The industrial revolution began in England in the late 1700s and early 1800s, driven by new inventions, abundant natural resources like coal and iron, and a growing population. The first factories were in the textile industry, using machines powered by water or steam to mass produce cloth. Industrialization spread to other parts of Europe and the United States in the early-to-mid 1800s, fueled by additional inventions, natural resources, and growing urban populations seeking work. While industrialization created wealth and raised living standards over time, the early years brought unhealthy living and working conditions, child labor, and tensions between social classes.

1. Unit 3INDUSTRIALIZATION

2. BEGINNINGS OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Section 1

3. Beginnings of Industrialization
• Industrial Revolution transformed how people
worked
• Machines replaced animal and human power to
produce goods
• Began in England and spread to the rest of Europe
and the United States by the middle of the 1800’s
I. Early 1700’s farmers in England improved
farming methods to grow larger amounts of crops
✓ Farmers began to rotate crops to keep the soil
productive
✓ Livestock breeders improved their methods of breeding
animals and their weight increased
✓ More food led to better living conditions
✓ Caused population of England to grow rapidly
II. Large landowners forced smaller landowners off
of their land and many moved to the cities across
England
✓ Many who moved to cities became factory workers
✓ Increased population in cities increased demand for
food and manufactured goods

4. Beginnings of Industrialization
Why the Industrial Revolution began in England
I. Extensive natural resources
• Coal
• Iron ore
• Rivers for transporting goods
II. Expanding economy
• Developed banking system made it easy to borrow money
to improve industry
III. Over seas colonies and trading partners supported
by the most powerful navy in the world
IV. Parliament passed laws to encourage and protect
businesses
V. Had all of the factors of production (land, labor,
capital or wealth)

5. Beginnings of Industrialization
• Inventions helped fuel industrial expansion
• Textile (cloth) industry was the first to be
transformed
• Inventions increased the work that could be
done in one day
• 1733 flying shuttle developed that made weaving
cloth easier
• 1764 Spinning wheel developed that increased
production
• 1769 Arkwright water frame developed that used
water power to drive these two machines
• Textile manufacturers began to house all parts
of production in factories built near rivers and
streams
• Cotton for textile mills came from the
American south
• 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to speed
up production of separating cotton fiber from
seeds

6. Beginnings of Industrialization
• Steam power was developed by James
Watt as a source of power to run
factories
• Steam power was also used propel boats
• 1807 American inventor Robert Fulton’s
steamboat Claremont makes its first
successful voyage
• Faster water transportation cut the cost of
transporting raw materials and finished
goods
• Early 1800’s Robert McAdam improves
the way roads are built
• Private investors build roads and charge
fees to people using them

7. Beginnings of Industrialization
• 1804 first steam powered rail engine
• 1821 first rail line built in England
• By middle of 1830’s railroads connected many parts
of England
• Locomotive had four major effects
1) Gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods
2) Created thousands of new jobs
3) Boosted agriculture and fishing industries, it made it
easier to transport these products to markets
4) Encouraged people to take distant city jobs

8. INDUSTRIALIZATION
Section2

9. Industrialization
• Industrialization led to an increased standard of
living, people had better clothes, better food and
earned higher wages in factories than on farms.
• Change to machine production caused human
suffering when it first began
• Rapid industrialization caused unhealthy living
conditions, child labor abuse and led to class tension
• After 1800 balance of population in Europe was
moving to cities (urbanization)
• 1800-1850 the number of cities with more than 100,000
people went from 22 to 47
• Most urban areas doubled in size

10. Industrialization
• Factories and cities developed near
coal and water resources
• Poor sanitation, no building codes, lack of
education, police and fire protection were
major problems in cities
• Streets were unpaved and trash and animal
waste piled up
• Workers lived in dark, dirty houses
• Sickness was widespread
• Cities had no plans to deal with rapid
growth
• The wealthy merchants and middle
class moved out of the cities to the
suburbs

11. Industrialization
• To increase production and profit
factory owners kept machines running
as many hours as possible
• Average worker worked 16 hours per
day, 6 days a week
• Work remained the same week after week
• Factories were not well lit or clean and
there was a high rate of accidents
• There were no government programs to
help people injured on the job
• Women and children were the cheapest to
employ and had some of the worst
working conditions

