but believed to be autoimmune in nature. It presents as white reticulated lesions that can be reticular, papular, plaque-like, atrophic, erosive, bullous or ulcerative. Histopathology shows saw-tooth rete pegs and Civatte bodies. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrates a fibrin band in the basement membrane. The erosive form has a risk of malignant transformation. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to reduce symptoms of pain and inflammation.
1) The document discusses several vesicular and bullous lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, including herpes simplex, varicella zoster, hand foot and mouth disease, and herpangina.
2) These lesions are generally characterized by fluid-filled vesicles or bullae that can be intra-epithelial or sub-epithelial in nature. They may present as singular lesions or in clusters.
3) The document covers the clinical features, causes, investigations and management of these common vesiculo-bullous conditions affecting the oral mucosa.
This document discusses various types of oral pigmentation. It defines pigmentation as the deposition of pigments in oral tissues. Pigmentation can be endogenous, arising from within the body due to increased melanin or melanocytes, or exogenous, arising from external sources. Endogenous pigmentation includes conditions like freckles and oral melanotic macules. Exogenous pigmentation includes amalgam tattoos. Other causes discussed include drug-induced melanosis, smoker's melanosis, melasma, and systemic diseases. Diagnosis, clinical features, pathology, and treatment are described for different conditions presenting as oral pigmentation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various types of pigmentation that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins with an introduction and classification of pigmentation as physiologic, pathologic, exogenous, or endogenous. It then describes several types of focal melanocytic pigmentation including freckles, oral melanotic macules, oral melanoacanthomas, melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanoma. It also discusses various types of multifocal and diffuse pigmentation including physiologic, smoker's melanosis, drug-induced melanosis, melasma, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Finally, it covers exogenous pigmentation sources, heavy metal pigmentation, hemoglobin and iron-associated pigmentation, and melanosis associated with
The presentation explain white lesions in oral cavity and the classification the demonstrate the etiology, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment for each one.
This document discusses various vesiculobullous and ulcerative lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by defining vesicles, bullae, erosions, and ulcers. It then examines the causes of acute multiple oral lesions which can include viral infections like herpes simplex virus or coxsackievirus. It also discusses recurrent lesions like recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Chronic multiple lesions may be caused by conditions like pemphigus. Single ulcer lesions can result from fungal infections. The document then examines specific conditions in more detail like herpes infections, lichen planus, and pemphigus. It provides information on diagnosis and treatment of these oral conditions.
Diagnosis of pigmented lesions of oral cavityHaritha RK
This document provides a summary of different types of pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral mucosa. It describes the clinical features of freckles, oral melanotic macules, oral melanoacanthomas, melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma, drug-induced melanosis, smoker's melanosis, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and melanosis associated with systemic or genetic diseases such as Cushing's syndrome or vitamin B12 deficiency. For each type of lesion, it outlines characteristics such as appearance, location, risk factors, distinguishing clinical features, and potential causes. The document serves as a guide for clinically diagnosing different pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa.
This document provides information on vesiculobulllous lesions, including their classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, types of pemphigus, clinical features, pathogenesis, histopathology, confirmatory diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses conditions like pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigoid, paraneoplastic pemphigus. Pemphigus vulgaris involves autoantibodies against desmogleins 1 and 3, causing blistering in skin and mucosa. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is associated with neoplasms and involves multiple organs. Diagnosis involves biopsy, DIF, and ELISA to detect specific autoantibodies.
Hereditary white lesions include leukoedema, white sponge nevus, hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, and dyskeratosis congenita. Reactive and inflammatory white lesions include linea alba, frictional keratosis caused by mechanical irritation such as dentures, and traumatic keratosis that resolves upon removal of the irritant.
This document discusses pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by explaining that pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous in origin, with the main endogenous pigments being melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin and carotene. It then discusses several specific conditions that can cause oral pigmentation, including physiologic pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, heavy metal exposure, Kaposi's sarcoma, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, vascular lesions, melanotic macules, pigmented nevi, blue nevi, melanoacanthoma, and oral melanoma. Differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions involves considering
This document discusses gingival inflammation and gingivitis. It begins by defining inflammation and describing the cardinal signs. It then outlines the stages of gingivitis from initial to established to advanced/periodontitis. Microorganisms attached to teeth secrete enzymes that damage tissues and widen junctional epithelium, allowing bacterial products to access connective tissue and activate immune cells. Studies showed that not practicing oral hygiene led to plaque buildup and gingivitis within 10-21 days. Gingivitis is characterized by redness, swelling, bleeding and is prevalent worldwide. The document discusses features, course, distribution and systemic influences of gingival inflammation.
This document provides information on pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It discusses exogenous pigmentation caused by substances like amalgam, graphite, and heavy metals deposited in tissues. It also covers various types of endogenous pigmentation related to hematological disorders, vascular lesions, and increased melanin deposition from factors like smoking or medications. A wide range of pigmented lesions are described including amalgam tattoos, varices, hemangiomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The causes, clinical features, and treatments of these conditions are summarized.
This document provides an overview of radiographic interpretation for periapical and panoramic dental x-rays. It defines dental radiography and describes the main intraoral and extraoral views. Periapical radiographs show the entire tooth and surrounding structures, and are useful for detecting dental issues like caries, periapical pathology, implants and more. Panoramic radiographs provide a wide view of the jaws and are used to assess issues like gross caries, fractures, cysts and tumors. The document outlines the normal radiographic anatomy seen in these views and provides guidance on interpreting radiographs through steps like localization, observation, interpretation and correlation to arrive at a diagnosis.
