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- 2. TABLE OF COMMONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN THE PHILIPPINES: MODE OF TRANSMISSION, INCUBATION PERIOD , SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS , LABORATORY OR DIAGNOSITIC EXAMINATION AND TREATMENT. 01.
- 3. Leptospirosis is abacterial infection transmitted by many animals, such as rodents and other vermin. • Waste products (e.g., urine and feces) of an infected animal, especially rats, contaminate the soil, water, and vegetation. LEPTOSPIROSIS 1. CAUSE Leptospira spirochetes bacteria
- 4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNSAND SYMPTOMS LABORATORY OR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT • Ingesting contaminated food or water or • when broken skin or open wounds and mucous membrane (eyes, nose, sinuses, mouth) come in contact with contaminated water (usually flood water) or soil Take antibiotics duly prescribed by a physician. • Early recognition and treatment within 2 days of illness prevents complications of leptospirosis, so early consultation is advised. The most common way to diagnose leptospirosis is through serological tests either the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) which detects serovar- specific antibodies, or a solid-phase assay for the detection of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. •Fever • Non-specific symptoms of muscle pain, headache - Calf-muscle pain and reddish eyes in some cases - Severe cases resulting in liver involvement, kidney failure, or brain involvement (Thus some cases may have yellowish body discoloration, dark-colored urine and light stools, low urine output, severe headache.) 7-10 days.
- 5. Malaria is aserious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. Although malaria can be a deadly disease, illness and death from malaria can usually be prevented. 2. MALARIA CAUSE Protozoan parasite called Plasmodium • In the Philippines, there are four main species of malaria-causing Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale.
- 6. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT Transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles sp. mosquito, which usually bites during nighttime • Uncomplicated P. falciparum − First-Line: Artemether- Lumefantrine + Primaquine − Second- Line: Quinine Sulfate + Doxycycline/Tetracycli ne/Clindamycin • Complicated P. falciparum: Quinine Dihydrochloride Infusion + Doxycycline/ Tetracycline/Clindamyc in Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale: Chloroquine + Primaquine The most common way to diagnose leptospirosis is through serological tests either the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) which detects serovar- specific antibodies, or a solid-phase assay for the detection of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Fever Chills Sweats Headaches Nausea and vomiting Body aches General malaise Elevated temperatures Perspiration Weakness Enlarged spleen Mild jaundice Enlargement of the liver Increased respiratory rate The incubation period in most cases varies from 7 to 30 days. The shorter periods are observed most frequently with P. falciparum and the longer ones with P. malariae.
- 7. are infections thatare spread primarily from person-toperson during sex. 3.Sexually transmitted infections (STIs CAUSE Bacteria, viruses, and parasites
- 8. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT are spread predominantly by unprotected sexual contact. Some STIs can also be transmitted during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding and through infected blood or blood products. Antibiotics. antiviral drugs •Treatment for STIs usually consists of one of the following, depending on the infection: -Blood tests. can confirm the diagnosis of HIV or later stages of syphilis. -Urine samples. Some STIs can be confirmed with a urine sample. -Fluid samples. If you have open genital sores, your doctor may test fluid and samples from the sores to diagnose the type of infection. -an unusual discharge from the vagina, penis or anus -pain when peeing -lumps or skin growths around the genitals or bottom (anus) -a rash, blisters, warts on genitals and in some cases mouth. -unusual vaginal bleeding -itchy genitals or anus Symptoms usually appear after 1 to 3 weeks but can start much later.
- 9. This disease affectsthe liver, central nervous system, and other organs where eggs of Schistosoma japonicum get lodged, causing granuloma formation. 4.SCHISTOSOMIASIS CAUSE A blood fluke (parasite) called Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines
- 10. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT Infection occurs when your skin comes in contact with contaminated freshwater in which certain types of snails that carry schistosomes are living. Freshwater becomes contaminated by Schistosoma eggs when infected people urinate or defecate in the water. Praziquantel, a prescription medication, is taken for 1-2 days to treat infections caused by all schistosome species. • Prognosis: curable at the early stage but fatal in the advanced stage diagnosed through the detection of parasite eggs in stool or urine specimens. Antibodies and/or antigens detected in blood or urine samples are also indications of infection. fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches. Without treatment, schistosomiasis can persist for years. Signs and symptoms of chronic schistosomiasis include: abdominal pain, enlarged liver, blood in the stool or blood in the urine, and problems passing urine. The incubation period for patients with acute schistosomiasis is usually 14-84 days; however, many people are asymptomatic and have subclinical disease during both acute and chronic stages of infection.
- 11. a disease causedby germs that are spread from person to person through the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. 5. TUBERCULOSIS CAUSE aused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- 12. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT is transmitted through the air, not by surface. Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis, and the droplet nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the alveoli of the lungs The usual treatment is: 2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months. 2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6- month treatment period. the tuberculin skin test TB blood tests. also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. The general symptoms of TB disease include feelings of sickness or weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. 3–9 weeks.
