The document provides information on various types of mechanical injuries including blunt force injuries, sharp force injuries, and firearm injuries. It classifies blunt force injuries as abrasions, contusions/bruises, and lacerations. Sharp force injuries include incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds. Firearm injuries result in either penetrating or perforating wounds, and characteristics depend on factors like range of firing and weapon type. The document describes features of different injury types and how they can be differentiated between antemortem and postmortem states.
This document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It provides details on the features, classification, and medico-legal aspects of each type of injury. Key points covered include how to determine the age of an injury, differentiate between antemortem and postmortem wounds, identify weapons and manner of use from wound patterns, and assess time since injury through histological examination.
The document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It describes the features of each type of injury, how to determine the age of an injury, and the potential medico-legal significance including identifying weapons and determining the manner of injury.
This document provides information on different types of injuries from a medical-legal perspective. It defines injuries clinically and legally, and classifies mechanical injuries as blunt force injuries (abrasions, contusions, lacerations) or sharp force injuries (incised wounds, stab wounds, chop wounds). For each type of injury, it describes features, age determination, antemortem vs postmortem appearance, and medico-legal aspects. Weapon identification, manner and direction of force application, and wound age determination are important considerations in mechanical injury analysis.
The document discusses mechanical injuries and traumatology. It defines important terms like trauma, injury, wounds, and classifications of injuries based on the weapon used, mechanics of infliction, and time of infliction. It also covers the mechanism of wound production, factors affecting wound appearance, and methods of determining the timing of wounds including naked eye appearance, histological timing by examining wound healing stages, histochemical timing by studying enzyme activity, and biochemical timing by measuring substances like histamine and serotonin.
This document discusses abrasions from a forensic medicine perspective. It defines an abrasion as a type of open wound caused by skin rubbing against a rough surface. It notes that abrasions are superficial injuries that involve the outer layers of skin. The document then categorizes abrasions into four types - scratches or linear abrasions, grazes or sliding abrasions, pressure abrasions, and imprint or patterned abrasions - and describes the features of each type. Finally, it outlines the medicolegal importance of abrasions, such as determining the weapon or causative agent, time since injury, and distinguishing ante- and post-mortem abrasions.
This document discusses different types of injuries, including mechanical injuries caused by physical violence or trauma. Mechanical injuries are classified as blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, or firearm injuries. Blunt force trauma includes abrasions, contusions, and lacerations. Abrasions are further classified as scratches, grazes, pressure abrasions, patterned abrasions, and atypical abrasions like nail marks. The age of an abrasion can be estimated based on changes like scabbing that occur over 12-24 hours and 2-3 days as it heals.
This document discusses mechanical injuries, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and other types of wounds. It provides details on the characteristics and features of each type of injury, as well as factors that influence the nature and extent of wounds. Mechanical injuries are caused by physical forces that result in tissue damage. The summary examines the key types of mechanical injuries and their forensic significance in determining cause and manner of injuries.
This document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It provides details on the features, classification, and medico-legal aspects of each type of injury. Key points covered include how to determine the age of an injury, differentiate between antemortem and postmortem wounds, identify weapons and manner of use from wound patterns, and assess time since injury through histological examination.
The document discusses various types of injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and puncture wounds. It describes the features of each type of injury, how to determine the age of an injury, and the potential medico-legal significance including identifying weapons and determining the manner of injury.
This document provides information on different types of injuries from a medical-legal perspective. It defines injuries clinically and legally, and classifies mechanical injuries as blunt force injuries (abrasions, contusions, lacerations) or sharp force injuries (incised wounds, stab wounds, chop wounds). For each type of injury, it describes features, age determination, antemortem vs postmortem appearance, and medico-legal aspects. Weapon identification, manner and direction of force application, and wound age determination are important considerations in mechanical injury analysis.
The document discusses mechanical injuries and traumatology. It defines important terms like trauma, injury, wounds, and classifications of injuries based on the weapon used, mechanics of infliction, and time of infliction. It also covers the mechanism of wound production, factors affecting wound appearance, and methods of determining the timing of wounds including naked eye appearance, histological timing by examining wound healing stages, histochemical timing by studying enzyme activity, and biochemical timing by measuring substances like histamine and serotonin.
