B.Sc. V sem zoology Freshwater, Brackish water and Marine fish culture of India

1. Dr. Sameer Gopal ChebbiDr. Sameer Gopal Chebbi
Dept. of ZoologyDept. of Zoology
Industrial fish and fisheries divisionIndustrial fish and fisheries division
Karnatak Science College, DharwadKarnatak Science College, Dharwad
Fresh water, brackish andFresh water, brackish and
marine water fish culture inmarine water fish culture in
IndiaIndia

2. Freshwater fish culture in IndiaFreshwater fish culture in India
 Fish is considered as one of the God Vishnu’s firstFish is considered as one of the God Vishnu’s first
incarnation in Indian mythology as inincarnation in Indian mythology as in “Mastyas“Mastyas
Awatara”Awatara” mentioned inmentioned in puranaspuranas andand upanisadsupanisads..
 In early Indian art, symbol and motifs derived fromIn early Indian art, symbol and motifs derived from
water cosmology depicts the fish as beautiful andwater cosmology depicts the fish as beautiful and
attractive animal.attractive animal.
 The knowledge of the occurrence of fish in IndiaThe knowledge of the occurrence of fish in India
dates back to three million BC.dates back to three million BC.
 Fish remains as cut marks, indicative of their usedFish remains as cut marks, indicative of their used
as food have been proved byas food have been proved by Mohenjodaro andMohenjodaro and
Harapppa of Indus Valley civilization (2500 toHarapppa of Indus Valley civilization (2500 to
1500 BC).1500 BC).

3. Matsya avatar and Kautilya's ArthashastraMatsya avatar and Kautilya's Arthashastra

4.  Aquaculture in India has a long history, withAquaculture in India has a long history, with
references to fish culture inreferences to fish culture in Kautilya'sKautilya's
Arthashastra (321–300 B.C.)Arthashastra (321–300 B.C.) andand KingKing
Someswara's Manasoltara (1127 A.D.).Someswara's Manasoltara (1127 A.D.).
 Day (1878)Day (1878) provided more impetus the studyprovided more impetus the study
ofof IchthyologyIchthyology (Brach of Zoology which deals(Brach of Zoology which deals
with fisheswith fishes) of Indian fishes he wrote a book) of Indian fishes he wrote a book
““Fishes of India and Fauna of British IndiaFishes of India and Fauna of British India”.”.

5. Harappa and Mohenjodaro and fish catchingHarappa and Mohenjodaro and fish catching
in Indiain India

6. Fishes of India and Fauna of British India” byFishes of India and Fauna of British India” by
Day (1878)Day (1878)

7.  The traditional practice of fish culture in smallThe traditional practice of fish culture in small
ponds in eastern India is known to have existed forponds in eastern India is known to have existed for
hundreds of years;hundreds of years;
 Significant advances were made in the State ofSignificant advances were made in the State of
West BengalWest Bengal in the earlyin the early nineteenth centurynineteenth century withwith
the controlledthe controlled breeding of carpbreeding of carp inin bundhsbundhs (tanks or(tanks or
impoundments where riverine conditions areimpoundments where riverine conditions are
imitation).imitation).
 Fish culture received notable attention in the stateFish culture received notable attention in the state
of Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras) as early as 1911,of Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras) as early as 1911,
and subsequently, states such as Bengal, Punjab,and subsequently, states such as Bengal, Punjab,
Uttar Pradesh, Baroda, Mysore and HyderabadUttar Pradesh, Baroda, Mysore and Hyderabad
initiated fish culture through the establishment ofinitiated fish culture through the establishment of
Fisheries Departments and support to fishers andFisheries Departments and support to fishers and
farmers for expansion of the sector.farmers for expansion of the sector.

8.  Freshwater Resources of IndiaFreshwater Resources of India
India is blessed with different types of freshwater resources,India is blessed with different types of freshwater resources,
some of which can be utilized for fish culture.some of which can be utilized for fish culture.
 Following are the types of water bodies found India and theirFollowing are the types of water bodies found India and their
extent.extent.
S.NoS.No Type of water bodyType of water body AreaArea
11 Rivers and canalsRivers and canals 1,97,204 kms1,97,204 kms
22 Ponds and tanksPonds and tanks 2.252.25 million ha.million ha.
33 Lakes and ReservoirsLakes and Reservoirs 2.092.09 million ha.million ha.
44 Bheels and wetlandBheels and wetland 1.301.30 million ha.million ha.
55 Paddy fieldsPaddy fields 2.302.30 million ha.million ha.
66 Irrigation canalsIrrigation canals 0.120.12 million ha.million ha.

