Induced breeding is a technique where pituitary hormone or synthetic hormones are used to stimulate fish to breed in captivity. The history, need, techniques, and factors influencing induced breeding are discussed. The document provides details on collecting and storing pituitary glands, preparing extracts, selecting and injecting broodfish, and factors for successful spawning. The goal of induced breeding is to provide a reliable source of fish seeds for aquaculture.

1. Topic:
Induced breeding in fishes and its Importants
Name: Ghulam Mujtaba
Father’s Name: Muhammad Ilyas
Caste: Channa
Roll No: ZO-219-011
Department: Zoology
Class: M.Sc (Final) 1st Semister
Subject: Economic Zoology
Teacher: Dr. Khadim Hussain Mamon

2. Outline-
• Introduction
• Historyof induced
breeding•
I.
II.
Need of induced breeding-
Fishes do not breed in captive condition
Importance of induced breeding
Technique of induced breeding-
a. Location of pituitary gland
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
Collection of pituitary gland
Removal of pituitary gland
Preservation of pituitary gland
Preparation of pituitary extract
Selection of brooders for induced breeding
Injection to the breeders
Doses of pituitary extract
Synthetic fish spawning hormones
Dose of fish synthetic hormone of ovatide
Spawning
l. Factors influencing induced breeding

3. Introduction-
Induced breeding is a technique whereby ripe fish
breeders are stimulated by pituitary hormone or other
synthetic hormone introduced to breed in capitive
condition.
The stimultation promotes timely release of sperms and
eggs from ripe gonads.
In simple words, spawning in fishes induced by artificial
breeding stimuli may be called “induced breeding.

4. What Is Induced Breeding
Of Fishes?
The artificial process by means of which the
extract of the pituitary is introduced inside the
body of both the matured male and female
fishes, then the carps after being excited lay
eggs in the pond water and subsequently
fertilization takes place and the process is
called induced breeding of fishes. This
process of breeding is also known
as hypophysation.

5. History of Induced Breeding
•
•
The technique of induced breeding was first evolved in
Argentina after producing pituitary extract by B. A.
Hussay in 1930.
Brazilian was the first country to develop a technique for
hypophysation in 1934.
•
•
•
•
In India, first attempt to induce breeding was made by
Hamid Khan in 1937 on Cirrhinus mrigala.
Dr. Hiralal Choudhary applied this technique in minor
carps like Esomus danricus in 1955.
Ramaswamy and Sundarraj(1955-56) first induced to
breed Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis.
Choudhary and Alkunhi(1957) – L. rohita, L. bata, C.
reba.
• Parmeshwaran and Alkunhi (1962) – Successfullybreed
to Exotic Chinese carps like Grass and Silver carps.

6. Need of Induced breeding
(A). Fishes do not breed in captive condition -:
i. Because of environmental condition like
photoperiod, rain, Temperature, currents
iii.
of water.
ii. Insufficient release of hormones in
capitive condition.
Insufficient of natural foods.

7. (B). Importance of induced breeding
• Provides pure spawn of certain species.
• Timely available of pure seeds.
• It can fulfil any quantity of demand is any
time.
• It is very simple technique and does not
need any technical assistance of
knowledge.
• Cost of expenditure is very low.

8. Technique of Induced Breeding
(a). Location of pituitary gland
Pituitary gland is also known as hypophysis.
This gland in fishes is located at Sella turcica of
sphenoid bone.
It is situated on the ventral side of the brain just
behind the optic chiasma and below the
hypothalmus.
It contain gonad stimulating hormone, LH and
FSH.

9. (b). Collection of Pituitary gland
Collection of pituitary gland made only
from ripe gravid fish.
Suitable periods for collection of gland of
major carps is May to July.
Gland of homoplastic species is more
effective than heteroplastic species.
Gland obtained from immature and spent
fishes do not give satisfactory result.

10. (c). Removal of Pituitary gland
Sharp knife or a hand saw is used for dissection of fish
head, with oblique stroke, a portion of the skull is at first
removed.
Grey matter and fatty substances are removed by a blunt
forcep, when the brain is exposed.
The entire brain is now lifted up by detaching the
olfactory and optic nerve.The pituitary gland is covered
by a thin membrane.
It is careful taken up with the help of twiser or forcep.
Care should be taken that pituitary gland not damaged.

