1. Induced breeding is a technique where ripe fish are stimulated to breed in captivity using pituitary hormones or synthetic hormones. 2. The history of induced breeding began in the 1930s in Argentina and Brazil, and was first applied to Indian major carps like Cirrhinus mrigala in the late 1930s. 3. Induced breeding is needed because environmental conditions and hormone levels may be insufficient to trigger natural spawning in captive conditions.

1. SEMINOR ON INDUSED BREEDINGSEMINOR ON INDUSED BREEDING
Santosh Kumar
M.F.Sc AQUACULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND APPLIED
AQUACULTURE
SUBMITTED TO:-
Dr. pradeep srivastava
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY
BHOPAL ( M.P)

2. SYNOPSISSYNOPSIS
1. Introduction
2. History of induced breeding
3. Need of induced breeding
4. Technique of induced breeding
5. Spawning
6. Factors influencing induced
breeding.
7. Reference

3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 Induced breeding is a technique where byInduced breeding is a technique where by
ripe fish breeders are stimulated by pituitaryripe fish breeders are stimulated by pituitary
hormone or other synthetic hormonehormone or other synthetic hormone
introduced to breed in captive condition.introduced to breed in captive condition.
 The stimulation promotes timely release ofThe stimulation promotes timely release of
sperms and eggs from ripe gonads.sperms and eggs from ripe gonads.
 In simple words, spawning in fishes inducedIn simple words, spawning in fishes induced
by artificial breeding stimuli may be calledby artificial breeding stimuli may be called
“induced breeding.“induced breeding.

4. HISTORY OF INDUCED BREEDINGHISTORY OF INDUCED BREEDING
• The technique of induced breeding was first evolved inThe technique of induced breeding was first evolved in
Argentina after producing pituitary extract by B. A.Argentina after producing pituitary extract by B. A.
Hussay in 1930.Hussay in 1930.
• Brazilian was the first country to develop a technique forBrazilian was the first country to develop a technique for
hypophysation in 1934.hypophysation in 1934.
• In India, first attempt to induce breeding was made byIn India, first attempt to induce breeding was made by
Hamid Khan in 1937 onHamid Khan in 1937 on CirrhinusCirrhinus mrigala.mrigala.
• Dr. Hiralal Choudhary applied this technique in minorDr. Hiralal Choudhary applied this technique in minor
carps likecarps like EsomusEsomus danricusdanricus in 1955.in 1955.
• Ramaswamy and Sundarraj(1955-56) first induced toRamaswamy and Sundarraj(1955-56) first induced to
breed Clariasbreed Clarias batrachusbatrachus andand HeteropneustesHeteropneustes fossilisfossilis..
• Choudhary and Alkunhi(1957) –Choudhary and Alkunhi(1957) – L.L. rohitarohita,, L.L. batabata,, C.C.
rebareba..
• Parmeshwaran and Alkunhi (1962) – Successfully breedParmeshwaran and Alkunhi (1962) – Successfully breed
to Exotic Chinese carps like Grass and Silver carps.to Exotic Chinese carps like Grass and Silver carps.

5. NEED OF INDUCED BREEDINGNEED OF INDUCED BREEDING
i.i. Because of environmental condition likeBecause of environmental condition like
photoperiod, rain, Temperature, currentsphotoperiod, rain, Temperature, currents
of water.of water.
ii.ii. Insufficient release of hormones inInsufficient release of hormones in
captive condition.captive condition.
iii.iii. Insufficient of natural foods.Insufficient of natural foods.

6. TECHNIQUES OF INDUCEDTECHNIQUES OF INDUCED
BREEDINGBREEDING
(a). Location of pituitary gland :-(a). Location of pituitary gland :-
 Pituitary gland is also known as hypophysis.Pituitary gland is also known as hypophysis.
 This gland in fishes is located at Sella turcica ofThis gland in fishes is located at Sella turcica of
sphenoid bone.sphenoid bone.
 It is situated on the ventral side of the brain justIt is situated on the ventral side of the brain just
behind the optic chiasma and below thebehind the optic chiasma and below the
hypothalmus.hypothalmus.

7. COLLECTION OF PITUITARYCOLLECTION OF PITUITARY
GLANDGLAND
Collection of pituitary gland made onlyCollection of pituitary gland made only
from ripe gravid fish.from ripe gravid fish.
Suitable periods for collection of gland ofSuitable periods for collection of gland of
major carps is May to July.major carps is May to July.
Gland of homoplastic species is moreGland of homoplastic species is more
effective than heteroplastic species.effective than heteroplastic species.
Gland obtained from immature and spentGland obtained from immature and spent
fishes do not give satisfactory result.fishes do not give satisfactory result.