This document discusses abrasions from a forensic medicine perspective. It defines an abrasion as a type of open wound caused by skin rubbing against a rough surface. It notes that abrasions are superficial injuries that involve the outer layers of skin. The document then categorizes abrasions into four types - scratches or linear abrasions, grazes or sliding abrasions, pressure abrasions, and imprint or patterned abrasions - and describes the features of each type. Finally, it outlines the medicolegal importance of abrasions, such as determining the weapon or causative agent, time since injury, and distinguishing ante- and post-mortem abrasions.
This document discusses different types of injuries, including mechanical injuries caused by physical violence or trauma. Mechanical injuries are classified as blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, or firearm injuries. Blunt force trauma includes abrasions, contusions, and lacerations. Abrasions are further classified as scratches, grazes, pressure abrasions, patterned abrasions, and atypical abrasions like nail marks. The age of an abrasion can be estimated based on changes like scabbing that occur over 12-24 hours and 2-3 days as it heals.
This document discusses mechanical injuries, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and other types of wounds. It provides details on the characteristics and features of each type of injury, as well as factors that influence the nature and extent of wounds. Mechanical injuries are caused by physical forces that result in tissue damage. The summary examines the key types of mechanical injuries and their forensic significance in determining cause and manner of injuries.
The document provides information about punctured wounds, also known as stab wounds. It defines punctured wounds as injuries caused by a pointed weapon being driven through the skin, where the depth is the greatest dimension. The summary describes key details about punctured wounds, including that the wound of entry is generally larger than the wound of exit, and that the depth and direction can only be accurately determined through dissection at autopsy. Foreign bodies may sometimes be present in the wound of entry. Cleavage lines of Langer are also discussed as they relate to the shape and size of punctured wounds.
This document discusses different types of injuries from a medical and legal perspective. It describes injuries as any harm caused to the body, mind, reputation or property. Injuries are classified as medical, legal, or medico-legal. Mechanically caused injuries result from impact with a moving or non-moving object. Mechanical injuries are further classified as blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, or firearm injuries. Blunt force trauma can cause abrasions, contusions, or lacerations. Abrasions are further classified by their appearance and causative mechanisms.
The document discusses various types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm injuries.
It provides details on the characteristics of each type of injury, how to determine the age of the injury, and the potential medico-legal importance. For example, abrasions can indicate the site of impact and weapon used. The shape and direction of a stab wound can reveal information about the assailant. Determining the age of wounds is also important for investigating crimes. Firearm injuries require examination by forensic ballistics experts.
This document provides an overview of gunshot and stab wounds for medical students. It defines the characteristics and types of gunshot wounds, including penetrating, perforating, and re-entry wounds. It describes how the kinetic energy of different firearms like pistols, shotguns, and rifles influence the severity of injuries. The objectives, types of stab wounds, and anticipated organ injuries based on the weapon are also outlined. Finally, it discusses the goals of managing gunshot and stab wound patients in the field, focusing on controlling bleeding, addressing airway issues, and rapid transport to surgery when needed.
This is a very concise and interesting lecture about the introduction of injuries and lacerations, it was presesnted inEast Afica University, Faculty Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine.
The document discusses different types of wounds including bruises, abrasions, lacerations, and cuts. It describes the mechanisms of injury, appearances, distinguishing features, and forensic importance of each wound type. Bruises are caused by blunt force and appear as discoloration under the skin. Abrasions involve scraping off the outer layer of skin. Lacerations are tears in the skin or underlying tissues caused by shearing or stretching forces. Cuts are deep, penetrating injuries made by a sharp, bladed object. The document provides detailed information on wound analysis for medical-legal investigations.
This document summarizes a seminar on biomechanics of injury presented by Palash Mehar. It discusses factors that influence the mechanism of injury, including the amount of force, distribution of force, transfer of force through the body, nature of the object/weapon, nature of the affected tissue, and direction of force. It also describes the three principal mechanisms of impact injury: crushing deformation, impulsive impact, and acceleration of the skeleton. Interpreting injuries can provide information on the nature, type, size, and shape of injury as well as the position, direction of force, manner of injury, pattern of injuries, weapon used, and presence of environmental debris. The major subdivisions of impact biomechanics are injury mechanisms
This document discusses different types of injuries from a forensic science perspective. It defines medical and legal definitions of injuries. It then discusses classifications of injuries according to causative factors like abrasions, bruises, and lacerations. It describes features of abrasions and bruises, and how their appearance changes over time. It covers distinguishing ante-mortem and post-mortem abrasions. The medicolegal importance of patterned injuries in connecting victims to weapons or objects is also summarized.