This document discusses odontogenic tumors, specifically ameloblastoma. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histologic features, treatment and prognosis of ameloblastoma. Key points include:
- Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor and occurs most often in the mandible. It is typically benign but locally invasive.
- Radiographically, it appears as a well-circumscribed radiolucent lesion that can be unilocular or multilocular.
- Treatment options range from curettage to marginal resection, with the goal of obtaining clear margins of at least 1cm. Wide excision is necessary in the maxilla due to risk of local invasion.
This document defines and classifies gingival enlargement according to its etiology and pathologic changes. It describes inflammatory, drug-induced, idiopathic, and enlargements associated with systemic diseases. Chronic and acute inflammatory enlargements are discussed. Specific drugs that commonly cause drug-induced gingival enlargement are identified along with their mechanisms and prevalence. Systemic diseases like leukemia and granulomatous diseases that can cause gingival enlargement are outlined. Benign and malignant neoplastic enlargements are also defined. The document concludes with descriptions of false enlargements and various treatment methods for gingival enlargement.
A simple Presentation Created by me in 2008, titled Intra-oral Examination.
its light heart-ed and fun to watch...
It contains some images of the most common lesions you might face during oral examination.
This document discusses squamous papilloma, a benign proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium that presents as a soft, painless, pedunculated nodule with cauliflower-like projections. It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, most commonly HPV subtypes 6 and 11. Clinically, it appears as a white or slightly red exophytic lesion that is usually solitary and less than 0.5cm in size. Microscopically, it demonstrates papillary projections composed of epithelium with fibrovascular cores. Treatment is conservative surgical excision.
A cyst is an epithelium-lined sac containing fluid or semisolid material. In the formation of a cyst, the epithelial cells first proliferate and later undergo degeneration and liquefaction. The liquefied material exerts equal pressure on the walls of the cyst from within. Cysts grow by expansion and thus displace the adjacent teeth by pressure. May can produce expansion of the cortical bone. On a radiograph, the radiolucency of a cyst is usually bordered by a radiopaque periphery of dense sclerotic bone. The radiolucency may be unilocular or multilocular. Odontogenic cysts are those which arise from the epithelium associated with the development of teeth. The source of epithelium is from the enamel organ, the reduced enamel epithelium, the cell rests of Malassez or the remnants of the dental lamina.
1. The document discusses various types of oral lesions including vesicles, bullae, and ulcers. It classifies oral lesions based on etiology into categories like hereditary, traumatic, allergic, autoimmune deficiency, neoplastic, and miscellaneous.
2. Erythema multiforme is described as an immune-mediated disease that causes lesions on the skin and mucosa. It summarizes the characteristics, causes, clinical features, histopathology and management of erythema multiforme.
3. Pemphigus vulgaris is introduced as the most common form of pemphigus. It involves intra-epithelial blister formation and is characterized by separation of epithelial
This document discusses oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It begins with an introduction stating OSCC is the 8th most common cancer in males and 15th in females worldwide. Tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, iron deficiency, and vitamin deficiencies are identified as risk factors. The document then discusses the pathogenesis of OSCC in more detail for different risk factors. Clinical features, histopathological features, variants of OSCC, and staging are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
Brief notes on the inflammation of Alveolar bone that surrounds a tooth that has recently been extracted. It occurs as a complication of tooth extraction.
Leukoplakia is a precancerous white lesion that occurs on mucous membranes in the mouth or other areas. It is caused by thickening of the keratin layer in the epithelium, which makes the tissue appear white. Tobacco use is the most common cause. Leukoplakia may appear as a homogeneous white patch or have mixed white and red areas (erythroleukoplakia), and the most common sites are the inside of the cheeks, gums, and tongue. A biopsy is needed to examine the tissue for signs of dysplasia and rule out other causes. While most cases remain benign, leukoplakia has an increased risk of transforming into oral cancer
This document provides an overview of oral pigmentation and pigmented lesions. It begins by defining pigment and describing normal oral mucosal color. Melanin is identified as the primary pigment producing brown coloration in the body. Factors that can affect melanogenesis are discussed such as sun exposure, drugs, hormones and genetic constitution. The document then classifies pigmentation into endogenous (originating from within the body such as melanin pigmentation) and exogenous (from external sources). Specific endogenous and exogenous pigmented lesions are described. The document concludes by discussing malignant melanoma, describing its clinical presentation and treatment which primarily involves wide local excision surgery.
Oral pigmentation can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors. Exogenous factors include black hairy tongue caused by overgrowth of pigment-producing bacteria on the tongue, and amalgam tattoo caused by fragments of dental amalgam becoming embedded in the oral mucosa. Endogenous pigmentation can be due to racial pigmentation which is common in blacks and Asians, pigmented nevi which are benign lesions that should be biopsied, or conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, and malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a rare but dangerous oral cancer that requires wide local excision and neck dissection followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
The presentation explain white lesions in oral cavity and the classification the demonstrate the etiology, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment for each one.
This document discusses various vesiculobullous and ulcerative lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by defining vesicles, bullae, erosions, and ulcers. It then examines the causes of acute multiple oral lesions which can include viral infections like herpes simplex virus or coxsackievirus. It also discusses recurrent lesions like recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Chronic multiple lesions may be caused by conditions like pemphigus. Single ulcer lesions can result from fungal infections. The document then examines specific conditions in more detail like herpes infections, lichen planus, and pemphigus. It provides information on diagnosis and treatment of these oral conditions.