- 13. is a parasiticdisease. Filariasis is commonly known as “elephantiasis.” The adult worms only live in the human lymph system. The lymph system maintains the body's fluid balance and fights infections. 6.FILARIASIS CAUSE caused by microscopic, thread-like worms.filarial nematode (Bancroftian or Brugian filariasis)
- 14. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT iParasitic worms transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito Selective treatment with DEC (Diethylcarbamazine Citrate) is given to people with clinical manifestations of the disease. • Mass treatment of the people living in established endemic areas is carried out. • Medicines (DEC and albendazole) are given once a year to 2 years and above age. o Mass Drug Administration (MDA)- Every July Of The Year blood smear by microscopic examination Filaria Antibody Blood Test (Quest) Fever. Testicular and/or inguinal pain. Skin exfoliation. Limb or genital swelling - Repeated episodes of inflammation chronic swelling, and elephantiasis of the legs, arms, scrotum, vulva, and breasts. averages 10-12 months
- 15. Rabies is adeadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. 7.RABIES CAUSE Rabies virus
- 16. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. through inhalation of virus- containing spray or through organ transplants Wash the wound immediately with soap and running water . • Consult immediately even while observing the dog Observe the dog for 14 days consult your physician if any of the following occurs: − Dog becomes wild and runs aimlessly. − Dog drools (saliva). − Dog bites any moving or non-moving object . − Dog does not eat or drink. − Dog dies within observation period. fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Headache and fever Pain or numbness of bite site Delirium and paralysis Muscle spasms Hydrophobia and aerophobia incubation period in humans is typically between 20 and 90 days,
- 17. Leprosy is achronic infectious disease. It mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. 8.LEPROSY CAUSE by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae
- 18. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent contact with untreated cases. Multidrug therapy (MDT) treatment • Combination of rifampicin, clofazimine, and dapsone for Multibacillary (MB) leprosy • Combination of Rifampicin and dapsone for Paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients Treatment of leprosy with only one antileprosy drug will always result in development of drug resistance to that drug acid fast staining Skin smears from the earlobes, elbows, and knees Skin biopsy from edges of active patches Nerve biopsy from thickened nerves -Discolored patches of skin, usually flat, that may be numb and look faded -Growths (nodules) on the skin. -Thick, stiff or dry skin. -Painless ulcers on the soles of feet. -Painless swelling or lumps on the face or earlobes. -Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes. - also include coughing, chest pain, and the on average, is 5 years. Symptoms may occur within 1 year but can also take as long as 20 years or even more.
- 19. is a mosquito-borneillness that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world 9.DENGUE CAUSE virus responsible for causing dengue, is called dengue virus (DENV). primary vectors that transmit the disease are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus.
- 20. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT ransmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Other species within the Aedes genus can also act as vectors, but their contribution is secondary to Aedes aegypti. Supportive care in a hospital. Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte replacement. Blood pressure monitoring. Transfusion to replace blood loss. treatment is based on patient type. No specific treatment for dengue fever exists. While recovering from dengue fever, drink plenty of fluids. fr severe dengue fever: Dengue NS1 RDT Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) Dengue IgM/IgG Other tests: 1) Total While Blood Cell (WBC) count 2) -Platelet 3) - Hematocrit fever Nausea, vomiting Rash Aches and pains (eye pain, typically behind the eyes, muscle, joint, or bone pain) also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. 5–7 days, and the course follows 3 phases: febrile, critical, and convalescent.
- 21. is a seriousinfection that prevents normal breathing function. It usually begins as a viral infection in the nose, trachea (windpipe), or lungs. 10. Acute Respiratory Infection CAUSE Adenoviruses Pneumococcus Rhinoviruses
- 22. MODE OF TRANSMISSION INCUBATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LABORATORYOR DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION TREATMENT is transmitted through the air, not by surface. Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis, and the droplet nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the alveoli of the lungs there are no known treatments. doctor may prescribe medications to manage symptoms while monitoring condition. If doctor suspects a bacterial infection, they may prescribe antibiotics. respiratory exam X-ray or CT scan Lung function tests Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) congestion, either in the nasal sinuses or lungs runny nose cough sore throat body aches fatigue high fever and chills. difficulty breathing dizziness low blood oxygen level also include coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood. 2 to 14 days.
- 23. 02 ORGANIZE A HEALTHEDUCATION PROGRAM ON THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BY MAKING A PLAN PROGRAM.
- 24. 01 OBJECTIVES 1 HOURof teaching session about communicable disease. remaining time will be alloted to teaching of ways how to control and prevent communicable diseases. The community will be able to: Know the common communicable diseases. knowledgeable of signs and symptoms of communiable diseases. know and is willing to implement ways to control and prevent communicable diseases. 1. 2. 3. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION Discussion Presentation 02 03 RESOURCES Powerpoint Presentations flyers brochures other visual aids
- 25. 04 CONTENT OUTLINE Definecommunicable diseases List of common communicable diseases in the philippines Definition of each communicable disease, with cause, signs, symptoms, mode of transmission, incubation time, detection and treatment available. Ways to prevent spread Ways to avoid contact Who to call in cases of emergency Question and answer 05 WAYS TO PREVENT Do proper handwashing exercise proper hygiene Immunise agains infectious diseases clean surfaces regularly maintain clean environment ventilate home ensure proper handling of food and water Stay at home when sick Avoid contact with infected person practice safe sex exercise covering when coughing and sneezing.
- 26. Public Health ProblemCD MODULE NOV2020.pdf https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html #:~:text=The%20incubation%20period%20in%20mo st,malariae. https://www.who.int/health-topics/sexually- transmitted-infections#tab=tab_1 https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/ gen_info/faqs.html https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets /general/tb.htm#:~:text=Tuberculosis%20(TB)%2 0is%20a%20disease,they%20do%20not%20get%20 treatment. https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/health-care- workers/laboratory-diagnostics.html https://vikaspedia.in/health/diseases/lungs- related/acute-respiratory-infection-ari SOURCES