9.  India is also blessed with great biodiversity ofIndia is also blessed with great biodiversity of
fish.fish.
 Only a few of the fish found in India have beenOnly a few of the fish found in India have been
used for fish culture or are suitable for fishused for fish culture or are suitable for fish
culture.culture.
 The following species of fish are either used forThe following species of fish are either used for
fish culture or can be used for fish culture.fish culture or can be used for fish culture.
 a) Carpsa) Carps
 India is basically a carp countryIndia is basically a carp country
 Freshwater farming is mainly focused on carpsFreshwater farming is mainly focused on carps
 ThreeThree Indian major carpsIndian major carps viz.,viz., Catla, RohuCatla, Rohu andand
MrigalMrigal are the main species cultivated.are the main species cultivated.
 The threeThe three Chinese carpsChinese carps –– silver carp, grasssilver carp, grass
carpcarp andand common carpcommon carp are also used in theare also used in the
composite fish culture.composite fish culture.

10.  Catla catlaCatla catla (Catla)(Catla)
 Labeo rohitaLabeo rohita (Rohu)(Rohu)

11.  Cirrhinus mrigalaCirrhinus mrigala (Mrigala)(Mrigala)
 Cyprinus carpioCyprinus carpio (Common carp)(Common carp)

12.  Ctenopharyngodon idellaCtenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp)(Grass carp)
 Hypophthalmichthys molitrixHypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp)(Silver carp)

13.  b) Air breathing fishesb) Air breathing fishes
 Giant murrel, striped murrel, spottedGiant murrel, striped murrel, spotted
murrel, Magur and Singhimurrel, Magur and Singhi are the airare the air
breathing fish available for culture.breathing fish available for culture.
 Air breathing fish are theAir breathing fish are the secondsecond mostmost
popular group of fish cultured inpopular group of fish cultured in
freshwaters.freshwaters.

14.  Giant MurrelGiant Murrel, (, (Channa maruliusChanna marulius))
 Striped MurrelStriped Murrel, (, (Channa striatusChanna striatus))

15.  Spotted Murrel, (Spotted Murrel, (Channa punctatusChanna punctatus))
 Magur or Indian cat fish (Magur or Indian cat fish (Clarias batrachusClarias batrachus))

16.  Singi, (Singi, (Heteropneustes fossilisHeteropneustes fossilis))
 Barali or freshwater shark fishBarali or freshwater shark fish ((Wallago attuWallago attu))

17.  c) Crustaceansc) Crustaceans (Prawns)(Prawns)
 Giant freshwater prawnGiant freshwater prawn (( MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium
rosenbergiirosenbergii)) and theand the Indian River prawnIndian River prawn
((Macrobrachium malcolmsoniiMacrobrachium malcolmsonii) are the two) are the two
species of crustaceans suitable for culture.species of crustaceans suitable for culture.
 They are highly priced, fast growing speciesThey are highly priced, fast growing species
suitable for exportsuitable for export

18.  Giant freshwater prawnGiant freshwater prawn (( MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium
rosenbergiirosenbergii))
 Indian river prawn (Indian river prawn (MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium
malcolmsoniimalcolmsonii))

19.  e) Coldwater fish e) Coldwater fish
 TheThe MahseersMahseers and theand the exotic troutsexotic trouts areare
species available for cold water fish culturespecies available for cold water fish culture
 Species Mahseers suitable for culture areSpecies Mahseers suitable for culture are
Tor putitoraTor putitora;; T. torT. tor,, T. khudreeT. khudree,, T. mosalT. mosal andand
T. malabaricusT. malabaricus
 TheThe snow troutsnow trout SchizothoraxSchizothorax sp and minorsp and minor
carps such ascarps such as Labeo deroLabeo dero andand L. dyocheilusL. dyocheilus
are also suitable coldwater species.are also suitable coldwater species.