Diagnosis of pigmented lesions of oral cavityHaritha RK
This document provides a summary of different types of pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral mucosa. It describes the clinical features of freckles, oral melanotic macules, oral melanoacanthomas, melanocytic nevi, malignant melanoma, drug-induced melanosis, smoker's melanosis, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and melanosis associated with systemic or genetic diseases such as Cushing's syndrome or vitamin B12 deficiency. For each type of lesion, it outlines characteristics such as appearance, location, risk factors, distinguishing clinical features, and potential causes. The document serves as a guide for clinically diagnosing different pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa.
This document provides information on vesiculobulllous lesions, including their classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, types of pemphigus, clinical features, pathogenesis, histopathology, confirmatory diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses conditions like pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigoid, paraneoplastic pemphigus. Pemphigus vulgaris involves autoantibodies against desmogleins 1 and 3, causing blistering in skin and mucosa. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is associated with neoplasms and involves multiple organs. Diagnosis involves biopsy, DIF, and ELISA to detect specific autoantibodies.
Hereditary white lesions include leukoedema, white sponge nevus, hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, and dyskeratosis congenita. Reactive and inflammatory white lesions include linea alba, frictional keratosis caused by mechanical irritation such as dentures, and traumatic keratosis that resolves upon removal of the irritant.
This document discusses pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by explaining that pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous in origin, with the main endogenous pigments being melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin and carotene. It then discusses several specific conditions that can cause oral pigmentation, including physiologic pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, heavy metal exposure, Kaposi's sarcoma, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, vascular lesions, melanotic macules, pigmented nevi, blue nevi, melanoacanthoma, and oral melanoma. Differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions involves considering
This document discusses gingival inflammation and gingivitis. It begins by defining inflammation and describing the cardinal signs. It then outlines the stages of gingivitis from initial to established to advanced/periodontitis. Microorganisms attached to teeth secrete enzymes that damage tissues and widen junctional epithelium, allowing bacterial products to access connective tissue and activate immune cells. Studies showed that not practicing oral hygiene led to plaque buildup and gingivitis within 10-21 days. Gingivitis is characterized by redness, swelling, bleeding and is prevalent worldwide. The document discusses features, course, distribution and systemic influences of gingival inflammation.
This document provides information on pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It discusses exogenous pigmentation caused by substances like amalgam, graphite, and heavy metals deposited in tissues. It also covers various types of endogenous pigmentation related to hematological disorders, vascular lesions, and increased melanin deposition from factors like smoking or medications. A wide range of pigmented lesions are described including amalgam tattoos, varices, hemangiomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The causes, clinical features, and treatments of these conditions are summarized.
This document provides an overview of radiographic interpretation for periapical and panoramic dental x-rays. It defines dental radiography and describes the main intraoral and extraoral views. Periapical radiographs show the entire tooth and surrounding structures, and are useful for detecting dental issues like caries, periapical pathology, implants and more. Panoramic radiographs provide a wide view of the jaws and are used to assess issues like gross caries, fractures, cysts and tumors. The document outlines the normal radiographic anatomy seen in these views and provides guidance on interpreting radiographs through steps like localization, observation, interpretation and correlation to arrive at a diagnosis.
This document discusses odontogenic tumors, specifically ameloblastoma. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histologic features, treatment and prognosis of ameloblastoma. Key points include:
- Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor and occurs most often in the mandible. It is typically benign but locally invasive.
- Radiographically, it appears as a well-circumscribed radiolucent lesion that can be unilocular or multilocular.
- Treatment options range from curettage to marginal resection, with the goal of obtaining clear margins of at least 1cm. Wide excision is necessary in the maxilla due to risk of local invasion.
This document defines and classifies gingival enlargement according to its etiology and pathologic changes. It describes inflammatory, drug-induced, idiopathic, and enlargements associated with systemic diseases. Chronic and acute inflammatory enlargements are discussed. Specific drugs that commonly cause drug-induced gingival enlargement are identified along with their mechanisms and prevalence. Systemic diseases like leukemia and granulomatous diseases that can cause gingival enlargement are outlined. Benign and malignant neoplastic enlargements are also defined. The document concludes with descriptions of false enlargements and various treatment methods for gingival enlargement.
A simple Presentation Created by me in 2008, titled Intra-oral Examination.
its light heart-ed and fun to watch...
It contains some images of the most common lesions you might face during oral examination.
This document discusses squamous papilloma, a benign proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium that presents as a soft, painless, pedunculated nodule with cauliflower-like projections. It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, most commonly HPV subtypes 6 and 11. Clinically, it appears as a white or slightly red exophytic lesion that is usually solitary and less than 0.5cm in size. Microscopically, it demonstrates papillary projections composed of epithelium with fibrovascular cores. Treatment is conservative surgical excision.
A cyst is an epithelium-lined sac containing fluid or semisolid material. In the formation of a cyst, the epithelial cells first proliferate and later undergo degeneration and liquefaction. The liquefied material exerts equal pressure on the walls of the cyst from within. Cysts grow by expansion and thus displace the adjacent teeth by pressure. May can produce expansion of the cortical bone. On a radiograph, the radiolucency of a cyst is usually bordered by a radiopaque periphery of dense sclerotic bone. The radiolucency may be unilocular or multilocular. Odontogenic cysts are those which arise from the epithelium associated with the development of teeth. The source of epithelium is from the enamel organ, the reduced enamel epithelium, the cell rests of Malassez or the remnants of the dental lamina.
1. The document discusses various types of oral lesions including vesicles, bullae, and ulcers. It classifies oral lesions based on etiology into categories like hereditary, traumatic, allergic, autoimmune deficiency, neoplastic, and miscellaneous.
2. Erythema multiforme is described as an immune-mediated disease that causes lesions on the skin and mucosa. It summarizes the characteristics, causes, clinical features, histopathology and management of erythema multiforme.