11. Instruments for Gland Extract
Preparation - Removal of Pituitary Gland

12. (d). Preservation and storage of
gland
Glands are stored in 100% alcohol at ordinary
temperature.
After each 24 hours 100% alcohol is changed for
further dehydration and fattening.
The gland is weighed and stored in a
refrigerator.
Extract may also preserved in glycerine (3ml
extract+1ml water+2ml glycerine).

13. (e). Preparation of pituitary extract
The gland macerated in a homogenizer.
It is diluted with required amount of
distilled water or 0.3% saline water.
The gland suspension is centrifuged at
1000 rpm for about 5 minute.
When the residues left at the bottom of
centrifuge tube is rejected.
Now the extract is ready to use.

14. (f). Selection of brooders for induced
breeding
The brooders should be healthy, fully ripe
and medium sized.
The age group of 2-4 years and have the
weight about 1-5 kg. suitable for induce
breeding.
Large sized breeders are avoided for
difficulty in handling.

15. (g). Injection to the breeders
i). Methods of injection
For intra-muscular injection the fish is laid
on its side and needle is inserted either in
caudal peduncle or into shoulder.
For intra-peritoneal the injection are given
to the bases of paired pectoral fins.
Clinical needle no. 19, 22, 24 are used for
breeders over 3 kg, 1-3 kg and 1 kg.

16. Injection to the brood fish

17. ii). Doses of pituitary extract
• Female is given a preliminary dose of 2-3
mg/kg body weight.
• After an interval of 6-8 hours a second
dose of 5-8 mg/kg body weight given to
female if first dose is not work.
• Male – 2-3 mg/kg body weight

18. Synthetic fish spawning hormone
1. Ovaprim – “Ovaprim” is a very efficient
drug in place of pituitary extract produced
by salmon Gonadotropin RH and
Domperidon. It is available in India after
1988 and extensively used. It is the
product of Syndal Lab. Ltd. Canada,
distributed in India by Glaxo India Ltd.
Mumbai.

19. Ovaprim andOvatide

20. 2. Ovatide – Ovatide ishighly potent and ready to use
injectable formulation of consisting of a synthetic GnRh
analoge and a dopamine antagonist dissolved in a
mixture of aqueous and organic solvents. It isthe
product of the Central Drug ResearchInstitute,
Lucknow.
3. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG):. It is a
glycoprotein hormone produced by the placenta in
pregnant women. During early pregnancy the hormones
appears in the urine in large quantities. When it is
injected to mature fish, the hormones cause the release
of gametes. When HCG is injected singly it does not give
good result. So it is injected with pituitary gland extract.
In India HCG started in late 1980s. In is popular in West
Bengal, M.P. and Haryana. INFAR (India) Ltd. Has
brought out that product under the name ofSUMAACH.

21. 4. Pimozide: It is a dopamine antagonist having
ovulatory role of LH-RH-a. It is very effective in
brackish water fish Mugil and Lates calcarifer.
5.DOC A: (Desoxycorticosterone) – It has
been tried on catfish like Clarias batrachus and
Singhi. They not help only ovulation but also
help in maturation of eggs.
6. Anti oestrogen tamoxifen (anti androgen): It
gives best result in Coho-salmon. This anti-
androgen can bring early ovulation.

22. Dose of fish synthetic hormone of
ovatide
Species Female (ml/kg) Male (ml/kg)
Catla catla 0.40 - 0.50 0.20 - 0.30
Labeo rohita 0.20 - 0.40 0.10 - 0.20
Cirrhinus mrigala 0.20 - 0.40 0.10 - 0.20
Silver carp 0.40 - 0.50 0.20 - 0.25
Grass carp 0.40 – 0.50 0.20 - 0.25

23. Spawning
After injection to the brooders a set of brooders
are released into the breeding hapa.
The size of the hapa is ranges 3*1.5*1 meters.
The height of hapa should remain about 20 cm.
above the level of water.
The spawning takes place within 3-6 hrs after
final injection.
The fertilized eggs are transparent, pearl like
where as unfertilized eggs are opaque or
whitish.

24. Factors influencing induced
breeding
Climate – Temperature should be 24-310C
with cloudy days and rainy periods.
Water condition - Flowing water
Turbidity- 100-1000 mg/litre or ppm
Light- For early maturation and spawning
Dissolved oxygen- Not should less than
5ppm/litres.