21.  As carp culture forms the backbone to As carp culture forms the backbone to
freshwater aquaculture practice in India. freshwater aquaculture practice in India.
 Carp culture in India was restricted to as Carp culture in India was restricted to as
homestead backyard pond activity in West homestead backyard pond activity in West
Bengal and Orissa until late 1950s, with seed Bengal and Orissa until late 1950s, with seed
from riverine sources as the only input resulting from riverine sources as the only input resulting
in low level of production. in low level of production.
 Importance of fish culture as an economically Importance of fish culture as an economically
promising enterprise was gradually promising enterprise was gradually
implemented in India. implemented in India.
 By then, non-availability of quality fish seed and By then, non-availability of quality fish seed and
lack of scientific culture know-how constrained lack of scientific culture know-how constrained
the growth and further development of carp the growth and further development of carp
culture. culture.

22.  The technological breakthrough in The technological breakthrough in
induced breeding of carps through induced breeding of carps through
hypophysationhypophysation in in 19571957 revolutionalized revolutionalized
freshwater aquaculture of the country. freshwater aquaculture of the country.
 With assured supply of quality seed, the With assured supply of quality seed, the
techniques of seed rearing and grow-out techniques of seed rearing and grow-out
culture of carps had undergone faster culture of carps had undergone faster
development and refinement through development and refinement through
research and development made by the research and development made by the
Pond Culture Division of the Pond Culture Division of the CIFRICIFRI and and
Government of India respectively. Government of India respectively.

23.  Project on Project on 'Composite Culture of Indian and 'Composite Culture of Indian and
Exotic Fishes'Exotic Fishes' initiated by the CIFRI during 1971 initiated by the CIFRI during 1971
virtually laid the foundation for scientific carp virtually laid the foundation for scientific carp
farming in the country by demonstrating high farming in the country by demonstrating high
production levels of production levels of 8–10 tonnes/ha/yr8–10 tonnes/ha/yr. .
 Subsequently, three more on 'Spawn Subsequently, three more on 'Spawn
Prospecting', Prospecting', 'Air-breathing Fish Culture'Air-breathing Fish Culture' and ' and
'Brackish water Fish Culture' were launched. 'Brackish water Fish Culture' were launched.
 With the ready availability of hormone With the ready availability of hormone
formulations, the production of carp seed formulations, the production of carp seed
through induced breeding led to a tremendous through induced breeding led to a tremendous
boost and subsequently, boost and subsequently, riverine seed riverine seed
collection and bundh breedingcollection and bundh breeding became out of became out of
date. date.

24.  Carp culture, thereupon, during the late Carp culture, thereupon, during the late
1980s has expanded its dimensions in 1980s has expanded its dimensions in
terms of area coverage and intensity of terms of area coverage and intensity of
operation, with operation, with Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Maharashtra, and other part of Haryana, Maharashtra, and other part of
country etc.,country etc., taking up fish culture as a taking up fish culture as a
commercial farming enterprise. commercial farming enterprise.
 The research and development efforts The research and development efforts
during the last six decades have placed during the last six decades have placed
carp farming as an important economic carp farming as an important economic
enterprise as a enterprise as a fast growing industryfast growing industry. .

29.  The culture systems adopted in the country vary The culture systems adopted in the country vary
greatly depending on the input available in any greatly depending on the input available in any
particular region as well as on the investment particular region as well as on the investment
capabilities of the farmer. capabilities of the farmer.
 With the understanding of the biological basis of With the understanding of the biological basis of
fish production, a series of systems are fish production, a series of systems are
available with varying levels of inputs and available with varying levels of inputs and
outputs, and these can be categorized as outputs, and these can be categorized as
 low, low,
 medium and medium and
 high input technologies. high input technologies.

31.  In addition, in India, the other types of fishIn addition, in India, the other types of fish
culture also includesculture also includes Sewage-fed fish cultureSewage-fed fish culture
which is not new as far as India is concerned.which is not new as far as India is concerned.
It is estimated that at present there are moreIt is estimated that at present there are more
thanthan 130 wastewater aquaculture units in130 wastewater aquaculture units in
India covering about 10 000 haIndia covering about 10 000 ha..
 Almost 80 percent of these are located inAlmost 80 percent of these are located in
West Bengal, where sewage is extensivelyWest Bengal, where sewage is extensively
used as a fertilizer for fish pond.used as a fertilizer for fish pond.