3. Pemphigus vulgaris is introduced as the most common form of pemphigus. It involves intra-epithelial blister formation and is characterized by separation of epithelial
This document discusses oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It begins with an introduction stating OSCC is the 8th most common cancer in males and 15th in females worldwide. Tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, iron deficiency, and vitamin deficiencies are identified as risk factors. The document then discusses the pathogenesis of OSCC in more detail for different risk factors. Clinical features, histopathological features, variants of OSCC, and staging are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
Brief notes on the inflammation of Alveolar bone that surrounds a tooth that has recently been extracted. It occurs as a complication of tooth extraction.
Leukoplakia is a precancerous white lesion that occurs on mucous membranes in the mouth or other areas. It is caused by thickening of the keratin layer in the epithelium, which makes the tissue appear white. Tobacco use is the most common cause. Leukoplakia may appear as a homogeneous white patch or have mixed white and red areas (erythroleukoplakia), and the most common sites are the inside of the cheeks, gums, and tongue. A biopsy is needed to examine the tissue for signs of dysplasia and rule out other causes. While most cases remain benign, leukoplakia has an increased risk of transforming into oral cancer
This document provides an overview of oral pigmentation and pigmented lesions. It begins by defining pigment and describing normal oral mucosal color. Melanin is identified as the primary pigment producing brown coloration in the body. Factors that can affect melanogenesis are discussed such as sun exposure, drugs, hormones and genetic constitution. The document then classifies pigmentation into endogenous (originating from within the body such as melanin pigmentation) and exogenous (from external sources). Specific endogenous and exogenous pigmented lesions are described. The document concludes by discussing malignant melanoma, describing its clinical presentation and treatment which primarily involves wide local excision surgery.
Oral pigmentation can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors. Exogenous factors include black hairy tongue caused by overgrowth of pigment-producing bacteria on the tongue, and amalgam tattoo caused by fragments of dental amalgam becoming embedded in the oral mucosa. Endogenous pigmentation can be due to racial pigmentation which is common in blacks and Asians, pigmented nevi which are benign lesions that should be biopsied, or conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, and malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a rare but dangerous oral cancer that requires wide local excision and neck dissection followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
This document discusses oral pigmentation and classifies it as either endogenous or exogenous based on its origin. Endogenous pigmentation is produced by the body and includes hemoglobin, melanin, and hemosiderin, while exogenous pigmentation comes from outside sources like tobacco or vegetables. Various diseases can cause changes in color, texture, or vascularization of oral tissues. Blue, brown, and black pigmentation can be attributed to the deposition of endogenous or exogenous pigments. The document then examines specific conditions that cause blue/purple, brown, or gray/black pigmentation like hemangiomas, varices, Kaposi's sarcoma, and various nevi. It provides details on the features, causes, diagnoses
This document summarizes information about gingival pigmentation. It discusses the etiology, classification, and indexes used for measuring pigmentation. Physiologic pigmentation results from normal melanocyte activity and presents as symmetric pigmentation over many sites. Pathologic pigmentation can be caused by factors like smoking or systemic conditions like Addison's disease. Melanin is the main pigment produced by melanocytes through a process called melanogenesis. The document outlines the types of melanin and their properties. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for different types of pigmentation.
This document discusses different types of pigmented skin lesions including melanotic, non-melanotic localized, and diffuse lesions. It provides details on specific conditions such as acanthosis nigricans, cafe au lait spots, smoker's melanosis, pigmented lichen planus, nevi, melanoma, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome, racial pigmentation, and hemochromatosis. For each condition, it describes the clinical features, pathogenesis, and oral and skin findings.
This document discusses gingival pigmentation from a historical, physiological, and clinical perspective. It begins by covering the historical descriptions of pigmentation in various populations dating back to the early 1900s. It then describes the structure and function of melanocytes and melanin, as well as the genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that regulate melanin synthesis. The document classifies different types of pigmentation and pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral mucosa. Finally, it reviews various surgical and non-surgical methods that can be used to depigmentate abnormal gingival pigmentation.
This document provides an overview of developmental disturbances that can affect the oral region. It begins with definitions of relevant terms and a classification system. It then discusses specific developmental disturbances affecting soft tissues like lip pits, double lips, and macroglossia/microglossia. Tooth-related disturbances covered include variations in size (microdontia, macrodontia), number (hypodontia, oligodontia, supernumerary teeth), form (taurodontism, gemination), and structure (amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta). Causes may be genetic, environmental, or due to systemic conditions. The level of detail provided on each topic aims to inform diagnosis and management of developmental oral disturbances.
This document discusses various systemic conditions that can manifest orally and affect oral health. It covers conditions associated with oral ulcers, lesions, pigmentation changes, periodontal disease and tooth alterations. Specific conditions discussed in detail include lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, Crohn's disease, Behcet's syndrome and Sjogren's syndrome. It also covers syndromes associated with cleft lip/palate and factors that can cause delayed tooth eruption.
This document discusses several systemic diseases and their potential oral manifestations. It describes Wegener's granulomatosis as a necrotizing vasculitis that can cause oral ulcerations and characteristic "strawberry gingivitis." Sarcoidosis is characterized by noncaseating granulomas and can involve the oral mucosa. Psoriasis may rarely cause oral lesions resembling those on the skin. Acanthosis nigricans can involve the lips, tongue, and gingiva with hyperplasia. Amyloidosis commonly causes macroglossia. Sjögren's syndrome and Kawasaki disease are also discussed.
