Industrial production of phytoconstituents, it is a part of an pharmacy syllabus, in this slide the content of syllabus is given in short and easy language. Thanks you

1. Industrial production of
phytoconstituents

9. Quinidine Quinine

10. PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF solasodine
Solasodine is obtained from the whole plant. Solanum xanthocarpum
and dried full growth berries of Solanum khasianum.
Family: Solanaceae.
ISOLATION OF SOLSODINE BY TWO METHODS METHOD 1 B.
METHOD 2
METHOD. 1
• Dried berries is powdered
• Defatted is extracted with ethanol
• Resultant is filtered , Concentrated & Treat with HCl & Reflux
Extract is made alkaline by ammonia
• Reflux for 1 hr, Filter it, Dry and wash Residue, Mix in chloroform
Evaporate solvent Solasodine , solid residue is obtained.

11. METHOD. 2
• Powdered drug + ethanol, Soxhlation 6 hrs.
• Solvent distilled off, Concentrated to syrupy mass
• Add 5 ml HCl , Boil . Reflux for 2 hr
• Cool it & Filter… Residue + Boil water…Adjust pH-9 by NH
3 (10%)
• Boil under reflux for 2 hrs, Cool & Filter Dry Ppt Solasodine,
solid residue is obtained.
UTILIZATION OF SOLASODINE Used as a precursor for
steroidal synthesis. It is first converted to 16-
dehydropregnalone acetate which acts as a precursor for
steroidal synthesis like Corticosteroids, Pregnane Used in
synthesis of Sex hormones and Oral contraceptives. Shows
Antispermatogenic Activity Used as Hypocholestremic Agent
Used as Antiatherosclerotic Agent .

12. Identification test:
1. Solasodine+ chloroform+Antimony trichloride – Dark red colour
2. Solasodine+ Formaldyhyde+H2SO4 – Dark red –violet colour
TLC:
Adsorbant : Silica gel G
Solvent system: n-hexane: methanol: acetone(8:1:1)
Detection: Cerium sulphate-H2SO4, heat at 110°C.
HPLC:
Method : Isocratic
Stationary phase: C18
Mobile phase: Methanol : Tris buffer 0.01M (pH 7.0)

13. PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF diosgenin
Diosgenin is obtained from the dried tubers of various species of
Dioscorea . Dioscorea deltoida, Dioscorea prazeri, Dioscorea
floribunda . family Dioscoreaceae.
ISOLATION OF DIOSGENIN
• Tubers collected, washed, dried extracted with hot water or 90%
ethanol for 6 hrs
• alcoholic extract concentrated under vacuum, Filter it, filterate +
solvent ether or lead acetate solution
• hydrolysis by acid, extracted with pet. Ether
• Evaporate solvent diosgenin collected, dried and packed .

14. UTILIZATION OF DIOSGENIN
Used as a precursor for steroidal synthesis. It is first converted to 16
dehydropregnalone acetate which acts as a precursor for steroidal
synthesis like Corticosteroids, Pregnane Used in synthesis of Sex
hormones and Oral contraceptives. In treatment of Rheumatism.
• Identification test:
1. Libermann test
2. Libermann-Burchard test
3. Salkowski reaction
• TLC:
• Adsorbant : Silica gel G
• Solvent system: Tolune: Ethyl acetate(7:3)
• Detection: Anysaldehyde-H2SO4, heat
at 110°C.

15. Digitalis
Digitalis purpurea leaves (foxglove)
Digitalis lanata leaves – white flowers
Scrophulariaceae
Active compounds: Cardiac glycosides:
Digitoxine, Digoxin

16. • Extraction:

17. • Identification test:
1. Kedde test – Bluish to purple colour
2. Baljet reagent – Yellow, orange to deep red colour
3. Keller-killani test for digitoxose sugar – Initially red brown
layer changes to blue green.
4. Legal test (Cardenolides) – Pink or red colour
TLC/HPTLC:
Stationary phase: Silica gel 60 HPTLC DIOL Plate,
Mobile phase: Ethyl acetate/ ammonia solution 25%
Detection: MnCl3 - H2SO4 heat at 110°C.

18. PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF podophyllotoxin
It is obtained from the dried rhizomes and root of Podophyllum
hexandrum Family: Berberidaceae
ISOLATION OF PODOPHYLLOTOXIN DRIED RHIZOME
• Powder extract with ethanol soxhlation, distillation, concentrate to
syrupy mass.
• add (HCL + H2O) cool at 5°c
• allowed to stand for 2 hrs, filter under vacuum
• wash residue with acidified water, cool below 5 °C
• residue + hot alcohol (90%) filter & evaporate
• dry residue to constant weight at 80 °C.

19. UTILIZATION OF PODOPHYLLOTOXIN: Potent Anti tumor agent
Used in treatment of Cancer, antiproliferative agent.
Chemical test: T.S.+ 50% H2SO4 – Violet blue colouration
TLC/HPTLC:
Stationary phase: Silica gel G, Fig.: Podophyllotoxin
Mobile phase: Cloroform: methanol (25:1)
Detection: Methanol - H2SO4 heat at 110°C
• HPLC:
• Method : Isocratic
• Stationary phase: C18
• Mobile phase: Acetonitril:water:Methanol (37: 58: 5)
• Detection: UV Visible 280nm

20. Andrographis(Kalmegh)
• Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid that has been
isolated from the stem and leaves of Andrographis
paniculata.Andrographolide is an extremely bitter
substance.
• Andrographolide has been studied for its effects on cell
signaling, immunomodulation, and stroke. Study has shown
that andrographlide may bind to a spectrum of protein
targets including NF-κB and actin by covalent modification.
• Andrographis paniculata herb to identify its possible
anticataractogenic effect on selenite induced cataract
model. Andrographis paniculata is a known herb having
antioxidative property.
• In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used as a bitter tonic, to
stimulate digestion and as a treatment for a wide range of
conditions, such as diabetes and hepatitis.