32.  In this culture practice, before stocking,In this culture practice, before stocking,
bheriesbheries are dried up and sewage is allowedare dried up and sewage is allowed
to enterto enter bheri.bheri.
 After stabilization of effluents and afterAfter stabilization of effluents and after
observing the plankton population, theobserving the plankton population, the
bheries are stocked with advancedbheries are stocked with advanced
fingerlingsfingerlings @ 7 000–10 000/hectare@ 7 000–10 000/hectare..
 Normally, multiple stocking and multipleNormally, multiple stocking and multiple
harvesting is adopted in bheries and fish areharvesting is adopted in bheries and fish are
reared forreared for 3–5 months3–5 months, depending on the, depending on the
growth of the fish to reach a marketable sizegrowth of the fish to reach a marketable size
ofof 250–400 grams250–400 grams..

33.  In addition there is In addition there is running water fish running water fish
cultureculture, wherein, the water from h, wherein, the water from hill-ill-
streams/riversstreams/rivers are made to flow through a are made to flow through a
series of dug-out embankment ponds series of dug-out embankment ponds
constructed along the course of the constructed along the course of the
stream/river using diversion canals/pipes. stream/river using diversion canals/pipes.
 This helps maintain a mild water flow This helps maintain a mild water flow
through the culture ponds. through the culture ponds.
 Screens of fine meshed nets are erected Screens of fine meshed nets are erected
at the inlet and outlet of the ponds to at the inlet and outlet of the ponds to
prevent the entry and escape of prevent the entry and escape of
organisms to and from the ponds such organisms to and from the ponds such
culture is called culture is called race way culturerace way culture..

34.  Carp production in India: Present status and prospectsCarp production in India: Present status and prospects
 World freshwater fish farming produced a total of about 55World freshwater fish farming produced a total of about 55
million tonnes in 2014-15.million tonnes in 2014-15.
 The main fish family in production was the Cyprinidae (carpThe main fish family in production was the Cyprinidae (carp
family).family).
 India is the second largest producer in the world, a long wayIndia is the second largest producer in the world, a long way
behind to China.behind to China.


35.  As the second largest country in aquacultureAs the second largest country in aquaculture
production, the share of inland fisheries andproduction, the share of inland fisheries and
aquaculture has gone up fromaquaculture has gone up from 46 percent46 percent inin
the 1980s to overthe 1980s to over 85 percent85 percent in recent yearsin recent years
in total fish production.in total fish production.
 Freshwater aquaculture showed anFreshwater aquaculture showed an
overwhelming ten-fold growth fromoverwhelming ten-fold growth from 0.370.37
million tonnes in 1980million tonnes in 1980 toto 4.03 million tonnes4.03 million tonnes
in 2010;in 2010; with a mean annual growth rate ofwith a mean annual growth rate of
over 6 percent.over 6 percent.
 Freshwater aquaculture contributes to overFreshwater aquaculture contributes to over
95 percent95 percent of the total aquacultureof the total aquaculture
production.production.

36.  Brackish water aquacultureBrackish water aquaculture
Brackish water aquaculture in India, though aBrackish water aquaculture in India, though a
traditional practice intraditional practice in “bheries”“bheries” (manmade(manmade
impoundments in coastal wetlands) ofimpoundments in coastal wetlands) of WestWest
BengalBengal
 ““PokkaliPokkali” (salt resistant deepwater paddy)” (salt resistant deepwater paddy)
fields along thefields along the Kerala coastKerala coast, the scientific, the scientific
farming in the country has been initiated onlyfarming in the country has been initiated only
in early 1990s.in early 1990s.

37.  In the traditional system of culture, tidal waterIn the traditional system of culture, tidal water
is impounded in the inter-tidal mudflats byis impounded in the inter-tidal mudflats by
raising bunds.raising bunds.
 Tidal water with all assorted fish and shrimpTidal water with all assorted fish and shrimp
seed is allowed to enter through sluice-gatesseed is allowed to enter through sluice-gates
during spring tides.during spring tides.
 Harvesting of marketable sized fish andHarvesting of marketable sized fish and
shrimp is done regularly during spring tidesshrimp is done regularly during spring tides
through traps placed near the sluice gates.through traps placed near the sluice gates.
There is no manuring and feeding.There is no manuring and feeding.