The document discusses different types of injuries from a medical and legal perspective. It begins by defining injuries medically as any breach of continuity of tissue, and legally as any harm caused illegally to a person. It then discusses classifications of injuries by causative factors, severity, and time of death. Specific injury types covered in more detail include abrasions, bruises, and factors to consider in distinguishing ante-mortem and post-mortem injuries. Medicolegal importance is discussed for differentiating the age, manner, and potential weapons that caused various injuries.
This document discusses different types of wounds including lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and fabricated wounds. Lacerations are caused by blunt force and result in tears in the skin with irregular edges. Incised wounds are clean cuts caused by a sharp blade with regular edges. Stab wounds are penetrating injuries caused by a sharp pointed weapon. Fabricated wounds are self-inflicted or inflicted by another to mislead investigators and may involve superficial cuts or insertion of pellets. Key diagnostic features help determine the weapon and manner of different wound types.
This document discusses different types of wounds including lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and fabricated wounds. Lacerations are caused by blunt force and result in tears in the skin with irregular edges. Incised wounds are clean cuts caused by sharp blades with regular edges. Stab wounds are penetrating injuries caused by pointed weapons, with depth greater than length. Fabricated wounds are self-inflicted or inflicted by others to mislead investigators and may involve superficial cuts or insertion of pellets. Key diagnostic features help determine the weapon and manner of different wound types.
This document discusses various types of wounds caused by sharp objects, including incised wounds, stab wounds, and incised-stab wounds. It describes the characteristics of each type of wound such as their shape, margins, depth and direction. It also covers the medico-legal importance of different wounds in determining the weapon used and relative positions of the victim and assailant. Various complications of wounds are discussed along with causes of death from wounds.
This document discusses various types of mechanical or physical injuries caused by blunt force, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and bruises. It provides classifications of injuries including based on causative factor (blunt force, sharp force, firearms, thermal, chemical), severity (simple, grievous, dangerous), and time of infliction (antemortem, postmortem, perimortem). Details are given on features, appearances, complications and medicolegal importance of specific injuries like abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and factors that affect bruise formation. The document also discusses concepts like patterned injuries, migratory bruises, and differences between ante- and postmortem injuries.
Traumatology is the science of wounds and injuries. A wound is a disruption of tissues caused by external force, while an injury can also encompass internal damage from heat, cold, chemicals, electricity or radiation. Wounds are generally classified by their cause as blunt force, sharp force, gunshot or other injuries. Blunt force injuries result from impact with a blunt object and include abrasions, bruises and lacerations.
This document provides information on forensic examination of mechanical injuries from the Crimean Federal University. It discusses the classification and examination of various types of injuries including abrasions, hemorrhages, wounds, and fractures. For each injury type, it describes the morphological features examiners use to determine characteristics of the traumatic event such as the type of object or force used, direction of force, and time since injury occurred. Proper examination and classification of mechanical injuries can provide valuable forensic evidence.
This document discusses bruises and lacerations. Bruises are caused by blunt force trauma resulting in bleeding under the skin. They appear in various colors as they heal and can indicate details about the injury. Lacerations are tears in the skin or deeper tissues from blunt force that can vary in severity. Examining features of bruises and lacerations can provide medical and legal information about an incident.
First Aid gunshot wound.power point presentationEllaMenjor
This document summarizes key information about gunshot and stab wounds presented by Dr. Jalloh. It outlines the objectives of identifying characteristics of different types of gunshot and stab wounds, the injuries they can cause depending on the kinetic energy transferred, and appropriate management goals. Specifically, it discusses the differences between entrance and exit wounds, types of gunshot wounds, characteristics of handguns, shotguns and rifles, potential organ injuries, and focuses on stopping bleeding and addressing airway issues in the field for gunshot or stab wound patients.
The document describes different types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, and stab wounds. It provides characteristics of each type of injury, how they are caused, and their medico-legal importance in determining the nature of wound, weapon, age of injury, and circumstances surrounding the injury. It also discusses the time-dependent changes in appearance of these injuries that are useful in estimating the age of the wound in legal investigations.
