Chapter17 oop
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Procedural programming separates data and functions, which can cause problems for large complex programs. Object-oriented programming combines data and procedures into objects, encapsulating them together. An object's attributes are stored in member variables and its procedures are member functions. This encapsulation also allows for data hiding so only an object's own functions can access and change its internal data. Some advantages of OOP include easier management of complex software, simple upgrades, and partitioning work based on objects.
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C++ Notes by Hisham Ahmed Rizvi for Class 12th Board Exams
C++ Notes by Hisham Ahmed Rizvi for Class 12th Board Exams
Revision notes for exam 2011 computer science with C++
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FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
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This document discusses file handling in C++. It defines text and binary files, and describes classes like ofstream, ifstream, and fstream that are used for file input/output. It explains how to open, close, read from, and write to files, and describes functions for input/output of single characters and blocks of data. It also covers error handling functions and manipulating file pointers using methods like seekg() and seekp().
Chapter18 class-and-objects
Classes allow you to combine data and functions into a single unit called an object. A class defines the type, while an object is a variable of that class type. Classes contain private, protected, and public members that control access levels. Private members can only be accessed within the class, protected within the class and subclasses, and public anywhere. An example class Circle contains private data member radius and public member functions setRadius() and getArea() to set and get the radius. Objects can then be declared like Circle c1, c2 and their member functions accessed such as c1.setRadius(2.5).
Chapter13 two-dimensional-array
The document discusses two-dimensional arrays in C++. It explains that a two-dimensional array is an array of arrays, with elements arranged in rows and columns. It provides examples of declaring, initializing, accessing, inputting, and passing two-dimensional arrays as parameters to functions. It also gives examples of functions that perform operations on two-dimensional arrays, such as addition, multiplication, finding row/column sums, diagonal sums, and transposing the array.
Chapter12 array-single-dimension
An array is a collection of elements of the same data type. It can be initialized with values specified in braces when declared. Individual array elements can be accessed using the array name and subscript index. Arrays can be passed as parameters to functions by passing the array name without brackets. Basic operations on arrays include traversing, searching, sorting, and merging elements.
Chapter 11 Function
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function performs a specific task and can accept input parameters and return an output. Functions make code more modular and easier to maintain. Functions are defined with a name, parameters, and body. They can be called from other parts of the code to execute their task. Parameters allow functions to accept input values, while return values allow functions to return output to the calling code. Functions can be called by passing arguments by value or reference. The document provides examples and explanations of different types of functions in C++ like inline functions, functions with default arguments, and global vs local variables.
Chapter 10 Library Function
The C++ Standard Library provides functions for common tasks like math, strings, I/O, and more. It includes header files that replace older C-style headers. Key headers include <iostream> for I/O, <cmath> for math functions, and <cctype> for character functions. Functions cover tasks from calculating sines and cosines to converting cases and checking digit/letter types. The Standard Library makes programming easier by providing these useful and necessary capabilities.
Chapter 9 - Loops in C++
This document discusses different types of looping statements in C++ including while, do-while, and for loops. It explains the syntax and flow of each loop. While and do-while loops evaluate a condition before or after executing the loop body. For loops allow pre-determining the number of iterations using initialization, condition testing, and incrementing/decrementing of a control variable. The document also covers jump statements like goto, break, continue and exit() which can transfer program control within and between loops and functions.
Chapter 8 - Conditional Statement
Statements are the basic executable units in C++ programs. They include compound statements grouped in blocks with braces, null statements containing just a semicolon, and conditional statements like if, if-else, nested if, and switch statements. Conditional statements allow program execution to be selected based on conditions. The if statement executes code if a condition is true, if-else executes one of two blocks based on a condition, and switch permits multiple branching based on a variable's value matching case constants.
Chapter 7 - Input Output Statements in C++
The document discusses input/output (I/O) in C++ using the iostream header file. It describes the cout and cin stream objects that can be used for output to the console and input from the console, respectively. cout is used with the insertion operator << to print output, while cin is used with the extraction operator >> to get user input from keyboard and store it in variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate printing output with cout, getting single data inputs and multiple inputs with cin, and using getline to get an entire line of input as a string.
