Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Diseases-Cause and Prevention Chp-5 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
Diseases-Cause and Prevention Chp-5 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Diseases-Cause and Prevention Chp-5 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
Diseases-Cause and Prevention Chp-5 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
communicable diseases by radhika kulvi msc nursingRadhika kulvi
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.
Reporting of cases of communicable disease is important in the planning and evaluation of disease prevention and control programs, in the assurance of appropriate medical therapy, and in the detection of common-source outbreaks. California law mandates healthcare providers and laboratories to report over 80 diseases or conditions to their local health department. Some examples of the reportable communicable diseases include Hepatitis A, B & C, influenza, measles, and salmonella and other food borne illnesses.
How do these communicable diseases spread?
How these diseases spread depends on the specific disease or infectious agent. Some ways in which communicable diseases spread are by:
Physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch (staphylococcus), sexual intercourse (gonorrhea, HIV), fecal/oral transmission (hepatitis A), or droplets (influenza, TB)
Contact with a contaminated surface or object (Norwalk virus), food (salmonella, E. coli), blood (HIV, hepatitis B), or water (cholera);
Bites from insects or animals capable of transmitting the disease (mosquito: malaria and yellow fever; flea: plague); and
Travel through the air, such as tuberculosis or measles.
Polio or poliomyelitis is first known to have occurred nearly 6,000 years ago, as evidenced by the withered and deformed limbs of certain Egyptian mummies.
Polio was epidemic in the United States and the world in the 20th century, especially in the 1940s and 1950s.
Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease, which mostly affects young children; the virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the fecal-oral route, or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated food or water) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
Etiology
Polioviruses are enteroviruses within the Picornaviridae family.
Direct contact. Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus.
Ingestion. Less commonly, it can be transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Clinical Manifestations
Most patients infected with poliovirus develop inapparent infections and are frequently asymptomatic.
Nonspecific symptoms. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and oropharyngeal hyperemia are observed in mild cases and usually resolve within a few days.
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis is characterized by the symptoms described above in addition to the following: nuchal rigidity, more severe headache, back, and lower extremity pain, and meningitis with lymphocytic pleocytosis (usually).
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of throat secretions, stool or a colorless fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) is checked for poliovirus.
Viral cultures. Obtain specimens from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, and throat for viral cultures in patients with suspected poliomyelitis infection.
Serum antibody. Obtain acute and convalescent serum for antibody concentrations against the 3 polioviruses.
IG titer. A 4-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers or a positive anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) titer during the acute stage is diagnostic.
Medical Management
The treatment of poliomyelitis is mainly supportive.
Physical therapy. Physical therapy is indicated in cases of paralytic disease; in paralytic disease, it provide frequent mobilization to avoid the development of chronic decubitus ulcerations; active and passive motion exercises are indicated during the convalescent stage.
Total hip arthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical therapeutic option for patients with paralytic sequelae of poliomyelitis who develop hip dysplasia and degenerative disease.
Diet. Because patients with poliomyelitis are prone to develop constipation, a diet rich in fiber is usually indicated.
Pharmacologic Management
No antiviral agents are effective against poliovirus.
Typhoid fever is the bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water
contaminated with bacterium, Salmonella typhi. The typhoid fever is also called
typhoid. Typhoid fever is diagnosed by detection of Salmonella typhi in the stool
sample. Typhoid responds to anti-biotic treatment. Approximately (3-5) % of the
people becomes carrier after acute illness. Typhoid fever is gastric fever,
abdominal typhus, infantile remittent fever, slow fever, nervous fever and
pathogenic fever.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
4. INTRODUCTION
Cholera is an acute enteric infection caused by the
ingestion of bacterium Vibrio cholerae present in
faecally contaminated water or food.
Infectious disease that causes severe watery
diarrhea.
It can lead to dehydration and even death if
untreated.
disease is most common in places with poor
sanitation, crowding, war, and famine.
5. Causes
Vibrio cholerae, is usually found in food or water
contaminated by feces from a person with the infection.
Common sources include:
Municipal water supplies
Ice made from municipal water
Foods and drinks sold by street vendors
Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes
Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters
polluted with sewage
6. Symptoms
watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting.
Dehydration
Rapid heart rate
Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original
position quickly if pinched)
Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the
mouth, throat, nose
Low blood pressure
Muscle cramps
7. Diagnosis
presence of V. cholerae in stools is confirmed
through laboratory procedures.
rapid diagnostic test (RDT)is also available.
8. Treatment
Oral rehydration salts (ORS) - Efficient treatment
resides in prompt rehydration through the
administration of ORS or intravenous fluids,
depending of the severity of cases.