38.  The significance of the country'sThe significance of the country's
extensive brackish water ecologicalextensive brackish water ecological
system, consisting of thesystem, consisting of the variousvarious
swamps, inland bays, lagoons, lakes,swamps, inland bays, lagoons, lakes,
backwaters and estuaries along the entirebackwaters and estuaries along the entire
coastline of India.coastline of India.
 The brackish waters are areas ofThe brackish waters are areas of
confluence of fresh water and sea waterconfluence of fresh water and sea water
and the salinity ranges fromand the salinity ranges from 5 to 27 ppt5 to 27 ppt..
The Brackish water aquaculture is alsoThe Brackish water aquaculture is also
known as Coastal Aqua cultureknown as Coastal Aqua culture..

39.  Brackishwater Resources of IndiaBrackishwater Resources of India
a.a. EstuariesEstuaries
b. Coast Lineb. Coast Line
c. Backwaterc. Backwater
d. Mangrovesd. Mangroves
e. Lagoonse. Lagoons

40.  There are aboutThere are about 3.9 million ha of estuaries3.9 million ha of estuaries
andand 3.5 million ha of brackishwater areas3.5 million ha of brackishwater areas
available in the country.available in the country.
 It is estimated that aboutIt is estimated that about 1.2 million ha1.2 million ha
coastal areacoastal area suitable for development ofsuitable for development of
brackishwater aquaculturebrackishwater aquaculture is available.is available.
 In addition to this, aroundIn addition to this, around 8.58.5 million ha saltmillion ha salt
affected areas are available in the countryaffected areas are available in the country..
 Out of this, aboutOut of this, about 2.6 million ha area which2.6 million ha area which
are unsuitable or marginally suitable forare unsuitable or marginally suitable for
agriculture can be utilized for, brackishwateragriculture can be utilized for, brackishwater
aquaculture.aquaculture.

41.  TheThe coastal mangrove areas is estimatedcoastal mangrove areas is estimated
around 0.5 million ha.around 0.5 million ha. Out of 1.2 million haOut of 1.2 million ha
potential area available for brackishwaterpotential area available for brackishwater
farmingfarming,, around 1, 94,010 ha were underaround 1, 94,010 ha were under
culture.culture.
 These brackishwater are highly productiveThese brackishwater are highly productive
areas, but most of them are unused.areas, but most of them are unused.

45.  Brackishwater fin fishes and shell fishesBrackishwater fin fishes and shell fishes
 FishesFishes
 Asian Seabass -Asian Seabass - Lates calcariferLates calcarifer
 Milk Fish -Milk Fish - Chanos chanosChanos chanos
 Grey Mullet -Grey Mullet - Mugil cephalusMugil cephalus
 Pearl Spot -Pearl Spot - Etroplus suratensisEtroplus suratensis
 Cobia / Black king fish -Cobia / Black king fish - RachycentronRachycentron
canadumcanadum

46.  Shell fishesShell fishes
 Tiger shrimpTiger shrimp - Penaeus monodon- Penaeus monodon
 Indian white shrimpIndian white shrimp - Fenneropenaeus- Fenneropenaeus
indicusindicus
 Banana shrimpBanana shrimp - Fenneropenaeus- Fenneropenaeus
merguiensismerguiensis
 White leg shrimpWhite leg shrimp -Litopenaeus vannamei-Litopenaeus vannamei
 Red tail shrimpRed tail shrimp - Fenneropenaeus- Fenneropenaeus
penicillatuspenicillatus
 Kuruma shrimpKuruma shrimp - Marsupenaeus japonicus- Marsupenaeus japonicus
 Mud crabMud crab - Scylla serrata- Scylla serrata
 Mud crabMud crab - Scylla tranquebarica- Scylla tranquebarica

47.  The prawn fishery of the country is supportedThe prawn fishery of the country is supported
by genera likeby genera like Penaeus, Metapenaeus,Penaeus, Metapenaeus,
Parapenaeopsis and Solenocra.Parapenaeopsis and Solenocra.
 All these prawns are suitable for culture.All these prawns are suitable for culture.
 The following 8 species are used mostly forThe following 8 species are used mostly for
prawn culture. These areprawn culture. These are Penaeus monodon,Penaeus monodon,
P. indicus, P. merguiensis, P. semisulcatus,P. indicus, P. merguiensis, P. semisulcatus,
Metapenaeus dobsoni, M.monoceros, M.Metapenaeus dobsoni, M.monoceros, M.
affinis and M. brevicornis.affinis and M. brevicornis.
 This prawn seed is available in plenty on bothThis prawn seed is available in plenty on both
east and west coasts.east and west coasts. The seed comes alongThe seed comes along
with high tides and is trapped in mangrovewith high tides and is trapped in mangrove
areas and mud flats of brackishwatersareas and mud flats of brackishwaters