Chapter 5 - Operators in C++
The document discusses different types of operators in C++ including arithmetic, relational, logical, unary, assignment, conditional, and comma operators. It provides examples of how each operator is used and explains their precedence. The six main types of operators are arithmetic, relational, logical, unary, assignment, and conditional operators. Arithmetic operators perform math operations, relational operators compare values, logical operators combine relational expressions, and so on.
Chapter 3 - Variable Memory Concept
This document introduces variables in C++ and how to perform basic calculations with them. It demonstrates declaring integer variables to store two input numbers and a result, assigning values to the input variables, adding the inputs and storing the result in the third variable, and printing out the sum. It also defines identifiers as symbolic names for data items in a program and keywords as reserved words in C++ that cannot be used as identifiers.
Chapter 2 - Structure of C++ Program
This document provides an overview of the components of a simple "Hello World" C++ program, including comments, header files, namespaces, functions, output statements, and escape sequences. It explains that main is the first function executed, iostream is included for input/output, namespace std contains standard library elements, cout with << prints output, and return 0 indicates successful completion. It also demonstrates using escape sequences like \n to print multiple lines with a single statement.
Inheritance polymorphism-in-java
Inheritance is the mechanism that allows programmers to create new classes from existing class. By using inheritance programmers can re-use code they've already written.
Computer science-2010-cbse-question-paper
The document provides a 3-hour computer science exam containing multiple questions related to C++ programming. It includes questions about automatic type conversion vs type casting, header files, syntax errors, output of code snippets, polymorphism, class definitions, function definitions, arrays, memory allocation, stacks, and postfix notation evaluation.
Cbse question-paper-computer-science-2009
This document contains instructions and questions for a computer science exam. It covers topics like call by value vs call by reference in C++, header files, class definitions, functions, arrays, pointers, structures, inheritance, and file input/output. There are multiple choice, short answer, and code writing questions testing a variety of programming concepts.
CBSE Question Paper Computer Science with C++ 2011
This document provides instructions for a 3-hour computer science exam with 70 maximum marks. It includes 6 questions with subparts testing various C++ programming concepts. Question 1 covers local vs global variables, header files, error correction, and finding output. Question 2 differentiates class members, illustrates function overloading, and defines a class. Question 3 includes array functions for transferring content between arrays, finding an array element location, and queue operations. Question 4 involves file input/output functions for modifying a data file.
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Computer networks - CBSE New Syllabus (083) Class - XII
Computer networks - CBSE New Syllabus (083) Class - XII
CBSE Question Paper Computer Science with C++ 2011
CBSE Question Paper Computer Science with C++ 2011
Chapter17 oop
- 1. www.cppforschool.com OOP Concepts There are two common programming methods: procedural programming and object-oriented programming (OOP). So far you have been creating procedural programs. Procedural Programming In a procedural program data is typically stored in a collection of variables and there is a set of functions that perform operations on the data. The data and the functions are separate entities. Usually the variables are passed to the functions that perform the desired operations. As you might imagine, the focus of procedural programming is on creating the functions, or procedures, that operate on the program’s data. Procedural programming works well. However, as programs become larger and more complex, the separation of a program’s data and the code that operates on the data can lead to problems. Object Oriented programming The object oriented programming design models the real world well and overcomes the shortcomings of procedural paradigm. It views a problem in terms of objects and thus emphasizes on both procedures as well as data. An object is an entity that combines both data and procedures in a single unit. An object’s data items, also referred to as its attributes, are stored in member variables. The procedures that an object performs are called its member functions. This wrapping of an object’s data and procedures together is called encapsulation. Not only objects encapsulate associated data and procedures, they also permit data hiding. Data hiding refers to an object’s ability to hide its data from code outside the object. Only the object’s member functions can directly access and make changes to the object’s data. Advantages of Object oriented programming. Software complexity can be easily managed Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded It is quite easy to partition the work in a project based on object.