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Institute Of Forensic Science And Criminology discusses injuries in a document about forensic science. It defines injury legally under Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code as any harm caused illegally to a person, their body, mind, reputation or property. It also defines trauma as an injury or wound to a living body caused by external force or violence. The document then covers the introduction, mechanisms, types, classification, antemortem injuries, and post-mortem injuries related to forensic analysis of injuries.
This document provides an overview of hair structure and forensic examination of hair evidence. It discusses the introduction, history, structure, growth and types of hair. It also covers the composition of hair, human races, collection and packaging of hair evidence. The document explains the forensic significance of hair for determining origin, sex, age and other characteristics. It describes microscopic examination techniques like temporary mounts, permanent mounts and cross-sectioning. The document concludes by discussing the differences between human and animal hair.
The document provides information about punctured wounds, also known as stab wounds. It defines punctured wounds as injuries caused by a pointed weapon being driven through the skin, where the depth is the greatest dimension. The summary describes key details about punctured wounds, including that the wound of entry is generally larger than the wound of exit, and that the depth and direction can only be accurately determined through dissection at autopsy. Foreign bodies may sometimes be present in the wound of entry. Cleavage lines of Langer are also discussed as they relate to the shape and size of punctured wounds.
This document discusses different types of injuries from a medical and legal perspective. It describes injuries as any harm caused to the body, mind, reputation or property. Injuries are classified as medical, legal, or medico-legal. Mechanically caused injuries result from impact with a moving or non-moving object. Mechanical injuries are further classified as blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, or firearm injuries. Blunt force trauma can cause abrasions, contusions, or lacerations. Abrasions are further classified by their appearance and causative mechanisms.
The document discusses various types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm injuries.
It provides details on the characteristics of each type of injury, how to determine the age of the injury, and the potential medico-legal importance. For example, abrasions can indicate the site of impact and weapon used. The shape and direction of a stab wound can reveal information about the assailant. Determining the age of wounds is also important for investigating crimes. Firearm injuries require examination by forensic ballistics experts.
This document provides an overview of gunshot and stab wounds for medical students. It defines the characteristics and types of gunshot wounds, including penetrating, perforating, and re-entry wounds. It describes how the kinetic energy of different firearms like pistols, shotguns, and rifles influence the severity of injuries. The objectives, types of stab wounds, and anticipated organ injuries based on the weapon are also outlined. Finally, it discusses the goals of managing gunshot and stab wound patients in the field, focusing on controlling bleeding, addressing airway issues, and rapid transport to surgery when needed.
This is a very concise and interesting lecture about the introduction of injuries and lacerations, it was presesnted inEast Afica University, Faculty Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine.
The document discusses different types of wounds including bruises, abrasions, lacerations, and cuts. It describes the mechanisms of injury, appearances, distinguishing features, and forensic importance of each wound type. Bruises are caused by blunt force and appear as discoloration under the skin. Abrasions involve scraping off the outer layer of skin. Lacerations are tears in the skin or underlying tissues caused by shearing or stretching forces. Cuts are deep, penetrating injuries made by a sharp, bladed object. The document provides detailed information on wound analysis for medical-legal investigations.
This document summarizes a seminar on biomechanics of injury presented by Palash Mehar. It discusses factors that influence the mechanism of injury, including the amount of force, distribution of force, transfer of force through the body, nature of the object/weapon, nature of the affected tissue, and direction of force. It also describes the three principal mechanisms of impact injury: crushing deformation, impulsive impact, and acceleration of the skeleton. Interpreting injuries can provide information on the nature, type, size, and shape of injury as well as the position, direction of force, manner of injury, pattern of injuries, weapon used, and presence of environmental debris. The major subdivisions of impact biomechanics are injury mechanisms
This document discusses different types of injuries from a forensic science perspective. It defines medical and legal definitions of injuries. It then discusses classifications of injuries according to causative factors like abrasions, bruises, and lacerations. It describes features of abrasions and bruises, and how their appearance changes over time. It covers distinguishing ante-mortem and post-mortem abrasions. The medicolegal importance of patterned injuries in connecting victims to weapons or objects is also summarized.