48. StatesStates Total BW area (ha)Total BW area (ha) Area under cultureArea under culture
(ha)(ha)
Production live weightProduction live weight
(t)(t)
AndhraAndhra
PradeshPradesh
1,50,0001,50,000 66,20066,200 34,07534,075
GoaGoa 18,50018,500 650650 500500
GujaratGujarat 3,76,0003,76,000 997997 235235
KarnatakaKarnataka 8,0008,000 3,5403,540 2,6402,640
KeralaKerala 65,00065,000 14,59514,595 7,2907,290
MaharashtraMaharashtra 80,00080,000 970970 700700
OrissaOrissa 31,60031,600 11,33211,332 5,0005,000
PondicherryPondicherry 800800 2222 2020
Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 56,00056,000 670670 1,1971,197
West BengalWest Bengal 4,05,0004,05,000 42,52542,525 15,12115,121
TotalTotal 11,90,90011,90,900 1,415011,41501 66,77866,778
State-wise details in brackishwater area available under culture and
production for the year 2010

49.  MaricultureMariculture
 Since the last decade, considerable changes have takenSince the last decade, considerable changes have taken
place in the diversification and production of mariculture inplace in the diversification and production of mariculture in
India.India.
 Most significant is the emergence of oyster and musselMost significant is the emergence of oyster and mussel
farming as a commercial aquaculture programme, and thefarming as a commercial aquaculture programme, and the
production estimate in 2007 was 10 044 tonnes.production estimate in 2007 was 10 044 tonnes.
 Apart from increased production, India has several newApart from increased production, India has several new
technological developments like tissue culture of marinetechnological developments like tissue culture of marine
pearls, hatchery techniques for lobsters and ornamentalpearls, hatchery techniques for lobsters and ornamental
fishes that have potential to make an impact on the country’sfishes that have potential to make an impact on the country’s
economical development.economical development.
 In India, two species of marine mussels, namely, the greenIn India, two species of marine mussels, namely, the green
mussel (mussel (Perna viridisPerna viridis) and the Indian brown mussel () and the Indian brown mussel (P.P.
indicaindica) are found in rocky coastal areas.) are found in rocky coastal areas.

50.  In addition, commercial production of oysters inIn addition, commercial production of oysters in
India started during the late nineties and increasedIndia started during the late nineties and increased
to 2 400 tonnes in 2008.to 2 400 tonnes in 2008.
 The available main oyster species in IndiaThe available main oyster species in India
includeinclude Crassostrea madrasensisCrassostrea madrasensis (Indian backwater(Indian backwater
oyster),oyster), C. gryphoides, C. rivularisC. gryphoides, C. rivularis andand SaccostreaSaccostrea
cucullatacucullata and of these, the Indian backwater oyster,and of these, the Indian backwater oyster,
is the most preferred one for farming.is the most preferred one for farming.
 Experiments were conducted in India to farm clamExperiments were conducted in India to farm clam
species and results have indicated feasibility ofspecies and results have indicated feasibility of
farming them in pen and on bottom methods.farming them in pen and on bottom methods.
 However, there is no commercial culture of clams,However, there is no commercial culture of clams,
following strict farming practices, but a method offollowing strict farming practices, but a method of
semi-culture, whereby fishers stock seed clams,semi-culture, whereby fishers stock seed clams,
which occur in the fishery in certain areas to bewhich occur in the fishery in certain areas to be
harvested later, is followed in some regions.harvested later, is followed in some regions.

51.  As far as marine fish farming is concerned, cultureAs far as marine fish farming is concerned, culture
ofof EpinephelusEpinephelus,, Mugil cephalusMugil cephalus,, Chanos chanosChanos chanos,,
andand Etroplus suratensisEtroplus suratensis has been tried, either inhas been tried, either in
monoculture or in the integrated systems.monoculture or in the integrated systems.
 Pen and cage culture of finfish has been tried, butPen and cage culture of finfish has been tried, but
commercial semi-intensive and intensive farming iscommercial semi-intensive and intensive farming is
not yet practiced.not yet practiced.
 Success has been achieved in the broodstockSuccess has been achieved in the broodstock
development and spawning of greasydevelopment and spawning of greasy
grouper,grouper, Epinephelus tauvina, LatesEpinephelus tauvina, Lates
calcarifercalcarifer andand M.cephalusM.cephalus..
 Out of three, larval rearing technology ofOut of three, larval rearing technology of LatesLates
calcarifercalcarifer has been commercialized.has been commercialized.