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge and technology to criminal and civil law. Forensic scientists analyze physical evidence found at crime scenes and compare it to evidence from suspects. Their work and expert testimony in court helps determine guilt or innocence. Crime labs employ various specialists like those in biology, chemistry, fingerprints, documents, and more to analyze different types of evidence. Their work is important for the justice system.
This document discusses endogenous pigmentation of the oral mucosa. It begins by classifying pigmentation as focal, diffuse, or associated with systemic diseases. Common causes of pigmentation include melanin, hemoglobin, carotene, and hemosiderin. Specific conditions addressed include freckles, oral melanotic macules, oral melanoacanthoma, melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanoma. Diffuse pigmentation can be due to physiologic pigmentation, drugs, smoking, or post-inflammatory changes. Systemic diseases like Addison's disease and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can also cause oral pigmentation. Histopathology and differential diagnoses are provided for many of the conditions.
Functioning organisms - 06 ReproductionIan Anderson
Reproduction allows organisms to produce offspring and continue their species. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction which involves a single parent and produces offspring identical to the parent; and sexual reproduction which involves two parents fusing gametes to produce offspring with a unique combination of genes. Asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding and sporulation while sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by sperm. Plants generally alternate between haploid and diploid generations while sexual reproduction in animals includes internal and external fertilization.
An autopsy is a specialized examination of a corpse to determine cause and manner of death. There are two types of autopsies - forensic autopsies which are required when criminal activity is suspected or cause of death is unclear, and clinical autopsies which are done to prevent future deaths. Early post-mortem changes like algor mortis, livor mortis and rigor mortis can help estimate time of death. A corpse will decompose in predictable stages over weeks and months, and forensic entomology uses insect evidence to further determine time since death.
Objects in motion - 01 Distance and displacementIan Anderson
This document defines and distinguishes between distance, displacement, and position-time graphs. It explains that distance is a scalar quantity that measures how far an object travels, while displacement is a vector quantity that measures the net change in position including direction. Position-time graphs can be used to determine an object's displacement and speed over time by plotting its position. The document provides examples comparing distance and displacement using a treasure hunt scenario and position-time graphs. Definitions and examples are included to illustrate these core physics concepts.
Forensic Science - 03 Fibres and fabricsIan Anderson
A closer look at how forensic scientists investigate fibres and fabrics as part of a criminal investigation for Year 9 students at Saint Ignatius College Geelong.
Forensic Science - 09 Blood and blood splatterIan Anderson
Blood can provide important evidence at crime scenes. Blood group/type can place a blood sample within a class of individuals, while DNA profiling allows a blood sample to match a single individual. Blood splatter patterns can also help reconstruct a crime scene by indicating how the blood was deposited and the movement and location of its source.
The document discusses extra-oral radiography. It describes the different types of extra-oral films including screen films and non-screen films. It also discusses extra-oral film equipment such as intensifying screens and cassettes. Various extra-oral radiographic projections are listed including lateral skull, posteroanterior, mandibular lateral oblique, and Waters' view projections. The use of the Frankfort plane and canthomeatal line in radiographic positioning is explained.
power point presentation on the various pigmented lesions in the oral mucosa with their clinical features and oral manifestations and differential diagnosis
This document discusses pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa. It begins by defining oral pigmentation and describing the various causes, including increased melanin production, increased melanocytes, and deposition of exogenous materials. It then classifies pigmented diseases and discusses specific lesions like melanotic macules, freckles, oral melanoma, and smokers' melanosis. Diagnosis involves considering factors like patient history, clinical presentation, biopsy, and specialized examination techniques. Differential diagnosis of focal pigmented lesions can be difficult. Proper diagnosis and management is important as some lesions like malignant melanoma require excision while most others require no treatment.
This document discusses pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa. It begins by defining pigmentation and normal oral mucosa coloration. It then discusses the classification of oral pigmentation, including endogenous (related to substances like melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin), exogenous (related to external factors), drug-related, associated syndromes, and miscellaneous causes. Specific endogenous pigmented lesions discussed in detail include freckles, oral melanotic macules, melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanoma. Diffuse pigmentation from causes like physiologic pigmentation, smoking, and certain drugs are also reviewed. The diagnosis and treatment of various oral pigmented lesions is summarized.
Melanin is the primary pigment responsible for color in skin and hair. It is produced by melanocytes and exists in different types that determine color. Pigmented lesions can be classified based on color, distribution, onset and presence of symptoms. Common red-blue-purple lesions include hemangiomas, varices and thrombi which are vascular in nature. Hematomas appear blue-black due to extravasated blood. Amalgam tattoos occur when restorative materials containing metals deposit in tissues.
This document discusses benign tumors of epithelial tissue origin in the oral cavity. It focuses on squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, keratoacanthoma, and oral nevus. Squamous papilloma presents as a cauliflower-like growth caused by HPV. Keratoacanthoma is a low-grade skin malignancy that can occur in the mouth. Oral nevus, or mole, is a pigmented lesion caused by an overgrowth of nevus cells derived from neural crest cells. The document provides details on clinical and histological features to help differentiate these benign growths.
This document provides information on various oral pigmentary lesions including their etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis. It discusses conditions such as Addison's disease, amalgam tattoo, melanoacanthoma, mucosal malignant melanoma, mucosal melanotic macule, extrinsic drug-induced pigmentation, physiologic pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, and tetracycline staining. For each lesion, it describes the cause, common appearance, diagnostic process, important considerations to differentiate it from other lesions, and typical outcome. The goal is to educate medical professionals on properly identifying and managing different types of oral pigmented lesions.
