Inheritance polymorphism-in-java
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Inheritance is the mechanism that allows programmers to create new classes from existing class. By using inheritance programmers can re-use code they've already written.
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A constructor is used to create objects and has the same name as the class with no return type. A method is an ordinary member function that can have its own name and return type.
The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects no longer needed by a program to reclaim memory. An object becomes eligible for garbage collection when it is unreachable.
Synchronization controls access to shared resources for multithreading by preventing one thread from modifying a variable while another thread is using it, which can cause errors.
An abstract class cannot be instantiated and is meant to serve as a template for subclasses to extend, while an interface can only declare constants and abstract methods but provides no implementation.
البرمجة الهدفية بلغة جافا - الوراثة
ملفات مساق البرمجة الهدفية (الشيئية) التي يتم تدريسها لطلبة بكالوريوس تكنولوجيا المعلومات وبكالوريوس تطوير نظم الحاسوب في الكلية الجامعية للعلوم والتكنولوجيا.
الملف يضم مفهوم الوراثة Inheritance
إعدادي وتدريسي
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This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts, including classes, visibility, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. A class defines the structure and behavior of an object, and can contain both data and functions. Visibility determines which members can be accessed from inside or outside a class. Encapsulation wraps data and functions together, while inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes from parent classes. Polymorphism enables different implementations of methods with the same name. Abstraction hides implementation details and provides a public interface.
OOPS Characteristics (With Examples in PHP)
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts including classes, visibility, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. A class defines the structure and behavior of an object and includes both data and functions. Visibility determines which members can be accessed from within or outside the class. Encapsulation wraps data and functions into a single unit. Inheritance allows a subclass to inherit properties and behaviors from a parent class. Polymorphism enables classes to provide different implementations of methods with the same name. Abstraction hides implementation details and provides essential public methods to manipulate object data without knowing internal details.
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Master of Computer Application (MCA) – Semester 4 MC0078
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The document provides information on various computer networking concepts. It defines Internet of Things (IoT) and discusses the differences between public and private clouds. It also describes wired and wireless networks, the roles of clients and servers, and common networking hardware like NICs, switches, routers and access points. The document further explains networking protocols and standards such as IP versions, DNS, URLs, modulation techniques, and communication protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP and more.
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Chapter27 polymorphism-virtual-function-abstract-class
1) A base class pointer can point to a derived class object but cannot access the derived class's additional functions without a cast.
2) Declaring a function as virtual in the base class allows it to be overridden in derived classes and called polymorphically through a base class pointer.
3) A pure virtual function is like an abstract function that derived classes must implement. A class with a pure virtual function is an abstract class that cannot be instantiated.
Chapter26 inheritance-ii
The compiler automatically calls the base class constructor before the derived class constructor. You can specify which base class constructor to call by passing arguments to it in the derived class constructor definition. A derived class can override a base class member function by defining a function of the same name and parameters in the derived class. To call the overridden base class function, use the scope resolution operator to specify the base class. Making a base class virtual prevents duplication of inherited members when it is used as a common ancestor in multipath inheritance.
Chapter25 inheritance-i
Inheritance allows classes to extend existing classes without modifying them. A derived class inherits features from its base class and can define new features. There are different types of inheritance including single, multiple, hierarchical, and multilevel inheritance. When deriving a class, the member access specifier (public, private, protected) determines how members of the base class appear in the derived class. The example shows Shape as the base class and Rectangle and Triangle as derived classes that inherit properties like width and height while defining their own area calculation methods.
Chapter24 operator-overloading
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Chapter23 friend-function-friend-class
Friend functions and classes allow external code to access private members of a class. The document demonstrates declaring a function and class as friends of the Rectangle class to access its private length and width variables. This is done by specifying the function or class as friend within the class definition. This allows the friend function getCost() and class CostCalculator to multiply length and width to calculate the area or cost despite them being private members.
Chapter22 static-class-member-example
Static members allow data or methods to be accessed by all objects of a class. Static data members are declared within a class but defined and initialized outside the class. A static data member exists in a single copy shared by all instances of the class. Static member functions can access only static data and cannot access non-static data or call non-static methods. Static functions can be called without an object and are used to access static data.
Chapter21 separate-header-and-implementation-files
The document discusses separating a class definition into header and implementation files to make the class reusable. The class declaration is defined in a header file with a .h extension, member functions are defined in a cpp file with the same name and a .cpp extension, and a main.cpp file includes the header and contains the main function to test the class. This separation allows the class interface to be shared while hiding implementation details.
Chapter20 class-example-program
This document discusses a Time class case study that demonstrates C++ class construction features. It includes a Time class definition with constructors, setter functions, a print function, and an equals function to compare two Time objects. The main function creates Time objects, calls the print and equals functions to output the time values. The document then discusses additional OOP concepts like default constructor arguments, constant functions, constant parameters, and passing objects by reference.
Chapter19 constructor-and-destructor
This document discusses constructors and destructors in C++. It defines three types of constructors: default constructors, parameterized constructors, and copy constructors. Default constructors accept no parameters and initialize object fields to default values. Parameterized constructors accept arguments to initialize fields. Copy constructors initialize an object using the values of another object. Destructors are invoked when an object's scope ends to destroy the object. The example demonstrates defining these methods in a Circle class and invoking them to initialize objects with different constructors.
