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Dr.Jaganmohana Rao Gurugubelli, profile picture
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4 scientific method

The document discusses the scientific method, which is a series of steps that scientists follow to answer questions about the natural world through observation and experimentation. The key steps are: 1) making an observation, 2) asking a question about the observation, 3) formulating a hypothesis or predicted explanation, 4) designing and conducting an experiment to test the hypothesis, 5) analyzing the results, and 6) drawing a conclusion about whether the experiment supported or failed to support the hypothesis. The scientific method aims to systematically investigate natural phenomena through objective and empirical means to develop generalizable knowledge.

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Scientific Method Dr. Jaganmohana Rao Gurugubelli Faculty of Education MITE, Kohima
Introduction The scientific method is a series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions about the natural world. It involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, and conducting scientific experiments. Scientific inquiry starts with an observation followed by the formulation of a question about what has been observed.
What is the Scientific Method? The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Scientific methods are defined as controlled, systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality & that aim to develop general knowledge about natural phenomena.
Characteristics of Scientific Method  Scientific Method is the systematic processes.  Scientists attempt to control external factors that are not under direct investigation.  Their findings are based on the empirical evidences.  Findings of scientific methods can be generalized, which means that they can be used in situations other than the one under study.  Scientific methods are based on assumptions or hypothesis.  They are basically conduced to develop or test hypothesis.
Steps of the Scientific Method Observation Preparation of Questions Formulating Hypothesis Experiment Results Conclusion
Observation The first step of the scientific method involves making an observation about something that interests you. This is very important if you are doing a science project because you want your project to be focused on something that will hold your attention. Your observation can be on anything from plant movement to animal behavior, as long as it is something you really want to know more about. This is where you come up with the idea for your science project.
Preparation of Questions Once you've made your observation, you must formulate a question about what you have observed. Your question should tell what it is that you are trying to discover or accomplish in your experiment. When stating your question you should be as specific as possible. For example, if you are doing a project on plants, you may want to know how plants can prepare food.
Formulating Hypothesis The hypothesis is a key component of the scientific process. A hypothesis is an idea that is suggested as an explanation for a natural event, a particular experience, or a specific condition that can be tested through definable experimentation. It states the purpose of your experiment, the variables used, and the predicted outcome of your experiment. It is important to note that a hypothesis must be testable. That means that you should be able to test your hypothesis through experimentation.
Experiment Once you've developed a hypothesis, you must design and conduct an experiment that will test it. You should develop a procedure that states very clearly how you plan to conduct your experiment. It is important that you include and identify a controlled variable or dependent variable in your procedure. Controls allow us to test a single variable in an experiment because they are unchanged. We can then make observations and comparisons between our controls and our independent variables (things that change in the experiment) to develop an accurate conclusion.
Analyze Results The results are where you report what happened in the experiment. That includes detailing all observations and data made during your experiment. Most people find it easier to visualize the data by charting or graphing the information.
Conclusion The final step of the scientific method is developing a conclusion. This is where all of the results from the experiment are analyzed and a determination is reached about the hypothesis. Did the experiment support or reject your hypothesis? If your hypothesis was supported, great. If not, repeat the experiment or think of ways to improve your procedure.
Merits of Scientific Method By making use of this method, various specific kinds of merits are being obtained by teacher as well as students, mention of which are as follows: An ability to propose and structure various kinds of problems get developed among the students. As students have to collect various kinds of information from different sources, they learn to explore different sources independently. Students become able to formulate hypothesis on their own. Not only this, they learn to test the hypothesis by collecting and evaluating data on their own by which hypothesis can be accepted or rejected.
As students learn to do different functions independently, they become able to solve various kinds of problems getting arise in their life on their own. Level of self confidence gets developed among the students as a result of which they become able to perform efficiently in different spheres of the life. As students have to perform the complex functions of identifying the problem, conducting the experiment, recording observations and drawing conclusions, thus various kinds of skills get developed among them as a result of which they become more confident and mature in their perspective.
Demerits of Scientific Method Although number of merits gets pursued by making use of scientific method, but still it is not free from demerits, some of which are as follows:  This method can only be used by the teacher when he has enough time for teaching purpose. However, this is not the case in most of the schools  Only intelligent and brilliant students can solve out the problem on their own, but mental capacities of all the students getting education in the same class differ as a result of which this method cannot be used by teacher to impart education to different students.  This method can only be used in schools or institutions where there is provision of well-equipped laboratories, however, majority of schools in our nation do not possess such kind of facilities.  For this method, it is necessary to make provision of reference and other kind of materials, which is not very easy for the teachers especially in our nation where there is shortage of such sources.
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