The document discusses the inductive and deductive methods of teaching, highlighting the inductive method's process of deriving generalizations from specific examples and its psychological advantages, while also noting its limitations in complexity and time consumption. In contrast, the deductive method starts with general rules and applies them to specific cases, which is faster and more suitable for a broader range of topics but may discourage engagement and critical thinking. Both methods are described with their respective merits and demerits, providing insights into their applications in education.

1. Inductive-Deductive method
Dr. G. Jaganmohana Rao
Faculty of Education
MITE, KOHIMA

4. INDUCTIVE METHOD:
It is based on the process of induction; it leads from
concrete to abstract, particular to general and from examples to
the generalization.
Induction means; ―to provide the universal truth by
showing that if it is true for a particular case, it is true for all
such cases. In this method we arrive at a formula or
generalization through reasoning and solving problems.

5. E.g: To arrive at the generalization that: The sum of all the angles of
triangle is 180º.
1. The teacher draws different types of triangles and asks the students
to measure all the angles of the triangles and state the sum of the
three angles in each case.
2. Every time the students realize that the three angles measure up to
180º.
3. They observe the results and can make the generalization that ―The
sum of all the angles of triangle is 180º
Ex-2: Square of an odd number is odd &
Square of an even number is even.
Ex-3 : Sum of two odd numbers is even

6. Inductive approach proceeds from:
 Particular cases to general rules of formulae
 Concrete instance to abstract rules
 Known to unknown
 Simple to complex
Key Elements in Inductive Method:
Inductive approach is advocated by Pestalaozzi and Francis Bacon
Inductive approach is based on the process of induction.
In this we first take a few examples and greater than generalize.
It is a method of constructing a formula with the help of a sufficient number
of concrete examples.
Inductive approach is psychological in nature.
The children follow the subject matter with great interest and understanding.
This method is more useful in arithmetic teaching and learning.

7. Steps in Inductive Method:-
(a) Presentation of Examples (Number of Cases)
In this step teacher presents many examples of same type and solutions
of those specific examples are obtained with the help of the student.
(b) Observation:
After getting the solution, the students observe these and try to reach to some
conclusion.
(c) Generalization
After observation the examples presented, the teacher and children
decide some common formulae, principle or law by logical mutual discussion.
(d) Testing and verification
After deciding some common formula, principle or law, children test
and verify the law with the help of other examples. In this way children
logically attain the knowledge of inductive method by following above given
steps.

8. Merits & Advantages:
It enhances self confident
It is a psychological method.
It is a meaningful learning
It develops scientific attitude.
It develops the habit of intelligent hard work.
It helps in understanding because the student knows how a particular
formula has been framed.
Since it is a logical method so it suits teaching of mathematics.
It is a natural method of making discoveries, majority of discoveries
have been made inductively.
It does not burden the mind. Formula becomes easy to remember.
This method is found to be suitable in the beginning stages.

9. Demerits & Disadvantages:
Certain complex and complicated formula cannot be generated so this
method is limited in range and not suitable for all topics.
It is time consuming and laborious method
It is lengthy procedure.
It’s application is limited to very few topics
It is not suitable for higher class
Inductive reasoning is not absolutely conclusive because the generalization
made with the help of a few specific examples may not hold good in all
cases.
Applicability of inductive method: Inductive approach is most suitable for
Rules are to be formulated
Definitions are be formulated
Formulae are to be derived
Generalizations or law are to be arrived at.

10. DEDUCTIVE METHOD:
It is the exact opposite of the inductive method. Over here we
proceed from general to particular, abstract to concrete. In this method
the rule or generalization or formula is given at the very beginning. Thus
the students are expected to apply these rules or formulae to solve the
sums. The formula or rule is accepted as the universal truth and the
student uses them to solve the problems.
E.g: E.g. the teacher states that; ―”The sum of all the angles of triangle
is 180º”
1. In triangle PQR, measure of angle P is 50o, the measure of angle Q
is 75o.Find the measure of angle R?
2. In triangle XYZ measure of angle Z is, 57o the measure of angle X is
97o. Find the measure of angle Y?

11. Deductive approach proceeds from:
 General rules to specific cases
 Abstract rules to concrete instance
 Unknown to Known
 Complex to Simple
Key Elements in deductive Method:
Deductive approach is advocated by Aristatile and Comenius
Deductive approach is based on the process of deductive reasoning.

12. Steps in deductive Method:-
(a)Clear Recognition of the problem
(b)Search for tentative hypothesis (Solutions)
(c)Formulation of a tentative hypothesis (choose the proper solution)
(d)Verification
Merits & Advantages:
Short and time saving method.
Method suits all types of students.
Suitable for all topics.
Provides sufficient examples for practice.
Speed and efficiency of doing sums increases.

13. Demerits & Disadvantages:
 It is not a psychological method.
 It encourages cramming.
 Taxes the pupil‘s mind.
 Students are passive learners and thus lose interest.
 It puts more emphasis on memory.
 Not suitable for the development of thinking, reasoning and discovery.

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