The Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century Britain and spread to other parts of Western Europe, the U.S., Japan, and Russia in the 18th century. It led to new patterns of mass production using machines powered by fossil fuels instead of human and animal labor. This transformed economies and societies by moving production from homes to factories, increasing productivity and changing how goods were made and consumed globally through new transportation and communication technologies. While it provided benefits, it also had negative social consequences through disruptions to existing ways of life.