The document discusses modernization and social change, identifying industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and the rise of new social classes as key means and causes of modernization. It also lists universalization of education, democratization of education, urbanization, industrialization, and scientific/technological advancement as instrumental factors of modernization. However, it notes several obstacles to modernization in India, including a lack of national unity, communal social organization, narrow religious beliefs, and the drag of cultural traditions.

1. MODERNIZATION AND
SOCIAL CHANGE
BY -
SAYEEDA HAJIRA

2. MEANS / CAUSES OF MODERNIZATION
 Industrialization
 Urbanization
 Secularization
 Rise of new social classes

3.  Social change
 Westernization
 Democratization

4. INSTRUMENTAL FACTORS OF MODERNIZATION
 Universalization of education
 Democratization of education

5.  Urbanization
 Industrialization
 Scientific and technological advancement

6. OBSTACLES IN THE WAY OF MODERNIZATION IN INDIA
 Lack of oneness of nation
 Communal type of the social organization
 Narrow religious beliefs which inhibit the
growth of nationality
 Closed system of hierarchical satisfaction
 Diffused system of expectations and rewards
 The drag of the cultural tradition
 The ascription versus achievement dilemma
 The gap between the ideals and the actuality