2. TABLE OF COMMON COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES IN THE PHILIPPINES:
MODE OF TRANSMISSION, INCUBATION
PERIOD , SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ,
LABORATORY OR DIAGNOSITIC
EXAMINATION AND TREATMENT.
01.
3. Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection
transmitted by many animals, such
as rodents and other vermin. •
Waste products (e.g., urine and
feces) of an infected animal,
especially rats, contaminate the
soil, water, and vegetation.
LEPTOSPIROSIS
1.
CAUSE
Leptospira spirochetes bacteria
4. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
• Ingesting
contaminated
food or water or
• when broken skin
or open wounds
and mucous
membrane (eyes,
nose, sinuses,
mouth) come in
contact with
contaminated
water (usually
flood water) or
soil
Take antibiotics
duly prescribed
by a physician.
• Early
recognition and
treatment within
2 days of illness
prevents
complications of
leptospirosis, so
early
consultation is
advised.
The most common
way to diagnose
leptospirosis is
through
serological tests
either the
Microscopic
Agglutination Test
(MAT) which
detects serovar-
specific
antibodies, or a
solid-phase assay
for the detection
of
Immunoglobulin M
(IgM) antibodies.
•Fever
• Non-specific
symptoms of muscle
pain, headache -
Calf-muscle pain
and reddish eyes in
some cases - Severe
cases resulting in
liver involvement,
kidney failure, or
brain involvement
(Thus some cases
may have yellowish
body discoloration,
dark-colored urine
and light stools, low
urine output, severe
headache.)
7-10 days.
5. Malaria is a serious and sometimes
fatal disease caused by a parasite
that commonly infects a certain
type of mosquito which feeds on
humans. Although malaria can be
a deadly disease, illness and death
from malaria can usually be
prevented.
2. MALARIA
CAUSE
Protozoan parasite called
Plasmodium
• In the Philippines, there are four
main species of malaria-causing
Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax,
P. malariae, and P. ovale.
6. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
Transmitted
through the bite
of an infected
female Anopheles
sp. mosquito,
which usually
bites during
nighttime
• Uncomplicated P.
falciparum − First-Line:
Artemether-
Lumefantrine +
Primaquine − Second-
Line: Quinine Sulfate +
Doxycycline/Tetracycli
ne/Clindamycin
• Complicated P.
falciparum: Quinine
Dihydrochloride
Infusion + Doxycycline/
Tetracycline/Clindamyc
in Plasmodium vivax or
Plasmodium ovale:
Chloroquine +
Primaquine
The most common
way to diagnose
leptospirosis is
through
serological tests
either the
Microscopic
Agglutination Test
(MAT) which
detects serovar-
specific
antibodies, or a
solid-phase assay
for the detection
of
Immunoglobulin M
(IgM) antibodies.
Fever
Chills
Sweats
Headaches
Nausea and
vomiting
Body aches
General malaise
Elevated
temperatures
Perspiration
Weakness
Enlarged spleen
Mild jaundice
Enlargement of
the liver
Increased
respiratory rate
The incubation
period in most
cases varies
from 7 to 30
days. The
shorter periods
are observed
most
frequently with
P. falciparum
and the longer
ones with P.
malariae.
7. are infections that are spread
primarily from person-toperson
during sex.
3.Sexually
transmitted
infections (STIs
CAUSE
Bacteria, viruses, and parasites
8. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
are spread
predominantly by
unprotected
sexual contact.
Some STIs can
also be
transmitted
during pregnancy,
childbirth and
breastfeeding and
through infected
blood or blood
products.
Antibiotics.
antiviral drugs
•Treatment for STIs
usually consists of one
of the following,
depending on the
infection:
-Blood tests. can
confirm the
diagnosis of HIV or
later stages of
syphilis.
-Urine samples.
Some STIs can be
confirmed with a
urine sample.
-Fluid samples. If
you have open
genital sores, your
doctor may test
fluid and samples
from the sores to
diagnose the type
of infection.
-an unusual
discharge from the
vagina, penis or
anus
-pain when peeing
-lumps or skin
growths around the
genitals or bottom
(anus)
-a rash, blisters,
warts on genitals
and in some cases
mouth.
-unusual vaginal
bleeding
-itchy genitals or
anus
Symptoms
usually appear
after 1 to 3
weeks but can
start much
later.
9. This disease affects the liver,
central nervous system, and other
organs where eggs of Schistosoma
japonicum get lodged, causing
granuloma formation.
4.SCHISTOSOMIASIS
CAUSE
A blood fluke (parasite) called
Schistosoma japonicum in the
Philippines
10. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
Infection occurs
when your skin
comes in contact
with contaminated
freshwater in which
certain types of
snails that carry
schistosomes are
living. Freshwater
becomes
contaminated by
Schistosoma eggs
when infected
people urinate or
defecate in the
water.