Use of antibiotics.
9.
10.
11. Introduction
TB is a bacterial disease which in humans is usually
caused by an organism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(M. tuberculosis).
Bovine TB is a disease caused by similar bacteria called
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis).
Bacteria spread through the air from one person to
another.
12. Symptoms
Bad cough that lasts longer than two weeks.
Chest pain
Cough up blood or phlegm
Fatigue, fever and night sweats
Weight loss
13. Diagnosis
TB skin test
Sputum microscopy
Culture test
Genexpert test
14. Treatment
Treatment consists of combination of drugs that
must be taken for at least six months.
Drugs – delamand and bedaquiline (MDR TB).
BCG vaccine in children prevent the disease.
17. Introduction
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that affects
the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.
It spreads easily from one person to another.
diphtheria can be prevented through the use of
vaccines.
A type of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheria
causes diphtheria.
18. Causes
Spread through person-to-person contact or through
contact with objects that have the bacteria on them.
You may also get diphtheria if you’re around an
infected person when they sneeze, cough, or blow
their nose.
The bacteria most commonly infect your nose and
throat.
Once you’re infected, the bacteria release dangerous
substances called toxins.
The toxins spread through your bloodstream and
often cause a thick, gray coating
19. Symptoms
Signs of diphtheria often appear within two to five
days after the infection occurs.
most visible and common symptom of diphtheria is a
thick, gray coating on the throat and tonsils.
Other common symptoms include:
a fever
chills
swollen glands in the neck
a loud, barking cough
a sore throat
20. Diagnosis
Doctor will likely perform a physical exam to check
for swollen lymph nodes.
they see a gray coating on your throat or tonsils.
A sample of the affected tissue and send it to a
laboratory for testing, a throat culture may also be
taken .
21.
22. Treatment
first step of treatment is an antitoxin injection.
antibiotics, such as erythromycin and penicillin are
also used.
23. Prevention
The vaccine for diphtheria is called DTaP. It’s usually
given in a single shot along with vaccines for
pertussis and tetanus.
The DTaP vaccine is administered in a series of five
shots. It’s given to children at the following ages:
2 months
4 months
6 months
15 to 18 months
4-6 years
25. Introduction
Syphilisis a highly contagious disease spread primarily
by sexual activity.
Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum.
Syphilis was once a major public health threat,
commonly causing serious long-term health problems
such as arthritis, brain damage, and blindness.
26. Symptoms
Early or primary syphilis. People with primary syphilis
will develop one or more sores. The sores are usually small
painless ulcers.
secondary stage may last one to three months and begins
within six weeks to six months after exposure. People
experience a rash typically on the palms of the hands and soles
of the feet.
Latent syphilis. This is where the infection lies dormant
(inactive) without causing symptoms.
Tertiary syphilis. If the infection isn't treated, it may then
progress to severe problems with the heart, brain, and nerves
that can result in paralysis, blindness, dementia, deafness,
impotence, and even death if it's not treated
29. Treatment
A single dose of penicillin is usually enough to
destroy the infection.
For those allergic to penicillin, tetracycline,
doxycycline or another antibiotic can be given
instead
31. Introduction
Influenza, or flu, is a respiratory illness caused by a
virus.
Flu is highly contagious and is normally spread by
the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.
Three types of flu viruses exist - influenza A,
influenza B, and influenza C. Types A and B viruses
cause seasonal epidemics.
The type C influenza virus causes mild respiratory
illness and is not responsible for outbreaks.
32.
33. Symptoms
high temperature
cold sweats and shivers
headache
aching joints and limbs
fatigue, feeling exhausted
early symptoms can include cough, sore throat, fever,
body ache, chills, and gastrointestinal changes
35. Treatments
Antivirals, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and
zanamivir (Relenza), may be used.
Painkillers can alleviate some of the symptoms, such
as headache and body pains
36. Prevention
There are two types of vaccinations, the flu shot and
the nasal-spray flu vaccine.
The flu shot is administered with a needle, usually in
the arm.
The nasal-spray flu vaccine is a vaccine made with
live, weakened flu viruses that do not cause illness.
38. Introduction
Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly
contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the
nervous system.
Polio is caused by the virus poliovirus.
Two types of polio- non paralytic polio and paralytic
polio
39. Symptoms
Non paralytic polio Paralytic polio
These signs and symptoms
can be flu-like and can
include:
fever
sore throat
headache
vomiting
fatigue
meningitis
Non-paralytic polio is also
known as abortive polio.