8. INSTRUMENTS FOR GLAND EXTRACTINSTRUMENTS FOR GLAND EXTRACT
PREPARATION- REMOVAL OF PITUITARYPREPARATION- REMOVAL OF PITUITARY
GLANDGLAND

9. PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OFPRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF
PITUITARY GLANDPITUITARY GLAND
 Glands are stored in 100% alcohol at ordinaryGlands are stored in 100% alcohol at ordinary
temperature.temperature.
 After each 24 hours 100% alcohol is changed forAfter each 24 hours 100% alcohol is changed for
further dehydration and fattening.further dehydration and fattening.
 The gland is stored in a refrigerator.The gland is stored in a refrigerator.
 Extract may also preserved in glycerine (3mlExtract may also preserved in glycerine (3ml
extract+1ml water+2ml glycerine).extract+1ml water+2ml glycerine).

10. SELECTION OF BROODERS FORSELECTION OF BROODERS FOR
INDUCED BREEDINGINDUCED BREEDING
The brooders should be healthy, fully ripeThe brooders should be healthy, fully ripe
and medium sized.and medium sized.
The age group of 2-4 years and have theThe age group of 2-4 years and have the
weight about 1-5 kg. suitable for inducedweight about 1-5 kg. suitable for induced
breeding.breeding.
Large sized breeders are avoided forLarge sized breeders are avoided for
difficulty in handling.difficulty in handling.

11. INJECTION TO THEINJECTION TO THE
BREEDERSBREEDERS
 For intra-muscular injection the fish is laidFor intra-muscular injection the fish is laid
on its side and needle is inserted either inon its side and needle is inserted either in
caudal peduncle or into shoulder.caudal peduncle or into shoulder.
 For intra-peritoneal the injection are givenFor intra-peritoneal the injection are given
to the bases of paired pectoral fins.to the bases of paired pectoral fins.
 Clinical needle no. 19, 22, 24 are used forClinical needle no. 19, 22, 24 are used for
breeders over 3 kg, 1-3 kg and 1 kg.breeders over 3 kg, 1-3 kg and 1 kg.

12. INJECTION TO THE BROOD FISHINJECTION TO THE BROOD FISH

13. DOSES OF PITUITARY GLANDDOSES OF PITUITARY GLAND
EXTRACTEXTRACT
• Female is given a preliminary dose of 2-3Female is given a preliminary dose of 2-3
mg/kg body weight.mg/kg body weight.
• After an interval of 6-8 hours a secondAfter an interval of 6-8 hours a second
dose of 5-8 mg/kg body weight given todose of 5-8 mg/kg body weight given to
female if first dose is not work.female if first dose is not work.
• Male – 2-3 mg/kg body weightMale – 2-3 mg/kg body weight

14. SYNTHETIC HORMONE OFSYNTHETIC HORMONE OF
FISH SPAWNINGFISH SPAWNING
OVAPRIM AND OVATIDE :-

15. DOSE OF FISH SYNTHETICDOSE OF FISH SYNTHETIC
HORMONE OF OVATIDEHORMONE OF OVATIDE
SpeciesSpecies Female (ml/kg)Female (ml/kg) Male (ml/kg)Male (ml/kg)
Catla catlaCatla catla 0.40 - 0.500.40 - 0.50 0.20 - 0.300.20 - 0.30
Labeo rohitaLabeo rohita 0.20 - 0.400.20 - 0.40 0.10 - 0.200.10 - 0.20
Cirrhinus mrigalaCirrhinus mrigala 0.20 - 0.400.20 - 0.40 0.10 - 0.200.10 - 0.20
Silver carpSilver carp 0.40 - 0.500.40 - 0.50 0.20 - 0.250.20 - 0.25
Grass carpGrass carp 0.40 – 0.500.40 – 0.50 0.20 - 0.250.20 - 0.25

16. SPAWNINGSPAWNING
 After injection to the brooders a set of broodersAfter injection to the brooders a set of brooders
are released into the breeding hapa.are released into the breeding hapa.
 The size of the hapa is ranges 3x5 meters.The size of the hapa is ranges 3x5 meters.
 The height of hapa should remain about 20 cm.The height of hapa should remain about 20 cm.
above the level of water.above the level of water.
 The spawning takes place within 3-6 hrs afterThe spawning takes place within 3-6 hrs after
final injection.final injection.
 The fertilized eggs are transparent, pearl likeThe fertilized eggs are transparent, pearl like
where as unfertilized eggs are opaque orwhere as unfertilized eggs are opaque or
whitish.whitish.

17. FACTORS INFLUENCING INDUCEDFACTORS INFLUENCING INDUCED
BREEDINGBREEDING
Climate –Climate – Temperature should be 24-32Temperature should be 24-3200
CC
with cloudy days and rainy periods.with cloudy days and rainy periods.
Water condition -Water condition - Flowing water.Flowing water.
Turbidity-Turbidity- 100-1000 mg/litre or ppm.100-1000 mg/litre or ppm.
Light-Light- For early maturation and spawning.For early maturation and spawning.
Dissolved oxygen-Dissolved oxygen- Not should less thanNot should less than
5ppm/litres .5ppm/litres .

18. References :-References :-
• Fish and Fisheries of India – V. G. Jhingran
• General and applied Ichthyology – S. K. Gupta
and P. C. Gupta
• A text book of fish and fisheries – Pandey and
Shukla.