Praziquantel, a
prescription
medication, is taken
for 1-2 days to treat
infections caused
by all schistosome
species.
• Prognosis: curable at
the early stage but fatal
in the advanced stage
diagnosed through
the detection of
parasite eggs in
stool or urine
specimens.
Antibodies and/or
antigens detected
in blood or urine
samples are also
indications of
infection.
fever, chills, cough,
and muscle aches.
Without treatment,
schistosomiasis can
persist for years.
Signs and symptoms
of chronic
schistosomiasis
include: abdominal
pain, enlarged liver,
blood in the stool or
blood in the urine,
and problems
passing urine.
The incubation
period for
patients with
acute
schistosomiasis
is usually 14-84
days; however,
many people are
asymptomatic
and have
subclinical
disease during
both acute and
chronic stages of
infection.
11. a disease caused by germs that
are spread from person to person
through the air. TB usually affects
the lungs, but it can also affect
other parts of the body, such as the
brain, the kidneys, or the spine.
5. TUBERCULOSIS
CAUSE
aused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
12. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
is transmitted
through the air,
not by surface.
Transmission
occurs when a
person inhales
droplet nuclei
containing M.
tuberculosis, and
the droplet nuclei
traverse the
mouth or nasal
passages, upper
respiratory tract,
and bronchi to
reach the alveoli
of the lungs
The usual treatment is:
2 antibiotics (isoniazid
and rifampicin) for 6
months. 2 additional
antibiotics
(pyrazinamide and
ethambutol) for the
first 2 months of the 6-
month treatment
period.
the tuberculin
skin test
TB blood
tests.
also include
coughing, chest
pain, and the
coughing up of
blood.
The general
symptoms of TB
disease include
feelings of sickness
or weakness, weight
loss, fever, and
night sweats.
3–9 weeks.
13. is a parasitic disease. Filariasis is
commonly known as
“elephantiasis.” The adult worms
only live in the human lymph
system. The lymph system
maintains the body's fluid balance
and fights infections.
6.FILARIASIS
CAUSE
caused by microscopic, thread-like
worms.filarial nematode
(Bancroftian or Brugian filariasis)
14. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
iParasitic worms
transmitted to
humans through
the bite of an
infected mosquito
Selective treatment
with DEC
(Diethylcarbamazine
Citrate) is given to
people with clinical
manifestations of the
disease. • Mass
treatment of the people
living in established
endemic areas is
carried out. • Medicines
(DEC and albendazole)
are given once a year to
2 years and above age.
o Mass Drug
Administration (MDA)-
Every July Of The Year
blood smear
by microscopic
examination
Filaria
Antibody
Blood Test
(Quest)
Fever.
Testicular and/or
inguinal pain.
Skin exfoliation.
Limb or genital
swelling -
Repeated
episodes of
inflammation
chronic swelling,
and
elephantiasis of
the legs, arms,
scrotum, vulva,
and breasts.
averages 10-12
months
15. Rabies is a deadly virus spread to
people from the saliva of infected
animals.
7.RABIES
CAUSE
Rabies virus
16. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
transmitted
through the
bite of a rabid
animal.
through
inhalation of
virus-
containing
spray or
through
organ
transplants
Wash the wound
immediately with soap
and running water
. • Consult immediately
even while observing
the dog Observe the
dog for 14 days
consult your physician
if any of the following
occurs:
− Dog becomes wild and
runs aimlessly.
− Dog drools (saliva).
− Dog bites any moving
or non-moving object
. − Dog does not eat or
drink.
− Dog dies within
observation period.
fluorescent
antibody test
(FAT).
Headache and
fever
Pain or
numbness of
bite site
Delirium and
paralysis
Muscle spasms
Hydrophobia
and aerophobia
incubation
period in
humans is
typically
between 20
and 90 days,
17. Leprosy is a chronic infectious
disease. It mainly affects the skin,
the peripheral nerves, mucosa of
the upper respiratory tract, and the
eyes.
8.LEPROSY
CAUSE
by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae
18. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
transmitted via
droplets, from the
nose and mouth,
during close and
frequent contact
with untreated
cases.
Multidrug therapy
(MDT) treatment •
Combination of
rifampicin, clofazimine,
and dapsone for
Multibacillary (MB)
leprosy • Combination
of Rifampicin and
dapsone for
Paucibacillary (PB)
leprosy patients
Treatment of leprosy
with only one
antileprosy drug will
always result in
development of drug
resistance to that drug
acid fast
staining
Skin smears
from the
earlobes,
elbows, and
knees
Skin biopsy
from edges of
active patches
Nerve biopsy
from thickened
nerves
-Discolored patches
of skin, usually flat,
that may be numb
and look faded
-Growths (nodules)
on the skin.
-Thick, stiff or dry
skin.