21. Method of isolation:
1. Successive extraction of the powder with petroleum ether (40 -60°C), chloroform, ethyl
acetate, acetone, methanol and test each extract for activity.
2. Further fractionation of the active extract/s by suitable solvents and test the fractions for
activity.
3. Subject the active fractions to column chromatography.
Chemical test: Kedde test – Violet blue colouration
TLC/HPTLC:
Stationary phase: Silica gel G,
Mobile phase: Cloroform: tolune: methanol (66: 26: 8)
Detection: Anisaldehyde - H2SO4 heat at 110°C
Andrographolides
• HPLC:
• Method : Isocratic
• Stationary phase: C18
• Mobile phase: Acetonitril : phosphoric acid in water (40:60)
• Detection: PDA 223 nm

22. Phyllanthus
• The genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) contains 550– 750 species
in 10–11 subgenera that are distributed in all tropical regions of the
world from Africa to Asia, South America and the West Indies.
Phyllanthus amarus is the most widespread species and is typically
to be found along roads and valleys,
• The major lignans of the genus, namely, phyllanthin (1) and
hypophyllanthin (2), have been shown to be anti-hepatotoxic
against carbon tetrachloride- and galactosamine-induced
hepatotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes

23. Procedure:
• Mix powder drug with lime water,
allow to stand overnight.
• The mass is transfer to soxhlet apparatus
and extract with pet. Ether
• Collect pet. Ether extract & Concentrate it.
• Mix with methanol and boil. Collect the defatted extract conc.
It evaporate upto dryness.
• Dry residue mix in pet. Ether, concentrate and allow to stand
(yellow oil get saperate) .
• Residue is used for column chromatography by silica gel G
and elute with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (99:1)
• Collect the fractions of 99- 108 hypophyllanthin and 109- 137
phyllanthin.
• Saperate pure phyllanthin and perform its TLC

24. TLC:
Adsorbant : Silica gel G
Solvent system: n-hexane: ethyl acetate (99:1)
Detection: Vanilline sulphuric acid reagent
Rf value: phyllanthin 0.2 (Blue spot)
Hypophyllanthin 0.25 (Brown spot)

25. Withanolides
•Withania somnifera (Solanaceae), known
in India as Ashwagandha or winter cherry.
•Adaptogenic, anti-sedative and anti-
convulsion activities, and the plant has
been employed in the treatment of
neurological disorders, geriatric debilities,
arthritis and stress- and behaviour-related
problems
•Nine closely related withanolides of W.
somnifera, viz. 27-hydroxy withanone (1),
17-hydroxy withaferin A (2), 17-hydroxy-
27-deoxy withaferin A (3), withaferin A
(4), withanolide D (5), 27-hydroxy
withanolide B (6), withanolide A (7),
withanone (8) and 27- deoxywithaferin A
(9)

26. Isolation of withanolides:
• Take 10 gm dried powder. Place it in a 500 ml stopperd flask. Add
100ml of 1% solution of H2SO4 and mix well.
• Keep this mixture overnight. Shake it for half hr on horizontal
shaker.
• Filter and collect, wash residue with 40ml of 1% H2SO4 and
collect the washings in filtrate. Repeat the process twice
• Add Cacl2
• Filter, conc. it to get withania alkaloid.
TLC:
• Adsorbant : Silica gel G
• Solvent system: Chloroform:Methanol(99:1)
• Detection: UV 254

27. Identification test:
Sodium picrate test: Yellow colour of paper turns to brick red.
Guaiacum resin test: Cut surface of bark+ Cuso4 moisten filter paper-
cut surface of bark turns to blue colour.
Ephidrine
Ephidra gerandiana. Family Ephidraceae
C.C.: Ephidrine, Pseudoephidrine.
Caution is advised as an overdose can be fatal, causing high blood
pressure, racing of the heart, confusion, nervous stupor, twitching,
convolutions and death. Ephedrine is seen as a performance-
boosting herb and is a forbidden substance in many sporting events
such as athletics. This herb should not be used by people who are
taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or suffering from high blood
pressure, hyperthyroidism or glaucoma.

28. Extraction:
• Dried arial stem powder.
• Extract with pet. Ether. Dry marc and moisten with ammonia.
• Extract marc with alcohol. Filter and evaporate filtrate to obtained
syrupy mass.
• Extract this marc with 3 portions aq. Alcohol. Make alkaline
• Filter and evaporate to obtained dry residue of ephidrine.
Identification test:
1. Ephedrine crystal test- T.S.+ Chloroform allow to stand 24hrs.
Evaporate solvents
2. Ephidrine copper sulphate : 1ml HCL 0.5ml of 5% CuSO4 + few
drops of NaOH solution. Now add 2ml of ether and shake well. –
Aq. Layer will blue & ether layer become purple.

29. TLC/HPTLC:
Stationary phase: Silica gel G,
Mobile phase: Tolune: Chloroform: ethanol (29:6: 15)
Detection: Dragendroff reagent (Orange brown colour)or
0.5% iodine in chloroform (UV 365nm).
HPLC:
• Method : Isocratic
• Stationary phase: Pentaflurophenylpropyl (PFPP)
• Mobile phase: Ammonium acetate (7M) in Acetonitrile
:water (9:1)
• Detection: UV visible detection at 215nm.