The document discusses different types of injuries from a medical and legal perspective. It begins by defining injuries medically as any breach of continuity of tissue, and legally as any harm caused illegally to a person. It then discusses classifications of injuries by causative factors, severity, and time of death. Specific injury types covered in more detail include abrasions, bruises, and factors to consider in distinguishing ante-mortem and post-mortem injuries. Medicolegal importance is discussed for differentiating the age, manner, and potential weapons that caused various injuries.
This document discusses different types of wounds including lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and fabricated wounds. Lacerations are caused by blunt force and result in tears in the skin with irregular edges. Incised wounds are clean cuts caused by a sharp blade with regular edges. Stab wounds are penetrating injuries caused by a sharp pointed weapon. Fabricated wounds are self-inflicted or inflicted by another to mislead investigators and may involve superficial cuts or insertion of pellets. Key diagnostic features help determine the weapon and manner of different wound types.
This document discusses different types of wounds including lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and fabricated wounds. Lacerations are caused by blunt force and result in tears in the skin with irregular edges. Incised wounds are clean cuts caused by sharp blades with regular edges. Stab wounds are penetrating injuries caused by pointed weapons, with depth greater than length. Fabricated wounds are self-inflicted or inflicted by others to mislead investigators and may involve superficial cuts or insertion of pellets. Key diagnostic features help determine the weapon and manner of different wound types.
This document discusses various types of wounds caused by sharp objects, including incised wounds, stab wounds, and incised-stab wounds. It describes the characteristics of each type of wound such as their shape, margins, depth and direction. It also covers the medico-legal importance of different wounds in determining the weapon used and relative positions of the victim and assailant. Various complications of wounds are discussed along with causes of death from wounds.
This document discusses various types of mechanical or physical injuries caused by blunt force, including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and bruises. It provides classifications of injuries including based on causative factor (blunt force, sharp force, firearms, thermal, chemical), severity (simple, grievous, dangerous), and time of infliction (antemortem, postmortem, perimortem). Details are given on features, appearances, complications and medicolegal importance of specific injuries like abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and factors that affect bruise formation. The document also discusses concepts like patterned injuries, migratory bruises, and differences between ante- and postmortem injuries.
Traumatology is the science of wounds and injuries. A wound is a disruption of tissues caused by external force, while an injury can also encompass internal damage from heat, cold, chemicals, electricity or radiation. Wounds are generally classified by their cause as blunt force, sharp force, gunshot or other injuries. Blunt force injuries result from impact with a blunt object and include abrasions, bruises and lacerations.
This document provides information on forensic examination of mechanical injuries from the Crimean Federal University. It discusses the classification and examination of various types of injuries including abrasions, hemorrhages, wounds, and fractures. For each injury type, it describes the morphological features examiners use to determine characteristics of the traumatic event such as the type of object or force used, direction of force, and time since injury occurred. Proper examination and classification of mechanical injuries can provide valuable forensic evidence.
This document discusses bruises and lacerations. Bruises are caused by blunt force trauma resulting in bleeding under the skin. They appear in various colors as they heal and can indicate details about the injury. Lacerations are tears in the skin or deeper tissues from blunt force that can vary in severity. Examining features of bruises and lacerations can provide medical and legal information about an incident.
First Aid gunshot wound.power point presentationEllaMenjor
This document summarizes key information about gunshot and stab wounds presented by Dr. Jalloh. It outlines the objectives of identifying characteristics of different types of gunshot and stab wounds, the injuries they can cause depending on the kinetic energy transferred, and appropriate management goals. Specifically, it discusses the differences between entrance and exit wounds, types of gunshot wounds, characteristics of handguns, shotguns and rifles, potential organ injuries, and focuses on stopping bleeding and addressing airway issues in the field for gunshot or stab wound patients.
The document describes different types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, and stab wounds. It provides characteristics of each type of injury, how they are caused, and their medico-legal importance in determining the nature of wound, weapon, age of injury, and circumstances surrounding the injury. It also discusses the time-dependent changes in appearance of these injuries that are useful in estimating the age of the wound in legal investigations.
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Institute Of Forensic Science And Criminology discusses injuries in a document about forensic science. It defines injury legally under Section 44 of the Indian Penal Code as any harm caused illegally to a person, their body, mind, reputation or property. It also defines trauma as an injury or wound to a living body caused by external force or violence. The document then covers the introduction, mechanisms, types, classification, antemortem injuries, and post-mortem injuries related to forensic analysis of injuries.