12. Industrialization
• Growing middle class
• Industrial Revolution created
enormous wealth and led to the
development of a middle class
• Middle class was made up of skilled
workers, professionals, business
people
• Factory owners, shippers, and
merchants were part of a growing
middle class
• Middle class enjoyed a comfortable
standard of living
• Took political power from wealthy
landowners and aristocrats
• Wealthy looked down on by these
groups, “business” was seen as vulgar

13. Industrialization
The Working class
• Laborers, factory workers saw little
improvement in their standard of
living and working conditions
• Many saw their jobs disappear as
machines took over for them
• One group that resisted
mechanization was the Luddites
• These groups destroyed factory
machines and organized worker riots
because of poor living and working
conditions

14. Industrialization
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
A. Created jobs for workers
• Demand for engineers and managers increased
B. Created wealth for the nation
• Created tax revenue that allowed cities and countries to improve
urban areas
C. Allowed for technological progress and invention
D. Raised the standard of living, provided hope for
improvement in peoples lives
• Better food
• Better educational opportunities
• Created cheaper mass produced goods
E. Laborers eventually won better wages and working
conditions after they formed labor unions

15. INDUSTRIALIZATION
SPREADS
Section 3

16. Industrialization Spreads
Industrialization in the United States
• By early 1800’s industrialization had spread
to the US and continental Europe
• US has same resources as Great Britain
• Mineral wealth, immigrants and farm workers
for labor
• Had more open land than Great Britain
• War of 1812 US could not trade with
European countries because of British naval
blockade, forced the US to use its own
resources and develop industry
• Began in the textile industry
• 1789 first textile factory opened in
Pawtucket, RI
• Center of textile production in early 1800’s
was in Lowell, MA
• Provided economic opportunity and
independence to women that had few other
options open to them

18. Industrialization Spreads
▪ The Northeastern part of the United States
experienced most industrial growth in the
first half of the 1800’s
▪ US was primarily agricultural until after the
Civil War in the 1860’s
▪ Last part of the 1800’s the US experienced
a technology and industrial boom
▪ Causes and results of Industrialization
▪ Wealth of natural resources
▪ Inventions such as the electric light bulb,
and telephone
▪ American cities grew
• Economic opportunity and immigration
• Urban population consumed manufactured
goods
▪ Railroads played a major role
• Cities grew along rail lines
• Railroads allowed people to become extremely
wealthy

19. Industrialization Spreads
• Building large businesses required large
sums of money to invest in industrial
equipment
• To raise money entrepreneurs sold stock
in companies
• Stockholders had ownership in the
company
• Business were called corporations
• Late 1800’s huge corporations
developed
• They wanted to control every aspect of
their industry to make big profits
• They also reduced the cost of making
goods
• Corporate leaders made huge fortunes

20. Industrialization Spreads
Continental Europe Industrializes
• Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars in the late
1700’s and early 1800’s halted trade and
communication in many parts of Europe
• While this happened Britain industrialized and grew
wealthy
• Belgium was the first country to adopt new industrial
technology
• Country had rich deposits of iron and coal also had good
waterways to transport goods
• By 1800 many factories focused on building industrial
machines like steam engines and locomotives

21. Industrialization Spreads
• In the early 1800’sGermany was
politically divided
• This led to economic isolation and hurt
widespread industrialization
• Pockets of industrialization appeared in
the Ruhr River Valley, where coal and
iron deposits were present
• They used British equipment and
engineers
• By 1850 railroads connected the major
industrial centers and major coal and
iron deposits
• Germany’s economic strength allowed it
to develop as a military power by the
late 1800’s

23. Industrialization Spreads
The Impact of Industrialization
I. Widened the gap between wealthy and poor nations
II. Led to Imperialism (policy of extending rule over other
countries) by industrial countries
• Industrial countries needed raw materials from other parts of the
world to supply factories policy of extending rule
• Industrial countries needed markets for their products
III. Revolutions in industry, communication and agriculture
changed lives of people in Western Europe and the United
States
• Changed every aspect of society from life expectancy, population,
wealth, and health
• Development of middle class led to greater opportunities for
education and democratic participation