Ahmed Al Abbasi/ Oral Cavity and Tongue diseases,ahmedmhoder
This document provides information on diseases and conditions of the oral cavity and tongue. It discusses inflammatory lesions such as stomatitis, gingivitis, and herpes simplex infection. It also covers benign lesions including ranulas, Fordyce spots, and pigmentation disorders. Potentially malignant lesions like oral submucous fibrosis, leukoplakia, and erythroplakia are described. Finally, it summarizes cancers of the oral cavity including signs, investigations, staging, and treatment options.
This document provides information on precancerous lesions and conditions that can occur in the oral cavity. It defines precancerous lesions as morphologically altered tissue that is more likely to develop into cancer, and precancerous conditions as a general state of increased cancer risk. The document describes several common precancerous lesions including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and carcinoma in situ. It also covers precancerous conditions such as oral lichen planus and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, it discusses epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, risk of malignant transformation, and management approaches.
Vitiligo is a chronic skin condition characterized by loss of pigment cells called melanocytes, resulting in white patches of skin. It affects around 1-2% of the world's population equally across all races and genders. The exact cause is unknown but factors like genetics and autoimmunity are thought to play a role. Clinically, it presents as chalky white macules that may join together and spread over time. Treatment focuses on repigmentation through phototherapy, photochemotherapy, topical medications and occasionally surgery. Prognosis is generally good with 30% experiencing spontaneous repigmentation, though some areas like the face respond better than others.
oral cavity cancers based on general surgery .pdfsrujankatta
This document summarizes oral cavity tumors. It notes that oral cancers account for 1.5% of malignancies globally and are most common in India. The oral cavity is lined by squamous epithelium and exposed to carcinogens through smoking, alcohol, pan, and gutka use. Premalignant lesions include leukoplakia and erythroplakia. The most common oral cancer is squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue or lips. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent but may include surgery, radiation, or chemoradiation. Recurrence and second primary tumors are common due to field cancerization effects from chronic carcinogen exposure.
The document discusses various types of pigmented and red lesions that can occur in the oral mucosa. It describes physiologic pigmentation that commonly affects different ethnic groups. It also covers amalgum and graphite tattoos which appear as painless blue or gray lesions from introduction of foreign materials. Other benign pigmented lesions mentioned include oral melanotic macule, nevi and ACTH-induced hyperpigmentation. Malignant melanoma, a type of skin cancer, is also discussed. Red lesions can be caused by factors like inflammation, trauma, erythema or vascular abnormalities. Specific conditions covered include desquamative gingivitis, mucositis and erythematous candidiasis.
This document discusses gingival pigmentation and summarizes its key points in 3 sentences:
Physiologic gingival pigmentation is caused by normal melanocyte activity and presents as symmetric pigmentation developing during ages 1-2 decades, while pathologic pigmentation can result from local factors like smoking, metals, drugs, or systemic conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and Addison's disease. Melanocytes produce melanin through melanogenesis within specialized organelles called melanosomes to protect against UV radiation, with types of pigmentation including melanin, iron, carotene and oxyhemoglobin. Evaluation of gingival pigmentation involves assessing its distribution, extent, color and changes over time to distinguish between
Foliate papillae are normal anatomical structures located on the posterior lateral surface of the tongue. Varix appear as red, blue, or purple broad-based elevations less than 5mm in size on the buccal mucosa, lip mucosa, or ventral and lateral tongue. Aphthous stomatitis, herpes simplex virus infections, and denture sore mouth are common oral lesions with various presentations, etiologies, and treatments.
This document discusses several precancerous oral conditions:
1. Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic fibrotic disease characterized by inability to open the mouth due to fibrosis. It is caused by betel quid chewing and predisposes to oral cancer.
2. Oral lichen planus is a common chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the oral mucosa. It has an immunological etiology and varies in appearance from white striae to erosions.
3. Sideropenic dysphagia (Plummer-Vinson syndrome) is iron deficiency anemia associated with esophageal webs/strictures. It presents with glossitis and affects mainly post-menopausal women.
Multifocal diffuse pigmentation in oral medicineHussein Alhilli
This document provides an overview of different types of pigmentation that can occur in the oral cavity, including physiologic pigmentation, drug-induced melanosis, smoker's melanosis, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and melasma. Physiologic pigmentation is the most common and results in patchy or diffuse hyperpigmentation. Drug-induced melanosis can be caused by medications like antimalarials, phenothiazines, and oral contraceptives. Smoker's melanosis causes brown pigmentation of the gingiva and other areas in some smokers. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation occurs after inflammation or injury, especially in darker-skinned individuals. Melasma is a facial pigmentation associated with hormones
This document discusses different types of pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes endogenous pigmentation caused by melanin, hemoglobin, and hemosiderin. Melanin pigmentation includes conditions like oral melanotic macules and nevi. Hemoglobin pigmentation results in lesions from varices to Kaposi's sarcoma. Hemosiderin causes brown pigmentation in traumas like ecchymosis. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may involve surgery, laser therapy, or observation.
1) Facial melanoses refers to hyperpigmentation of the face caused by increased melanin production. Common types include melasma, lichen planus pigmentosus, pigmented contact dermatitis, and periorbital melanosis.
2) Melasma is the most common type of facial melanoses. It presents as symmetrical brown patches on sun-exposed areas of the face. Triggers include sun exposure, hormones, and genetic predisposition. Treatment focuses on preventing sun damage and using topical bleaching agents.
3) Lichen planus pigmentosus is a variant of lichen planus that causes slate gray macules on the face and neck. It is resistant
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9. ORIGINATES FROM WITHIN THE BODY
A) MELANIN PIGMENTATION: ‘MELAS’– BLACK
• Endogenous, Derivative of tyrosine and is synthesized
by melonocytes ,which typically reside in the basal cell
layer of the epithelium.
