Typhoid is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhimurium. It causes symptoms like high fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. The bacteria spreads through contaminated food or water. It infects the small intestine and bloodstream before multiplying in organs like the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. This causes fever and other symptoms. The only effective treatment is antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, though some strains are becoming resistant. Preventing typhoid requires proper sanitation and handwashing to avoid contaminated substances.

1. DR. ADIL FARUQI
(MD KYRGYZSTAN)

2.  Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead to a high
fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. It can be fatal. It is
caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium.
 The infection is often passed on through contaminated
food and drinking water, and it is more prevalent in
places where handwashing is less frequent. It can also
be passed on by carriers who do not know they carry
the bacteria.

3.  Early illness
 Once signs and symptoms do appear, you're likely to experience:
 Fever that starts low and increases daily, possibly reaching as high as 104.9 F (40.5 C)
 Headache
 Weakness and fatigue
 Muscle aches
 Sweating
 Dry cough
 Loss of appetite and weight loss
 Abdominal pain
 Diarrhea or constipation
 Rash
 Extremely swollen abdomen
 Later illness
 If you don't receive treatment, you may:
 Become delirious
 Lie motionless and exhausted with your eyes half-closed in what's known as the typhoid
state

4.  After the ingestion of contaminated food or water,
the Salmonella bacteria invade the small intestine and
enter the bloodstream temporarily. The bacteria are
carried by white blood cells in the liver, spleen, and
bone marrow, where they multiply and reenter the
bloodstream. People develop symptoms, including
fever, at this point. Bacteria invade the gallbladder,
biliary system, and the lymphatic tissue of the bowel.
Here, they multiply in high numbers. The bacteria
pass into the intestinal tract and can be identified in
stool samples. If a test result isn't clear, blood or urine
samples will be taken to make a diagnosis.

5.  The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most
commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and
ceftriaxone.
 Other than antibiotics, it is important to rehydrate by drinking
adequate water.
 In more severe cases, where the bowel has become perforated, surgery
may be required.
 Typhoid antibiotic resistance
 As with a number of other bacterial diseases, there is currently
concern about the growing resistance of antibiotics to S. typhi.
 This is impacting the choice of drugs available to treat typhoid. In
recent years, for example, typhoid has become resistant to
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin.
 Ciprofloxacin, one of the key medications for typhoid, is also
experiencing similar difficulties. Some studies have found Salmonella
typhimurium resistance rates to be around 35 percent.

6.  RESORVOIR: HUMAN ONLY
 SPREAD: CAN DISSEMINATE HEMATOGENOUSLY
(spread through blood)
 H2S PRODUCTION: YES
 FLAGELLA : YES(SALMON SWIM)
 VIRULENCE FACTORS: ENDOTOXINS;VI CAPSULE
 IMMUNE RESPONSE: PRIMARILY MONOCYTES
 GI MANIFESTATION: CONSTIPATION FOLLOWED
BY DIARRHOEA

7.  VACCINE: ORAL VACCINE CONTAINS LIVE
ATTENUATED S.TYPHII & IM VACCINE CONTAINS
Vi CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE
 UNIQUE PROPERTIES
 ROSE SPOTS ON ABDOMEN
 CONSTIPATION
 ABDOMINAL PAIN

8.  REFERENCE IS INTERNET , USMLE FIRST AID, DIMS
NOTES
 This information is very useful in passing PMDC
Examination
FOR FURTHER CONTACT
adilfaruqi222@gmail.com