This document provides an overview of hair structure and forensic examination of hair evidence. It discusses the introduction, history, structure, growth and types of hair. It also covers the composition of hair, human races, collection and packaging of hair evidence. The document explains the forensic significance of hair for determining origin, sex, age and other characteristics. It describes microscopic examination techniques like temporary mounts, permanent mounts and cross-sectioning. The document concludes by discussing the differences between human and animal hair.
The wheel lock was invented in 1517 by JOHANN KIEFUSS and was the first self-igniting firearm that used a cock mechanism similar to cigarette lighters. It worked by a spring-loaded steel wheel spinning against a piece of pyrite to generate sparks that would ignite gunpowder in the pan and flash through a small hole to ignite the main powder charge in the barrel. The wheel lock had advantages of shorter lock time, better accuracy, and being less sensitive to weather, but it also had disadvantages of being fragile and very expensive to manufacture.
The document discusses 12 characteristics that handwriting experts examine when analyzing handwriting samples: letter formation, line formation, formatting, line quality, spacing, letter sizes, pen lifts, connecting strokes, beginning/ending strokes, shading/pressure, slant, baseline habits, and flourishes. It provides details on each characteristic and examples of what experts look for, such as consistency in letter shapes, line smoothness, word/letter spacing, pen pressure on strokes, and placement of letter details like crossing t's and dotting i's. The document cites reference materials on questioned document examination and analysis.
The document discusses the history and development of the polygraph, or lie detector test. It notes that Cesare Lombroso invented the first device to measure changes in blood pressure in 1895. John Larson invented the modern polygraph in 1921. The document outlines the key principles behind how polygraphs work to detect deception based on physiological responses. It also discusses the development of polygraphs in India, the testing process, types of questions asked, accuracy rates, and legal issues regarding their use.
The skeleton system is the body's framework, consisting of bones and connective tissues like cartilage, tendons and ligaments. It provides structure, allows movement, and protects organs. Bones also store minerals and help produce blood cells. There are two main parts - the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebrae, and appendicular skeleton of the limbs. Bones come in different shapes and sizes and connect through various joint types ranging from immovable to freely movable. The skeleton is essential for supporting the body, enabling movement, and carrying out important biological functions.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
1. RIMT UNIVERSITY MANDI GOBINDGARH PUNJAB
PresentationO
n
:
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
I
n
j
u
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e
s
Submitted By-
Ahsan Ali
B.Sc (Forensic Science)
4th Semester
4. DEFINITION
OF INJURY :
Section 44 in The Indian Penal Code
44. “Injury”.—The word “injury” denotes any harm whatever illegally caused
to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property.
Definition of Injury: A Wound or Injury is defined as
termination of the natural continuity of any of the tissues of the living body.
Any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture
can be called Injury.
4
5. INJURY AND
ITS CLOSELY
RELATED
WORDS
5
Injury
Woun
d
Trau T
ortur
ma e
Injury – Any harm whatever illegally caused to any person, inbody,
mind, reputation or property (S.44 IPC).
Wound – Any breach in the natural continuity of any tissues of theliving
body.
Trauma - Any physical or psychological injury.
Torture – is infliction of intense pain to punish, coerce, oraffordable
sadistic pleas
6. FORENSIC ANATOMY OF SKIN
1.Epidermis
2.Dermis
3.Hypoderm
is
Skin is
composed of:
eight of skin is 4 kg and
surface area in adult is 2 square
8. 8
1. Tensile force (traction-strain)
2. Compressive force(compression-strain)
3. Shearing force(shear-strain)
There are three
types of primary
forces acting over
body:
FORCES ACTING OVER BODY
12. 1. BLUNT FORCE INJURY
The severity, extent & appearance of blunt trauma injury depend on:
• The amount of force delivered to the body.
• The time over which the force is delivered.
• The region struck
• The extent of surface over which the force is delivered.
• The nature of the weapon.
14. MECHANISM OF PRODUCTION
The mechanical force producing abrasion acts on
the skin in one of the following way.
1. Sliding force (friction)
2. Compression force
• Linear/ScratchAbrasion
• Graze Abrasion
Sliding
Force
• Pressure/Crushing
Abrasion
• Imprint/Contact
Abrasion
Compressi
on Force
16. AGE OF
cab.
ff from
ABRASIO
N
It heals from the
periphery by new
growth of
epithelial cells.
