The document provides an overview of forensic ballistics, detailing the study of firearms, ammunition, and the associated medical-legal aspects. It discusses various types of firearms and classifications based on barrel condition and firing action, while also explaining the characteristics of entry and exit wounds from different ranges and types of ammunition. Key concepts include internal, exterior, and terminal ballistics, and how these are relevant to investigations involving firearms.

1. FORENSIC BALLISTICS
DR AMEER CT MD(Hom)
Assistant Professor
Father Muller Homoeopathic Medical College, Mangalore

2. At the end of the session, you will be able to
 Define forensic ballistics and firearms
 Understand different types of firearms and
ammunitions
 Differentiate features of entry and exit wounds
in firearms
 Enlist Medico-legal aspects

3. Forensic Ballistics
The Science dealing with the investigation
of firearms, ammunition, and the problems
arising from their use

4. Ballistics

5. Ballistics

6. Ballistics
1. Proximal (Internal) Ballistics
Study of firearms and projectile
2. Intermediate (Exterior) Ballistics
Study of motion of projectile after it leaves the gun barrel
till the time it hits the target
3. Terminal Ballistics
Study of behaviour of missiles once they penetrate target
4. Wound Ballistics
Study of the effects of missiles on living tissue

7. FIREARMS

8. Firearms
Any weapon which discharge a missile by
the expansive force of the gases produced
by burning of an explosive substance

9. Firearms - Structure
Stock
Breech
Barrel
Breach end
Muzzle
end
Helixometer

11. Choke
 Tapered constriction of a gun barrel at the muzzle end
 Commonly seen on shotguns
 Advantages
a) Decreases dispersion
b) Increases range
c) Increases explosive force
d) Increase the velocity
Degrees - Full choke, half choke, quarter choke improved
cylinder

12. Bullets and Lead shots/pellets

13. Rifle Cartridge

14. Shotgun Cartridge

15. Classification
I. According to condition of barrel
1. Rifled weapons
1) Rifles 2) Pistols 3) Revolver 4) Machine guns
2. Smooth bored weapons (Shotgun)
1) Cylinder bore 2) Choke bore 3) Paradox
4) Breech loader 5) Muzzle loader

16. Classification
II. According to firing action
1) Over-bolt action 2) Under-bolt action
3) Lever action 4) Pump action / auto-loading model
III. According to barrel length
1) Side arms – Shot barrels gun. (Pistol, Revolver)
2) Shoulder arms – Long barrel gun. (Rifles)

17. FIREARM WOUNDS

18. Discharges
 Bullet / Lead shots
 Flame
 Smoke
 Unburnt burnt powder grains
 Partially burnt powder grains
 Small metallic particles

19. Extension
Shotguns
Flame - upto 15cm
Smoke - upto 30cm
Unburnt & partially burnt powder grains - upto 60 - 90cm
Riffle
Flame - upto 8cm
Smoke - upto 15cm
Unburnt & partially burnt powder grains - upto 40 - 50cm
Small metallic particles - upto 40 - 50cm

21. Abrasion collar / marginal abrasion: abrasion around the hole due
to rubbing of the gyrating body of the bullet against the inverted
epidermis and heat of the bullet
Grease or dirt collar / bullet wipe soiling: black coloured narrow
ring of skin, lining the defect and is sharply outlined from the removal
of substances from the bullet as it passes through the skin
Back spatter: suck of blood, hair, fragments of tissues, cloth fibres
back to the barrel
Smudging / fouling / blackening: deposit of smoke / fragments of
metal
Tattooing / stippling / peppering: Unburnt particles of the powder
are embedded in the skin

22. Entry and exit wounds

23. Entry and exit wounds
Trait Entrance wound Exit wound
Size Smaller than the diameter of the bullet. In close
discharge, skin is torn
Bigger than the bullet
Edges Inverted Everted, puckered or torn
Bruising, abrasion and
grease collar
Present Absent
Burning, blackening,
tattooing
May be seen around the wound Absent
Bleeding Less More
Fat No protrusion except in contact shot May protrude
Tissues within and
around the wound
May be cherry-red due to CO of explosive gases No colour change
Approximation of
edges
Retains a small central defect Re-establishes skin's
integrity
Fibres of clothing Turned in and may be carried into the wound Turned out
Lead ring or metal ring May be seen around the wound by radiological
examination
Absent
Spectrography More metal is found around entrance wound, if bullet
has only passed through soft tissues
Contain more metal if a
bone is struck nearer to it.