• Composed of eumelanin which is a brown-black
pigment and pheomelanin which has red-yellow in
color.
• It may be physiologic or pathologic and focal,
Multifocal or diffuse in its presentation.
Endogenous Pigmentation
10. Freckle/Ephelis
• The cutaneous freckle,or ephelis is a commonly
occurring,asymptomatic,small(1-3mm),well –
circumscribed,tan-or brown-colored macule that is
often seen in sun exposed regions of the facial and
perioral skin.
• Freckle tends to become darker during periods of
prolonged sun exposure and less during the winter &
autumn month.
• Ephelis are most commonly observer in light skin
individuals and are quit prevelant in red or light blond
haired individuals.
• It is more abundant in no and darker in intensity during
childhood and adolescence.
FOCAL MELANOCYTIC
PIGMENTATION
12. • The Melanotic macule is a
unique,benign,pigmented lesion that has no
known dermal counterpart.
• Most common oral lesion of melanocytic
origin.
Oral/Labial Melanotic macule
13. • More frequent in females usually in the
lower lip and gingiva.
• Lesion develop at any age but generally
tends to present in adulthood.
• It tends to be small (<1 cm),well-
circumscribed,oval or irregular in outline
and often uniformly pigmented
• Overall,It is relatively innocuous lesion
doesnot represent a melanocytic
proliferation.
Clinical Features
14. Pathology
It is characterized by a
normal epithelial layer.
Basal cells contain an
abundance of melanin
pigment without an
increase in the number of
melanocytes
16. • It is unsual,benign,melanocytic lesion.
• It is an innocuous melanocytic lesion that
may spontaneously resolve,with or without
surgical intervention.
• The term melanoacanthoma may imply a
neoplastic process.
• The lesion is reactive in nature.
• A biopsy is always warranted to confirm
the diagnosis,but once established no
further treatment is required.
Oral Melanocanthoma
18. • It is usually present as a rapidly
enlargement, ill defined, darkly pigmented
macular or plaque-like lesion.
• Most develop in black females
• It Occurs between 3rd
and 4th
decades of
life.
• Typically asymptomatic, any mucosal
surface is involved,buccal mucosa is the
most common site of occurrence.
• Borders are typically irregular.
Clinical Features.
19. • Oral melanocanthomas are
characterized by a poliferation of
bengin,
• Dendritic melanocytes through
out the full thickness of an
acanthotic and spongiotic
epithelial layer.
• A mild lymphocytic infilterate
with exocytosis is also
characterstics.
• Occasionally esonophils may be
seen.
Pathology
20. • Malignant melanoma
• Nevus and melanotic macule could also
be consideration.
Differential Diagnosis
21. • It is arise as a consequence of
melanocytic growth and proliferation.
• The intramucosal nevus is most frequently
observed.
• The lesion nevus cells are cytologically
and biologically distinct from melanocytes
that colonize the basal cell layer of the
epidermis and oral epithelium.
• Both genetic and environmental factors
play a role in nevogenesis.
Melanocytic Nevus
22.
23. Clinical features
• Cutaneous nevi are a common occurrence.
• The total number of nevi tends to be higher in males than
females.
• Usually asymptomatic and often(<1cm),solitary,brown or
blue, well circumscribed nodule or macule
• Most identified in pateints over the age of 30.
• Common site followed by the buccal and labial mucosae
and gingiva.
Treatment:-Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for
oral lesions.Laser and intense pulse light therapies have
been used succesfully for the treatment of cutaneous nevi.
24. • It is the least common but most deadly of all primary
skin cancers.
• Mostly common and a history of multiple episodes of
acute sun exposure.
• Specially occurs at a young age, immunosuppression,
the presence of multiple cuteanous nevi.
• It is prone in families have a high incideneof germ line
mutations in the tumor supressor genes.
• Melanomas also frequently exhibit mutations in the
BRAF,HRAS,and NRAS PROTO ONCO GENES.
Malignant melanoma
25.
26. • Whites are mostly involved
• High mortality rates are higher in blacks
and hispanics.
• Male predilection but melanoma is most
commonly occurring in females of child
bearing age.
• Cuteneous melanoma is more common in
the sunbelt regions of the world.
CLINICAL FEATURES
27. • Physiologic pigmentation is the most
common source of multifocal or diffuse oral
mucosal pigmentation
• Common seen in dark-complexioned
individuals,blacks ,asians and south africans.
• Generlized hyper pigmentation is seen.
• Physiologic pigmentation is seen by
increased amounts of melanin pigment within
the basal layer.
• Gingivectomy and laser therapy used to
remove pigmented oral mucosa.
MULTIFOCAL/DIFFUSE
PIGMENTATION
28.
29. • Idiopathic
• Drug Induced
• Or Smoking-induced melanosis
Differential diagnosis
30. • Medication may induce a variety of
different forms of mucocutaneous
pigmentation,including melanosis.
• Cheif Drugs implicated in drug-induced
melanosis are the antimalarial,including
cholorquinone,hydroxychloroquine and
others.
DRUG INDUCED MELANOSIS
31.
32. • Has been Estimated 10 to 20% of all the
acquired melanocytic pigmentation may
be drug induced.
• Pigmentation seen in one mucosal
surface,often the hard palate,or it can be
multifocal and involve multiple surfaces.
• Sun exposure may excerbate cutenous
drug induced pigmentation.
Clinical Features
33. • Diffuse melanosis of the anterior facial
maxillary and mandibular gingivae,buccal
mucosa ,lateral tongue,palate and floor of
the mouth is occusionally seen among
cigratte smokers.