DURATION FEATURES
FRESH
INJURY
Bright red colour wound.
2-24 HOURS Lymph and blood dries up leaving red s
2-3 DAYS Reddish brown scab, less tender.
4-5 DAYS Scab is dark brown in color.
5-7 DAYS Scab is brownish red and start falling o
margin
7-12 DAYS Scab dries, shrink and falls off leaving
pigmented skin.
MORE THEN
12 DAYS
becomes thinner.
17. 17
ANTEMORTEM AND POSTMORTEM
ABRASION:
Abrasion produced slightly before or after death cannot be
differentiated even by microscopic examination.
Features Antemortem Post-mortem
Site Anywhere on the body Usually over bony prominences
Colour Bright red Yellowish, translucent and
Parchment-like
Vital Reaction Present Absent
Healing
Process
May be evident Not seen
Inflammation Signs of inflammation present No
21. 21
ANTEMORTEM AND POSTMORTEM BRUISES:
Features Antemortem Post-mortem
TIME During life Within 2-3hrs after death
SWELLING Present Absent
DAMAGE TO
EPITHELIUM
Present Absent
SIZE Proportion to force used Small
EXTAVASTIO
NS OF
BLOOD
More Less
SITE Anywhere Bony prominence
TISSUE
UNDERLYIN
G BRUISE
Tissue stains are
permanent
Stain not permanent
HISTOLOGIC
AL FINDINGS
Inflammatory reaction
present
Absent
COLOR Seen Always dull bluish
22. ARTIFICIAL BRUISES
Artificial bruises are produced due to application of
some irritant substance or juice to the skin
.
Such irritant substance produces inflammation and
vesication simulating bruises.
.
These contusions are produced with malicious intention
implicate someone else
22
to make f
alsealiggations against somebody or to
26. 26
AGE OF
LACERA
TED
WOUND
DURATION FEATURES
FRESH
INJURY
Bleeding or fresh clot is attached; margins are red,
swollen and tender
12-24 HOURS Margins swollen, red and covered by dried blood
clots and lymph.
3-5 DAYS Margins strongly adherent with each other and
covered by dried crust.
6-7 DAYS Crust/scab falls off or can easily be taken off, soft
reddish tender scar.
Few weeks Scar is whitish, firm and painless.
27. 2. FIREARM WOUNDS
A firearm is a thermodynamic machine in which the potential
energy of the gun-powder is transformed into the kinetic energy
of the projectile.
Firearm is any instrument or device designed to propel a
projectile by means of explosion of gases generated by
combustion of an explosive substance.
Gunshot wounds are either penetrating or perforating.
■ Penetrating wounds: The bullet enters an object and does not
28. CHARACTERISTICS OF FIREARM WOUNDS
DEPEND UPON:
Range (distance) of firing.
Shape and composition of the
missiles.
Nature of the firearm, whether
shotgun or rifle.
Direction of firing.
Part of the body struck (head or
trunk).
29. CLASSIFICATION OF
FIREARM WOUND
29
According to
condition of
barrel
According to
muzzle velocity
High velocity
Medium
velocity
Low velocity
Country
made firearm
Rifled firearm
Smooth bore
firearm
30. 30
Different component of firearm and effect on the body:
COMPONENTS EFFECT PRODUCED OVER BODY
B
U
L
L
E
T ENTRY AND EXIT WOUNDS.
ABRASION IS CAUSED
G
U
NS
M
O
K
E SMUDGING AND BLACKING
G
U
NP
O
W
D
E
R
P
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
S
TATTOOING
G
A
S
E
S BLAST EFFECT AND CHERRY RED
COLORATION
F
L
A
M
E
S SCORCHING AND SINGING
M
E
T
A
LP
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
S METAL RING
G
R
E
A
S
E
A
N
DD
I
R
T GREASE COLLAR
31. FEATURES Entry Wound Exit Wound
Size Smaller than the diameter
of bullet
Bigger then the bullet
Edges Inverted Everted, Puckered
Bleeding Less More
Burning,
Blackening,
Tattooing
Present Absent
Bruising,
Abrasion,
Grease collar
Present Absent
Wound track Cherry-red due to
carboxyhaemoglobin
No colour
Fibers of
clothes
Turned in Turned out
G
E
N
E
R
A
L
D
I
F
F
E
R
N
E
C
EB
E
T
W
E
E
N
E
N
T
R
YA
N
DE
X
I
TF
I
R
E
A
R
MW
O
U
N
D
32. 32
RANGES EFFECTS
CONTACT Gas, smoke, unburnt
powder enter inside the
wound
NEAR CONTACT
(2.5cm to 7.5cm)
Burning, singeing
present
INTERMEDIATE
(30cm to 60cm)
Tattooing present.