Chapter18 class-and-objects
Classes allow you to combine data and functions into a single unit called an object. A class defines the type, while an object is a variable of that class type. Classes contain private, protected, and public members that control access levels. Private members can only be accessed within the class, protected within the class and subclasses, and public anywhere. An example class Circle contains private data member radius and public member functions setRadius() and getArea() to set and get the radius. Objects can then be declared like Circle c1, c2 and their member functions accessed such as c1.setRadius(2.5).
Chapter17 oop
Procedural programming separates data and functions, which can cause problems for large complex programs. Object-oriented programming combines data and procedures into objects, encapsulating them together. An object's attributes are stored in member variables and its procedures are member functions. This encapsulation also allows for data hiding so only an object's own functions can access and change its internal data. Some advantages of OOP include easier management of complex software, simple upgrades, and partitioning work based on objects.
Chapter16 pointer
Pointer variables hold the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow accessing and modifying the value of the variable being pointed to. Pointers can be used to access elements of an array using pointer arithmetic. Dynamic memory allocation uses pointers and the new operator to allocate memory at runtime that is freed using delete. Pointer parameters allow changing the argument passed to a function. Pointers to structures can access members using -> or (*ptr).member syntax.
Chapter15 structure
The document discusses different data structures in C++ including structures, nested structures, typedef, enumerated data types, and macros. It explains that a structure allows grouping of related data types under one name and can be treated as a user-defined data type. It provides examples of declaring structure variables, defining members, and accessing members. Nested structures allow structures to be members of other structures. Typedef provides an alternative name for standard data types. Enumerated data types define a set of names mapped to integer constants. Macros allow defining symbolic names and constants using the #define preprocessor directive.
Chapter13 two-dimensional-array
The document discusses two-dimensional arrays in C++. It explains that a two-dimensional array is an array of arrays, with elements arranged in rows and columns. It provides examples of declaring, initializing, accessing, inputting, and passing two-dimensional arrays as parameters to functions. It also gives examples of functions that perform operations on two-dimensional arrays, such as addition, multiplication, finding row/column sums, diagonal sums, and transposing the array.
Chapter12 array-single-dimension
An array is a collection of elements of the same data type. It can be initialized with values specified in braces when declared. Individual array elements can be accessed using the array name and subscript index. Arrays can be passed as parameters to functions by passing the array name without brackets. Basic operations on arrays include traversing, searching, sorting, and merging elements.
Chapter 11 Function
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function performs a specific task and can accept input parameters and return an output. Functions make code more modular and easier to maintain. Functions are defined with a name, parameters, and body. They can be called from other parts of the code to execute their task. Parameters allow functions to accept input values, while return values allow functions to return output to the calling code. Functions can be called by passing arguments by value or reference. The document provides examples and explanations of different types of functions in C++ like inline functions, functions with default arguments, and global vs local variables.
Chapter 10 Library Function
The C++ Standard Library provides functions for common tasks like math, strings, I/O, and more. It includes header files that replace older C-style headers. Key headers include <iostream> for I/O, <cmath> for math functions, and <cctype> for character functions. Functions cover tasks from calculating sines and cosines to converting cases and checking digit/letter types. The Standard Library makes programming easier by providing these useful and necessary capabilities.
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Inheritance polymorphism-in-java
- 1. INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA Object-Oriented Programming www.beginwithjava.comwww.beginwithjava.com
- 2. WHAT YOU SHOULD LEARN www.beginwithjava.com What Is Inheritance? Calling the Superclass Constructor Overriding Methods Protected Member Multilevel Inheritance Polymorphism Abstract Classes and Abstract Method Interfaces
- 3. WHAT IS INHERITANCE Inheritance is the mechanism that allows programmers to create new classes from existing class. By using inheritance programmers can re-use code they've already written. Any new class that you create from an existing class is called sub class; existing class is called super class. www.beginwithjava.com
- 5. The complete program of above diagram is available at : www.beginwithjava.com The sub class gets all of the methods and state variables of the super class by default. The sub class can add new methods and state variables.
- 6. CALLING THE SUPER CLASS CONSTRUCTOR A subclass can have its own private data members, so a subclass can also have its own constructors. The constructors of the subclass can initialize only the instance variables of the subclass. When a subclass object is instantiated the subclass object must also automatically execute one of the constructors of the super class. To call a super class constructor the super keyword is used. www.beginwithjava.com The complete example program is available at : www.beginwithjava.com
- 7. OVERRIDING SUPER CLASS METHODS In a class hierarchy, when a method in a subclass has the same name and type signature as a method in its super class, then the method in the subclass is said to override the method in the super class. The version of the method defined by the super class will be hidden inside subclass. www.beginwithjava.com
- 8. The complete example program is available at : www.beginwithjava.com
- 9. PROTECTED MEMBER The private members of a class cannot be directly accessed outside the class. Only methods of that class can access the private members directly. However, sometimes it may be necessary for a subclass to access a private member of a super class. If you make a private member public, then anyone can access that member. So, if a member of a super class needs to be (directly) accessed in a subclass and yet still prevent its direct access outside the class, you must declare that member protected. www.beginwithjava.com Modifier Class Subclass World public Y Y Y protected Y Y N private Y N N