The document discusses several infectious diseases including meningitis, typhoid, leprosy, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections. It provides information on the pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each disease. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord that is usually caused by infection. Common symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck. Bacterial meningitis requires intravenous antibiotics treatment. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria and spreads through contaminated food or water. It causes symptoms like sustained fever and abdominal pain. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by
Mr. GOWRI SANKAR CHINTAPALLI
Assistant Professor

2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

3. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Meningitis
Typhoid
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
Urinary tract infections

4. MENINGITIS

5. MENINGITIS
 Meningitis is an inflammation of the fluid and membranes
(meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord.
 It is commonly caused by an infection.
 Meningitis can be a life-threatening illness so urgent medical
treatment is needed.
 Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges.
 The meninges are the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal
cord.

6. MENINGITIS

7. MENINGITIS
Symptoms:
 Meningitis symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache, and
stiff neck.
 There are often other symptoms, such as
 Headache with nausea or vomiting
 Decreased appetite
 Confusion or difficulty concentrating

8. MENINGITIS
 Sudden fever
 Severe Headache that seems different than normal
 Seizures
 Sensitivity to light
 Sleepiness
 Lethargy
 Skin rash

9. MENINGITIS
DIAGNOSIS:
 Physical examination includes check for fever, stiffness in neck and
decreased consciousness.
 To check the pressure in the central nervous system. This test also helps to
identify inflammation or bacterial infection.
 To check for elevated white blood cell count.
 For identifying infectious bacteria.
 Chest X-ray - For diagnosing pnuemonial infection, tuberculosis or fungal
infection. Pnuemonial infection can spread to brain.
 CT scan of head shows problems in brain.

10. MENINGITIS
Antibiotics: Bacterial meningitis is treated with intravenous antibiotics.
Cefotaxime . Ceftriaxone
Antifungals: Used to treat fungal infections.
Clotrimazole . Econazole . Miconazole . Terbinafine
Antivirals: Antivirals can be prescribed by doctor
Amantadine . Rimantadine . Oseltamivir . Zanamivir
Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids are prescribed for non-infectious type of meningitis.
Prednisolone . Triamcinolone . Methylprednisolone

11. TYPHOID

12. TYPHOID

13. TYPHOID
 Salmonella Typhi lives only in humans. Persons with typhoid fever
carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract.
 Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria.
 Typhoid fever is rare in developed countries. It is still a serious
health threat in the developing world, especially for children.
 Contaminated food and water or close contact with an infected
person cause typhoid fever.

14. TYPHOID
SYMPTOMS:
 Low to high fever
 Headache and body pain
 Loss of appetite and weight Loss
 Dry cough
 Sweating

15. TYPHOID
 Abdominal pain
 Swelling in abdomen
 Diarrhoea or constipation
 Itching or rashes

16. TYPHOID

17. TYPHOID
DIAGNOSIS
 Blood test: Blood sample or stool culture is used to detect the
presence of bacteria.
 Widal test: Identifies antibodies against Salmonella antigens.

18. TYPHOID
MEDICATION
 Antibiotics: Reduces the growth and kills bacteria.
Ciprofloxacin, Cefitrixone

19. TYPHOID
NUTRITION
 Foods to eat:
 Take foods that are rich in protein and calorie, considering that there
is a Loss of appetite and less food is eaten.
 Sugarcane juice, lime juice and glucose water at regular interval.
 Fruit juice, soup, broth
 Foods to avoid:
 Meat and fatty food that is difficult to digest

20. LEPROSY

21. LEPROSY

22. LEPROSY
 A chronic, curable infectious disease mainly causing skin lesions
and nerve damage.
 Leprosy is caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium
leprae.
 It mainly affects the skin, eyes, nose and peripheral nerves.

23. LEPROSY
SYMPTOMS:
 Pain areas: in the joints
 Skin: blister, loss of colour, rashes, ulcers, or redness
 Sensory: reduced sensation of touch, pins and needles, or loss of temperature
sensation
 Also common: nerve injury or weight loss

24. LEPROSY
SYMPTOMS:
 Discolored patches of skin, usually flat, that may be numb and look
faded.
 Growths (nodules) on the skin.
 Thick, stiff or dry skin.
 Painless ulcers on the soles of feet.
 Painless swelling or lumps on the face or earlobes.
 Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes.

25. LEPROSY
TREATMENT
Leprosy can be cured with 6-12 months of multi-drug therapy.
 DAPSONE
 RIFAMPIN
 CLOFAZAMINE,
 FLUORO QUINOLONES
 MACROLIDES
 MINOCYCLINE.

26. LEPROSY
 More than one antibiotic is often given together, and usually for
months.
Inflammation Controlled Drugs
 Aspirin
 prednisone
 thalidomide inflammation

27. TUBERCULOSIS

28. TUBERCULOSIS

29. TUBERCULOSIS
 A potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects
the lungs.
 The bacteria that cause TB are spread when an infected person
coughs or sneezes.
 Most people infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis don't
have symptoms.

30. TUBERCULOSIS
 Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
 It's spread when a person with active TB disease in their lungs
coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets,
which contain TB bacteria.
 Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person
through microscopic droplets released into the air.

31. TUBERCULOSIS
CAUSES
 Poverty.
 HIV infection.
 Homelessness.
 Being in jail or prison (where close contact can spread infection)
 Substance abuse.
 Taking medication that weakens the immune system.
 Kidney disease and diabetes.
 Organ transplants.

32. TUBERCULOSIS
 Coughing for three or more weeks. S
 Coughing up blood or mucus. Y
 Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing. M
 Unintentional weight loss. P
 Fatigue. T
 Fever. O
 Night sweats. M
 Chills. S

33. TUBERCULOSIS

34. TUBERCULOSIS
TREATMENT
The most common medications used to treat tuberculosis include:
 Isoniazid.
 Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
 Ethambutol (Myambutol)
 Pyrazinamide.

35. TUBERCULOSIS
PREVENTION
 If you have active TB, limit your contact with other people.
 Cover your mouth when you laugh, sneeze, or cough.
 Wear a surgical mask when you're around other people during the
first weeks of treatment.

36. URINARY TRACT
INFECTIONS(UTI)

37. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
 An infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder
or urethra.
 Urinary tract infections are more common in women.
 They usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious
infections involve the kidney.

38. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms,
but when they do they may include:
 A strong, persistent urge to urinate.
 A burning sensation when urinating.
 Passing frequent, small amounts of urine.
 Urine that appears cloudy.
 Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of
blood in the urine.

39. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

40. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
 USUALLY SELF-DIAGNOSABLE
 A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate,
pain with urination and blood in the urine.
 A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting and fever.

41. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
 Common treatment is with antibiotics. Antibiotics like
 Metronidazole
 cefoperazone
 furazolidone
 daptomycin
 tigecycline
 erythromycin

42. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
PREVENTION
Drink plenty of liquids, especially water: Drinking water helps
dilute
 your urine and ensures that
 you'll urinate more frequently — allowing bacteria to be flushed
from your
 urinary tract before an infection can begin.
Drink cranberry juice:
Although studies are not conclusive that cranberry juice
prevents UTIs, it is likely not harmful.

43. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Wipe from front to back:
Doing so after urinating and after a bowel movement helps prevent
bacteria in the anal region from spreading to the vagina and urethra.
Empty your bladder soon after intercourse:
Also, drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria.

44. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Avoid potentially irritating feminine products:
Using deodorant sprays or other feminine products, such as douches
and powders, in the genital area can irritate the urethra.
Change your birth control method:
Diaphragms, or unlubricated or spermicide-treated condomscan all
contribute to bacterial growth.

45. THANK YOU