• The mechanism by which smoking induce
pigmentation is unknown.
• The oral meanosis increases first year of
smoking and eventually it is reduced.
Smoker’s Melanosis
34.
35. • Melasma is a relatively common,acquired symmetric
melanosis that typically develops on sun-exposed areas of the
skin and frequently on the face.
• Commonly affected areas forehead,cheeks,upper lips and
chin.
• Distint female prediliction and most cases arise in darker-
skkined individuals.
• The term melasma has been used to describe any form of
generlized facial hyperpigmentation.
• A biopsy reveals basilar melanosis with no increase in the
number of melanocyte.
• Melasma may spontaneously resolve after
parturition,cessation of the exogenous hormones,or regulation
of endogenous sex-hormone levels.
MELASMA(CHLOASMA)
38. Laugier-Hunziker Pigmentation
Laugier-Hunziker pigmentation was intially as an
acquired,idiopathic,macular hyperpigmentation of the
oral mucosal tissues specifically involving the lips and
buccal mucosae.
Patients typically present with multiple,discrete,irregularity
shaped brown or dark brown oral macules.
Treatment:-laser and chemotherapy have been used with
some sucess.
IDIOPATHIC PIGMENTATION
39. • Focally pigmented removal by diagonstic and therapeutic purposes.
• Cases assosiated with neoplasia,surgical intervention is less of an
option for the treatment of multifocal or diffuse pigmentation.
• Drug induced melanosis are subside after withdrawal of the
offending substance.
• Laser therapy use in the treatment of bothersome oral pigmentation.
laser used:-superpulsed CO2 ,Q –Switched ND-YAG, and Q-
Switched alexandrite lasers.
• First line of therapy is bleaching creams.
Such as azelaic acid or hydroquinone have been used.
Most common,Dual-or triple-combination therapy is used.
(combination of 4% hydroquinone-0.05% retinoic acid-0.01%
fluocinolone acetonide to be effective in greater than 90% of
pateint.)
TREATMENT OF
MUCOCUTANEOU MELANOSIS
40. Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a relatively common, acquired,
autoimmune disease that is associated with
hypomelanosis due to destruction of melanocytes.
Pathogenesis is multifactorial –genetic and
environmental.
There maybe a single nucleotide polymorphism in a
vitiligo-susceptibility gene that is also associated
with susceptibility to other autoimmune diseases,
including diabetes type 1, systemic lupus
erythematous, and rheumatoid arthritis.
DEPIGMENTATION
43. • Traumatic Ecchymosis is common on the
lips and face yet is common in the oral
mucosa,except in cases related to blunt-
force trauma and oral intubation.
• Ecchymosis of the oral mucosa may also
be encountered in pateint with liver
cirrhosis,leukemia,and end-stage renal
disease undergoing dialysis treatment
Ecchymosis
45. • Oral Purpura/petechiae may develop as a
consequence of trauma or viral or systemic
disease.
• The distinction between purpura and petechiae
is essentially semantic and based solely on the
size of the focal hemmorrhages.
• Petechiae are typically characterized as being
pinpoint or slightly larger than pinpoint and
purpura as multiple,small 2 to 4mm collection of
extravasated blood.
Purpura/Petechiae
46.
47. • Hemochromatosis is a chronic,progressive
disease that is characterized by excessive
iron deposition in the liver and other
organs and tissues.
• A lower labial gland biopsy has been
shown to be easy and effective method for
the diagnosis of hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis
51. • Occurs on the palate one to treatment
implantation of lead pencil
• Lesions are macular, focal gray or black
• Microscopically resembles amalgam.
Graphite Tattoo
52. Ornamental mucocutaneous tattooing is
considered a rite of passage and
esthetically pleasing. Female members of
certain tribes are more likely to exhibit this
form of exogenous pigmentation.
Ornamental Tatoos
53. A variety of metallic compounds have been
used medicinally for the treatment of
various systemic diseases.
Medicinal Metal-Induced Pigmentation
54. • Diffuse oral pigmentation may be assosiated
with ingestion of heavy metals.Yet it remains an
Occupational and health hazard for some
individuals who work in certain industrial plant
and for those who live in the environment in and
around these types of facilities.
• Lead,mercury,bismuth,and arsenic have all been
shown to be deposited in oral tissue if ingested
over a extended period of time.
Heavy–Metal pigmentation
56. Minocycline,which is a tetracycline
derivative used in treatment of acne is a
relatively cause of drug induced non-
melanin-associated oral pigmentation.It
causes pigmentation of developing teeth.
developing teeth
Drug-Induced Pigmentation
57. Hairy tongue is a relatively common condition of unknown etiology.
Involves dorsum,especially middle and posterior one third of the tongue
Papillae are elongated which becomes pigmented
1) Colonization of chromogenic bacteria that imparts a variety of
colors ranging from green,brown,black
2) Various foods – Coffee, Tea
TREATMENT :
Patient is advised to brush the tongue and keep it clean.
Hairy Tongue
59. Oral Pigmentation may be focal,mutifocal,or
diffuse.The lesion may be
blue,purple,brown,gray,or black. Some are
Localized harmless accumulations of
melanin,hemosiderin,or exogenous metal;orthers
are systemic or genetic diseases,and some can
be medical assosiated with life –threatening
medical conditions.
Although Biopsy is a helpful and necessary aid in the
diagnosis of focally pigmented lesions,the more
diffuse lesions will require a through history and
laboratory studies to arrive at a defintive
diagnosis.
CONCLUSION
60.
61. • Burket’s Oral Medicine 11th
Edition.
• www.google.com.
Reference