Blacking may be
present.
DISTANT
(More then 60cm)
Burning, singeing,
blackening, tattooing all
absent.
GENERAL EFFECT OF
RANGES OF FIRING
33. 3. SHARP FORCE INJURY
SHARP EDGE TRAUMA IS CAUSED
WHEN OBJECT HAS SHARPED OR
CUTTING EDGE IMPACTS THE
BODY.
35. 35
Mechanism of production
of INCISED WOUND
Incised wound may be produced by light sharp cutting
weapons like kitchen knife, razor, scalpel etc. Moderately
heavy sharp cutting weapons like knife.
The force is delivered over a very narrow area corresponding
with the cutting edge of the blade of weapon.
1. By striking the body with sharp cutting edge.
2. By drawing or swiping action of the weapon on the body.
36. 36
AGE OF
INCISED
WOUND
DURATION FEATURES
FRESH
INJURY
Red with clotted blood.
12 HOURS Margins red, swollen and adherent with bloodand
lymph.
24 HOURS Continues layer of endothelial cells cover the surface
with a scab of dried clot.
2-3 DAYS Vascularized granulation tissue formation.
7 DAYS Scar formation.
38. 4.PIERCING WOUNDS
4.1 STAB
WOUND
Stab wound is a piercing wound produced by
application of mechanical force along thelong
axis of a narrow or pointed object.
Word 'stab' means 'to wound or pierce witha
pointed weapon’.
Stab wounds are produced from penetration
with long narrow instruments having pointed
ends into the depths of the body, whichare
deeper than its length and width.
39. 39
Clinically, stab wounds are of two types:
Penetrating
wound
Weapon enters into
the body cavity
producing only one
wound, i.e. wound
of entry.
1. Perforating
wound
Weapon after
entering into one
side of the body will
come out through
producing two
wounds:
2.
CLASSIFICATION OF
STAB WOUND
Wound of entry:
Through which the weapon
enters the body. It is larger
and with inverted edges.
Wound of exit: Through
which the tip of weapon
emerges out of the body. It is
usually smaller with everted
edges.
40. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
WEAPON CAUSING
DIFFERENT SHAPE OF
WOUNDS
WEAPON TYPE OF WOUND
BLADE WITH SHARP
EDGES BOTH SIDE
SPINDLE SHAPED
BLADE WITH SHARP
EDGE ONE SIDE
WEDGE SHAPED OR TEAR DROP SHAPED
WOUND
ROUND WEAPON ROUND WOUND
WEAPON WITH ONE
SHARP EDGE AND
OTHER SQUARE-OFF
EDGE
FISH-TAIL WOUND
RECTANGULAR
OBJECT
SLIT LIKE OR RECTANGULAR WOUND
41. Type of weapon used can be known.
Dimensions of weapon can be known.
MEDICO- LEGAL
IMPORTANCE OF
MECHANICAL
WOUNDS
Movement of knife in the wound can be known.
Depth of thrust can be known.
Direction of thrust can be known.
Manner of infliction - suicidal/homicidal/accidental
can be known.
Age of wounds can be known.
42. REFERENCE
4 2
Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology for MBBS by
Dr. AnilAggarwal
Review Of Forensic
Medicine And toxicology
by Gautam Biswas
The Essentials of
Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology by K S
Narayan
https://www.pathologyoutlines.com%2
Ftopic%2Fforensicsgunshotwounds.h
tml&psig=AOvVaw0_M2h4yM80Ai2g
gcXRWswQ&ust=167153636764200
0&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CB
EQjhxqFwoTCLj8la7MhfwCFQAAAA
AdAAAAABAJ
http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdat
a/uploads/epgp_content/S00001
6FS/P000701/M015740/ET/1464
331874FSC_P14_M15_e-
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