-Painless ulcers on
the soles of feet.
-Painless swelling or
lumps on the face or
earlobes.
-Loss of eyebrows
or eyelashes.
- also include
coughing, chest
pain, and the
on average, is 5
years.
Symptoms may
occur within 1
year but can
also take as
long as 20
years or even
more.
19. is a mosquito-borne illness that
occurs in tropical and subtropical
areas of the world
9.DENGUE
CAUSE
virus responsible for causing
dengue, is called dengue virus
(DENV). primary vectors that
transmit the disease are Aedes
aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser
extent, Ae. albopictus.
20. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
ransmitted to
humans through
the bites of
infected female
mosquitoes,
primarily the
Aedes aegypti
mosquito. Other
species within the
Aedes genus can
also act as
vectors, but their
contribution is
secondary to
Aedes aegypti.
Supportive care in a
hospital.
Intravenous (IV)
fluid and electrolyte
replacement.
Blood pressure
monitoring.
Transfusion to
replace blood loss.
treatment is based on
patient type.
No specific treatment
for dengue fever exists.
While recovering from
dengue fever, drink
plenty of fluids.
fr severe dengue fever:
Dengue NS1 RDT
Polymerase
Chain Reaction
(PCR)
Nucleic Acid
Amplification
Test
Plaque
Reduction
Neutralization
Test (PRNT)
Dengue IgM/IgG
Other tests: 1)
Total While Blood
Cell (WBC) count
2) -Platelet 3) -
Hematocrit
fever
Nausea,
vomiting
Rash
Aches and pains
(eye pain,
typically behind
the eyes,
muscle, joint, or
bone pain)
also include
coughing, chest
pain, and the
coughing up of
blood.
5–7 days, and
the course
follows 3
phases: febrile,
critical, and
convalescent.
21. is a serious infection that prevents
normal breathing function. It
usually begins as a viral infection in
the nose, trachea (windpipe), or
lungs.
10. Acute Respiratory
Infection
CAUSE
Adenoviruses
Pneumococcus
Rhinoviruses
22. MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY OR
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMINATION
TREATMENT
is transmitted
through the air,
not by surface.
Transmission
occurs when a
person inhales
droplet nuclei
containing M.
tuberculosis, and
the droplet nuclei
traverse the
mouth or nasal
passages, upper
respiratory tract,
and bronchi to
reach the alveoli
of the lungs
there are no known
treatments. doctor
may prescribe
medications to manage
symptoms while
monitoring condition.
If doctor suspects a
bacterial infection, they
may prescribe
antibiotics.
respiratory
exam
X-ray or CT
scan
Lung function
tests
Direct
fluorescent
antibody (DFA)
congestion, either
in the nasal
sinuses or lungs
runny nose
cough
sore throat
body aches
fatigue
high fever and
chills.
difficulty
breathing
dizziness
low blood oxygen
level
also include
coughing, chest pain,
and the coughing up
of blood.
2 to 14 days.
23. 02
ORGANIZE A HEALTH EDUCATION
PROGRAM ON THE CONTROL OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BY MAKING
A PLAN PROGRAM.
24. 01 OBJECTIVES
1 HOUR of teaching session about
communicable disease.
remaining time will be alloted to
teaching of ways how to control and
prevent communicable diseases.
The community will be able to:
Know the common communicable
diseases.
knowledgeable of signs and
symptoms of communiable diseases.
know and is willing to implement
ways to control and prevent
communicable diseases.
1.
2.
3.
METHOD OF
INSTRUCTION
Discussion
Presentation
02
03 RESOURCES
Powerpoint
Presentations
flyers
brochures
other visual aids
25. 04 CONTENT OUTLINE
Define communicable diseases
List of common communicable
diseases in the philippines
Definition of each communicable
disease, with cause, signs,
symptoms, mode of transmission,
incubation time, detection and
treatment available.
Ways to prevent spread
Ways to avoid contact
Who to call in cases of emergency
Question and answer
05 WAYS TO PREVENT
Do proper handwashing
exercise proper hygiene
Immunise agains infectious diseases
clean surfaces regularly
maintain clean environment
ventilate home
ensure proper handling of food and
water
Stay at home when sick
Avoid contact with infected person
practice safe sex
exercise covering when coughing
and sneezing.
26. Public Health Problem CD MODULE NOV2020.pdf
https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html
#:~:text=The%20incubation%20period%20in%20mo
st,malariae.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/sexually-
transmitted-infections#tab=tab_1
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/
gen_info/faqs.html
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets
/general/tb.htm#:~:text=Tuberculosis%20(TB)%2
0is%20a%20disease,they%20do%20not%20get%20
treatment.
https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/health-care-
workers/laboratory-diagnostics.html
https://vikaspedia.in/health/diseases/lungs-
related/acute-respiratory-infection-ari
SOURCES