Initial symptoms are similar to
non-paralytic polio. But after a
week, more severe symptoms
will appear. These symptoms
include:
loss of reflexes
severe spasms and muscle pain
loose and floppy limbs,
sometimes on just one side of
the body
sudden paralysis, temporary or
permanent
deformed limbs,
40.
41. Diagnosis
doctor will diagnose polio by looking at your
symptoms.
They’ll perform a physical examination and look for
impaired reflexes, back and neck stiffness, or
difficulty lifting your head while lying flat.
Labs will also test a sample of your throat, stool, or
cerebrospinal fluid for the poliovirus.
42. Treatment
Doctors can only treat the symptoms while the
infection runs its course.
But since there’s no cure, the best way to treat polio
is to prevent it with vaccinations.
44. Introduction
Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood
disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite.
It is transmitted to humans through the bite of the
Anopheles mosquito.
Once an infected mosquito bites a human, the
parasites multiply in the host's liver before infecting
and destroying red blood cells
45. Symptoms
a sensation of cold with shivering
fever, headaches, and vomiting
Symptoms of severe malaria include:
fever and chills
impaired consciousness
prostration, or adopting a prone position
Deep breathing and respiratory distress
46. Causes (life cycle)
Malaria happens when a bite from the female
Anopheles mosquito infects the body with
Plasmodium.
Only the Anopheles mosquito can transmit malaria
When an infected mosquito bites a human host, the
parasite enters the bloodstream and lays dormant
within the liver.
The host will have no symptoms for an average of
10.5 days, but the malaria parasite will begin
multiplying during this time..
47. •The new malaria parasites are then released
back into the bloodstream, where they infect
red blood cells and multiply further.
•Some malaria parasites remain in the liver and
are not released until later, resulting in
recurrence.
•An unaffected mosquito becomes infected once it
feeds on an infected individual. This restarts the
cycle
50. Treatment
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is
recommended by the WHO to treat uncomplicated
malaria.
Artemisinin is derived from the plant Artemisia annua,
better known as sweet wormwood.
It is known for its ability to rapidly reduce the
concentration of Plasmodium parasites in the
bloodstream.
52. Introduction
Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection of the intestines
caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.
Amebiasis is common in tropical countries with
underdeveloped sanitation.
53. Causes
E. histolytica is a single-celled protozoan that
usually enters the human body when a person
ingests cysts through food or water.
The cysts are a relatively inactive form of the parasite
that can live for several months in the soil.
When cysts enter the body, they lodge in the
digestive tract. They then release an invasive, active
form of the parasite called a trophozite.
The parasites reproduce in the digestive tract and
migrate to the large intestine.
54. •There, they can burrow into the intestinal wall
or the colon.
• This causes bloody diarrhea, colitis, and tissue
destruction.
•The infected person can then spread the
disease by releasing new cysts into the
environment through infected feces.
55.
56. Symptoms
Loose stools and stomach cramping.
Amebic dysentery is a more dangerous form of
amebiasis with frequent watery and bloody stools
and severe stomach cramping.
fever and tenderness in the upper-right part of your
abdomen.
57. Diagnosis
stool test to screen for the presence of cysts.
ultrasound or CT scan to check for lesions on your
liver.
If lesions appear, your doctor may need to perform a
needle aspiration to see if the liver has any abscesses.
a colonoscopy may be necessary to check for the
presence of the parasite in your large intestine.
58. Treatment
Treatment for uncomplicated cases of amebiasis
generally consists of a 10-day course of
metronidazole.
60. Introduction
A dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin.
Tinea pedis is the most common DM and is also
called athlete’s foot.
It usually manifests between the toes. Affected skin
appears reddened, scaly and sometimes chapped.
Tinea pedis is not only the most common form of
DM, it may also be the primary lesion that serves as a
reservoir for pathogens that are subsequently
transmitted to other areas of the body.
61.
62. Symptoms
Symptoms vary with the fungal pathogen and with
the area of the body affected by DM.
Many DM are associated with scaly, reddened skin
and itching.
The skin might look chapped and lose hair if any is
present.
A very common presentation of DM is that of the
ringworm.
It manifests in form of red, round or ring-shaped,
itching rashes.
63. Diagnosis
the physician will obtain skin, hair or nail samples,
analyze them under a microscope and possibly
establish a fungal culture.
64. Treatment
Drug therapy is indicated to eliminate the pathogen
from the skin.
Focal, uncomplicated DM are usually treated with
antimycotics for topical use, e.g., creams, ointments
or nail polish.
Any therapy should be continued until two weeks
after complete resolution of symptoms.