24. REFORM and PROGRESS IN THE
INDUSTRIAL WORLD

25. Reforming the Industrial World
Philosophy of Industrialization
• Capitalism is an economic system where all factors of
production are privately owned and where business is
run for a profit
• Many factory and business owners believed in a laissez-
faire economics where the government did not interfere
in business decisions
• They thought that people should work for their own self
interest
• That there would always be a permanent underclass in
society
• Government interference would upset the free market system

26. Reforming the Industrial World
• Others thought that the government should
take action to improve peoples lives
• Socialism was where all the factors of
production are owned by the government and
operate for the welfare of everybody
• They thought that government control of the
economy would promote economic equality,
protect workers and social justice
• Karl Marx thought that only a violent
overthrow of the capitalists by the workers
would bring about social and economic
equality
• His ideas inspired revolutions in China,
Russia and Cuba in the 1900’s

27. Reforming the Industrial World
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
• Labor unions developed to make working
conditions better for all workers
• If factory owners refused their demands
workers could strike
• Union action helped to prevent the hiring
of young children, and limited the amount
of hours worked in a day
• Many in the government and industry saw
the unions as a threat to social order and
economic stability

28. Reforming the Industrial World
The Reform Movement Spreads
• Many began to question what was going on in the modern world,
reform movements began to answer the challenges to these changes
• Abolition of slavery
• Many began to see slavery as morally wrong
• Outlawed in Britain in 1833
• Many saw slavery as an economic threat and supported cheap, free, low
wage labor
• Women’s Rights
• factory work provided economic opportunity for women
• Women earned less than men
• Many women became college educated and began to demand equal rights ,
not rights based on gender
• Education
• Free public education became widely available by the late 1800’s
• Used to train people how to work in an industrial world

29. Nineteenth Century Progress
• Growing industry led to more technological
advances
• Late 1800s new types of energy to power
machines came into use (instead of coal
and steam)
• Gasoline powered internal combustion
engines
• Electricity was harnessed by the electric
generator
• Thomas Edison
• Developed the light bulb (factories could go
all night)
• Developed the phonograph and 1,000 other
inventions
• Developed the idea of a research laboratory
• Bell and Marconi
• Revolutionized communications
• Bell- telephone (1876)
• Marconi- created the first radio (1895)

30. Nineteenth Century Progress
Henry Ford and the Automobile
• 1880s Germans invented the gasoline powered
engine
• Cars were built by hand and were expensive
• Early 1900s Henry Ford made the car affordable
• Cars were made with standardized parts that were
interchangeable
• Produced on a assembly line they could be made in
two hours
• Fords Model T sold for $300 by 1915
• Led to gasoline industry, road building and gave
people freedom to travel where they wanted (no
longer tied to train tracks)
Wright Brothers
• 1903 they launched the first gasoline powered
flying machine and ushered in the age of air
travel

31. Nineteenth Century Progress
New Ideas in Medicine and public health
• Allowed people to live longer, healthier
lives
• Germ theory of disease
• First discovered by Louis Pasteur
• Developed process to kill germs in liquid
through heat (pasteurization)
• Became clear that bacteria caused diseases
• 1865- Joseph Lister, British surgeon
developed methods to kill germs in
hospitals using antiseptics
• Lowered rates of patients dying from infections
in hospitals
• Cities built plumbing and sewer systems to
improve public health and prevent the
spread of deadly diseases like typhoid, and
yellow fever

32. Nineteenth Century Progress
The Rise of Mass Culture
• Growth of public education, improvements in
education, the invention of the radio and
phonograph and more leisure time led to a rise in
a common mass culture
• People became more alike in their consumption
patterns
• New activities filled peoples leisure time
• By the early 1900’s movies had become big business
• Amusement parks began to open late 1800’s, Coney
Island (NYC). Catered to urban residents that wanted
to get away, represented vacation
• The first circus appeared (P.T. Barnum)
• Spectator sports like football, boxing, horseracing
became popular

33. I. Better sanitation, health care increased life expectancy
II. Factory produced goods, foods, indoor plumbing led to higher
standards of living
III. Rising wages and shorter work weeks led to more leisure time
IV. Rich and poor could purchase same clothes, household items,
etc.
V. Free public education led to higher rates of literacy and a mass
market for magazines and books
RESULTS OF 19TH CENTURY REFORM AND
PROGRESS