24. Wounds from Shotguns
Character of wounds depends on
1. Distance from which the weapon is discharged
a) Contact and near contact wounds
b) Close range (up to one metre)
c) Short range (1 to 2 metres)
d) Intermediate range (2 to 4 metres)
e) Long or Distant range (above 4 metres)
2. Size of the shots
3. Nature of the explosive
4. Gun itself

25. Character of wounds - shotguns
Contact and near contact wounds
 Single and equal to the bore in size
 Soiling and burning are minimal / absent (tight contact)
 Muzzle impression / recoil abrasion (hard contact)
 Back spatter - suck of blood, hair, fragments of tissues,
cloth fibres back to the barrel
 Burning, blackening and tattooing can be seen
 Clothes - smoke will escape sideways, singed at the edge
of the hole, ring of burning around the skin wound

26. Character of wounds - shotguns
Close range (up to one metre)
Within a distance of about 30cm:
 Singed by flame & blackened by smoke (smudging, fouling)
 Tattooed by unburnt or partially burnt powder granules (stippling
or peppering)
Between 30cm to 1m:
 Wound is single, circular or oval & cherry-red (absorption of CO)
 Blackening and tattooing are more extensive
At a distance of 60 to 90cm:
 Single circular wound, not cherry-red
 No burning or blackening, but some amount of tattooing is seen
 Rim of the wound - irregular & shows some scalloping (rat –hole)
 Annular abrasions and bruising or rat nibbling

27. Character of wounds - shotguns
Short range (1 to 2 metres)
 Single circular wound with irregular and lacerated edges
 No burning, blackening or tattooing
Intermediate range (2 to 4 metres)
 Shot mass begins to spread and individual pellet hole -
round and show a rim of abrasion
 Entry wound is irregular
At a distance of three metres
 Central aperture is surrounded by separate openings in
an area of about 8 to 10 cm
 Melting and fusion of pellets due to heat

28. Character of wounds - shotguns
Long or distant range (above 4 metres)
 All shots penetrate separately (due to wide spread)
Usually shotgun pellets do not exit from the body
except :
a) Contact wounds
b) Tangential wounds where some of the pellets have a very
short track through the body
c) Thin part of the body, such as the neck or extremities
d) Wounds caused by large calibre buckshot or rifled slugs.

29. Wounds from Riffled weapon
Revolver / Automatic Pistol / Riffle
Character of wounds (Entry wound) depends on
Distance from which the weapon is discharged
1. Contact shot: In firm or hard contact
2. Close shot: 5 - 8cm
3. Near shot: up to 50cm
4. Distant shot: above 50cm

30. Contact shot: In firm or hard contact
 Similar to shotgun
Close shot: (flame up to 5 - 8cm)
 Entrance wound is circular with inverted edges
 Bruising, burning, blackening and tattooing
 Abrasion collar and grease or dirt collar - present

31. Near shot: (flame up to 50cm)
 Entry wound - round hole, slightly smaller than the
diameter of the bullet, due to elasticity of the skin,
 Bruised and inverted margin, blackening and tattooing
 Abrasion and grease collar - present
Distant shot: above 50cm
 Entrance wound – circular, smaller than the missile due
to the elasticity of the skin, and margins are inverted
 Burning, blackening and tattooing are not seen (Pseudo-
tattooing in case of intermediary target)
 X-ray gives a picture of lead snowstorm

32. Types of bullets
Round-nose soft bullet
Traditional bullet
Made of soft metal and has a rounded nose
The metal is lead with varying amounts of
antimony added to provide hardness
Usually used in rifles and revolvers

33. Ricochet bullet

34. Ricochet bullet
A ricochet bullet is one which before striking the object
aimed at strikes some intervening object first, and then
after ricocheting and rebounding from these, hits the object
It may occur with inferior firearms and low velocity bullets
The deflection of the bullet is due to the obliquity with
which it strikes and rotating motion on its axis
Abrasion collar, burning, blackening and tattooing - absent

35. Tandem bullet

36. Tandem bullet / piggyback bullet
(tandem = one behind the other)
More bullets are found than there are entrance wounds
When a weapon is fired, the bullet may fail to come out from
the muzzle. When it is fired again, the second bullet may go
off carrying the lodged bullet with it, and both the bullets may
enter the body through the same entrance wound
It is due to defect in the weapon, or due to faulty ammunition,
or with loaded firearm unused for several years due to
prolonged exposure to high environmental temperature or
humidity.

37. Yawning and tumbling bullets

38. Yawning bullet
A bullet travelling in an irregular fashion instead of travelling
nose-on
Tumbling bullet
A bullet that rotates end-on-end during its motion
The impact of these bullets may be sideways or backwards
with an irregular lateral motion, due to which an irregular
lacerated wound is produced

39. Souvenir bullets
If a bullet is present for a long time in the body,
there will be no fresh bleeding in the surrounding
area and a dense fibrous tissue capsule usually
surrounds it.
A small scar indicates the original entrance wound
Lead poisoning may occur due to absorption of
lead from lead bullets remaining in a body.

40. Dumdum bullet
A Dumdum bullet is one which fragments extensively upon
striking
Frangible bullet
Made of iron which fragments on impact
Incendiary bullets
Contain phosphorus, so that it catches fire on hitting the
target. (Explosive bullets)
Hollow-point or express bullet
A bullet with a hole in the point

41. Medico-legal aspects
 Kind of weapon
 Range of fire
 Direction of fire
 Time of firearm discharge
 Cause of death
 Manner of death – Suicide, homicide, accidental

42. At the end of the session, you are able to
 Define forensic ballistics and firearms
 Understand different types of firearms and
ammunitions
 Differentiate features of entry and exit wounds
in firearms
 Enlist Medico-legal aspects

43. Thank you