52.  ProductionProduction
 Aquaculture contributed over one third of theAquaculture contributed over one third of the
country's total fish production ofcountry's total fish production of 9.06 million9.06 million
tonnes during 2012–2013.tonnes during 2012–2013.
 The total aquaculture production ofThe total aquaculture production of 4.434.43
million tonnes was valued at US$ 3.5 billionmillion tonnes was valued at US$ 3.5 billion
of which carp alone was responsible for asof which carp alone was responsible for as
much as 4.18 million tonnes.much as 4.18 million tonnes.

53.  Top five fish producing States in order duringTop five fish producing States in order during
2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 & 2014-152011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 & 2014-15
YearYear AndhraAndhra
PradesPrades
hh
WestWest
BengaBenga
ll
GujarGujar
atat
KeralaKerala TamilTamil
NaduNadu
2011-122011-12 1603.171603.17 1472.041472.04 783.72783.72 693.21693.21 611.49611.49
2012-132012-13 1675.441675.44 1490.011490.01 848.79848.79 677.78677.78 620.40620.40
2013-142013-14 2018.422018.42 1580.651580.65 793.42793.42 708.65708.65 624.30624.30
2014-152014-15 1964.431964.43 1617.3191617.319 809.93809.93 632.25632.25
66
697.61697.61

54. Name ofName of
CountryCountry
CaptureCapture CultureCulture
TotalTotal
ProductionProduction
% Share% Share
Total worldTotal world 8,89,18,0408,89,18,040 5,56,80,7385,56,80,738 14,45,98,77814,45,98,778 53.4353.43
ChinaChina 1,49,19,5961,49,19,596 3,47,79,8703,47,79,870 4,96,99,4664,96,99,466 34.3734.37
IndiaIndia 40,53,24140,53,241 37,91,92037,91,920 78,45,16178,45,161 5.435.43
PeruPeru 69,14,45269,14,452 -- 69,14,45269,14,452 4.784.78
IndonesiaIndonesia 50,99,35550,99,355 17,33,43417,33,434 68,32,78968,32,789 4.734.73
VietnamVietnam 22,43,10022,43,100 25,56,20025,56,200 47,99,30047,99,300 3.323.32

55.  Epinephelus sppe (Grouper fish)Epinephelus sppe (Grouper fish)
 Latus clarifer (Sea bass fish)Latus clarifer (Sea bass fish)

56.  Mugil cephalus (Mullet fish)Mugil cephalus (Mullet fish)
 Chanos chanos (Milk fish)Chanos chanos (Milk fish)

57.  Etroplus surtensis (Pearlspot fish)Etroplus surtensis (Pearlspot fish)
 Trachinotus blochiiTrachinotus blochii ((Silver Pompano)Silver Pompano)

58.  Rachycentron canadumRachycentron canadum (Cobia)(Cobia)

59.  Crassostrea madrasensisCrassostrea madrasensis
 Crassostrea cucullataCrassostrea cucullata

60.  Meretrix meretrixMeretrix meretrix
 Meretrix castaMeretrix casta

61.  Perna viridisPerna viridis
 Perna indicaPerna indica

62.  Scylla serrata (Scylla serrata (Mud crab)Mud crab)
 ScyllaScylla tranquebaricatranquebarica

63. Sea Bass fish openSea Bass fish open
sea cage culturesea cage culture

64.  Open mussel cultureOpen mussel culture

65.  Clam cultureClam culture
 Oyster cultureOyster culture

66.  Tiger shrimpTiger shrimp - Penaeus monodon - Penaeus monodon
Indian white shrimpIndian white shrimp - Fenneropenaeus indicus - Fenneropenaeus indicus

67.  Banana shrimpBanana shrimp - Fenneropenaeus merguiensis - Fenneropenaeus merguiensis
 White leg shrimpWhite leg shrimp -Litopenaeus vannamei -Litopenaeus vannamei

68. ““Fish for allFish for all
andand
forever”forever”